20120829 AA WSAfteraction August 29, 2012 Commission Workshop on Pension City of Miami Beach
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City Commission Workshop
City Hall, Commission Chambers, 3rd Floor, 1700 Convention Center Drive
August 29, 2012
Mayor Matti Herrera Bower
Vice-Mayor Jorge R. Exposito
Commissioner Michael Góngora
Commissioner Jerry Libbin
Commissioner Edward L. Tobin
Commissioner Deede Weithorn
Commissioner Jonah Wolfson
Interim City Manager Kathie G. Brooks
City Attorney Jose Smith
City Clerk Rafael E. Granado
Visit us at www.miamibeachfl.gov for agendas and video "streaming" of City Commission Meetings.
ATTENTION ALL LOBBYISTS
Chapter 2, Article VII, Division 3 of the City Code of Miami Beach entitled "Lobbyists" requires the
registration of all lobbyists with the City Clerk prior to engaging in any lobbying activity with the City
Commission, any City Board or Committee, or any personnel as defined in the subject Code
sections. Copies of the City Code sections on lobbyists laws are available in the City Clerk's Office.
Questions regarding the provisions of the Ordinance should be directed to the Office of the City
Attorney.
COMMISSION WORKSHOP DISCUSSION REGARDING THE BUDGET ADVISORY
COMMITTEE’S PROPOSED RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING PENSION REFORM
City Commission Workshop called to order at 5:42:56 p.m.
Mayor Bower welcomed everyone, and thanked the Budget Advisory Committee (BAC) for all the
work done in preparing the pension recommendations for this Workshop.
Marc Gidney, Chairperson of the Budget Advisory Committee, introduced the members of the
Committee: Jack Beneviste, John Gardiner, Tony Hernandez, Larry Herrup, Steve Hertz, Dushan
Koller (who is not present today), Jackie Lalonde and David Lancz.
Mr. Gidney explained that this request came from Mayor Bower over two years ago for this
Committee to review and develop recommendations for future pension plans. The Committee
reviewed all of the City’s retirement plans, but concentrated on the most important; the Fire and
Police plan. The Committee had over 20 public meetings, attended by City employees, outside
consultants, union representative and members of the public. In the end, all participants
understood that the Committee was acting in the best interest of the City and its citizens as a
whole. Mr. Gidney thanked all the participants, in particular Adonis Garcia and Alex Bello, for their
input and feedback, which was greatly appreciated. Mr. Gidney gave special thanks to the City’s
professional staff in the Budget and Human Resources Offices. Mr. Gidney acknowledged Interim
City Manager Kathie G. Brooks and Human Resources Director Ramiro Inguanzo; and added that
Kathie and Ramiro, as well as their staff, had done an outstanding job supporting the Committee.
Mr. Gidney explained that through the process the Committee was keenly aware of the human
side of the impact of its recommendations. Mr. Gidney added that what will be presented today is
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fair and equitable, and provides a balance between human and economic impacts of the pension
funding and pension reforms. Mr. Gidney introduced Jackie Lalonde and John Gardiner, who will
be making presentations.
Jackie Lalonde, Budget Advisory Committee member, gave the first part of the PowerPoint
presentation.
John Gardiner, Budget Advisory Committee member, gave the balance of the PowerPoint
presentation.
PowerPoint Presentation Summary
To view the entire Presentation, click http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/cityclerk/scroll.aspx?id=66724
The Mayor’s charge to the Budget Advisory Committee (BAC) was to:
• Develop recommendations that will address the benefits and funding concerns with the City’s
pension plans.
• Focus on the Fire and Police pension plan – which generates a significantly greater cost to the
City than the General Employees pension plan.
• Provide a series of written, implementable recommendations to address the long -term
sustainability of the Fire and Police Pension Plan. Including cost implications, impacts to
employees and listing the advantages and disadvantages.
The funded status of City pension plans as of 10/1/10 is as follows:
Fire/Police General
• Act. Accrued Liability: $818 million $580 million
• Act. Value of Assets: $526 million $431 million
• Percent Funded: 64.3% 74.4%
The total Unfunded Actuarial Accrued Liability (UAAL) of City pension plans as of 10/1/10
was $441 million:
• Fire/Police: $291.9 million
• General: $148.8 million
Standard Rate of Return Model = 8%
Median annual return for most public pension funds in 2011= 4.4%
5 Year Average Return= 3.25%
10-year average= 6%
Options reviewed and recommendations:
During the past year, the Budget Advisory Committee has met accountants, actuaries, lawyers,
pension fund managers, employees, administrators and others. The City is reaching a financial
“tipping point,” and the City can act now or be forced to act later.
The two (2) goals of the BAC reform recommendations are to:
1. Save the City’s finances and protect solvency; and
2. Save pensions and retirement benefits for employees.
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Options evaluated and considered:
The Budget Advisory Committee considered six (6) options; from an extreme Defined Contribution
(DC) (i.e. 401K) plan to other Defined Benefit (DB) plans, and they also developed policies and
guidelines for the future. The plans evaluated were:
I. Florida Retirement System (FRS) + Social Security Changes to the Existing Pension Plan
(Note Recommended);
II. Defined Contribution Structured at a level similar to FRS + Social Security Equivalent
Contribution (Not Recommended);
III. Hybrid Plans - DB and DC Combined (Recommended);
IV. Changes to Existing Pension Plan - Past/Future Service Approach with a Combined Benefit
(Not Recommended);
V. “Freeze” Current Plan for Past Accruals and Create a “Minimum” Benefits Plan (Not
Recommended); and
VI. Package of Items Incorporated into the Collective Bargaining Agreements in 2010 (Not
Recommended.)
Of the six (6) options considered, the BAC recommends Option III – the Hybrid Plans – a
combination of DB and DC plans.
OPTION III –
• Results in a range of normal costs equivalent to between 20-25% of projected payroll, with a
Net Present Value (NPV) savings of approximately $37 million for only new employees and
$74 million for both new and non-vested employees.
• The BAC recommended the City adopt a hybrid plan approach because it keeps a DB plan
together with a new DC plan that will reduce risk. In particular, the BAC recommended Option
IIID2, and they do not recommend the other hybrid plans because although they reduced the
risk to the City, they did not generate the Net Present Value (NPV) savings of Option IIID2.
• HYBRID OPTION IIID2 –
1. Summary of Plan Hybrid Option IIID2
New and Non-Vested Employees - Provides a Defined Benefit component for Police and
Fire non-vested and new hire employees to equal the minimum benefits to receive
premium taxes from the State as defined by Florida Chapter 175/185 and a defined
contributing component of 11% funded by the City, with employees providing a matching
5% contribution.
Existing Vested Employees (Employees having worked for 10 years or
more/approximately 200 current employees) – Provided for continuation with the existing
plan, earning benefits in existing plan with negotiated reductions necessary to meet
spending and savings targets including:
• Buyback
• Retiree COLA
• FAME
• Promotions
• Retirement Age
• Multiplier
2. Plan Changes For Vested Employees
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In addition to the negotiation points for vested employees (e.g., Buyback, Retiree COLA,
FAME, Promotion Levels, Retirement Age, Multiplier), there are additional policy changes
to consider:
• Use 100% of 175/185 Share Plan monies towards benefits provided by the Defined
Benefit pension plan.
• Eliminate the provision that allows for transfer of years of service from Miami Beach
Employee Retirement Plan (MBERP) to Fire and Police Pension Plan (proposed by Fire
and Police Pension Plan Administration).
• Change purchase of service provisions to be based on actuarial provisions (Government
Finance Officers Best Practice and Advisory Papers on Pension Reform).
• Eliminate the use of sick and vacation hours that are currently used to increase
“pensionable pay.”
• Reduce the use of overtime to a maximum of 300 hours.
3. Plan Savings
This results in reduction of pension benefits as a percentage of payroll to 21% over 30
years and a net present value (NPV) saving of $74 million over 30 years. In addition, year
1 savings are estimated at $2.5 million.
While the savings can be achieved by other means, the reduction of risk through a hybrid
plan is the key benefit to the City. The City will retain risk on the Defined Benefit portion of
the pension; however; the City will have no risk on the Defined Contribution portion. In this
regard, the City’s risk is reduced by 40-50%. The employees will have a new risk
associated with the Defined Contribution portion of this plan; however, (1) this is a risk of
investment that a majority of the public faces, and (2) along with the risk comes the reward
as well to the extent that the employee invests wisely.
In addition to the above referenced Pension recommendation, the BAC urges the City
Commission to institute the following pension reform policies and guidelines:
• If the City’s portion of the total annual cost of retirement benefits contribution exceeds 25% of
payroll for general employees and 60% of payroll for high risk employees, the City should
review and evaluate potential changes to the collective bargaining agreements between the
City and the Unions, applicable towards the next contract negotiations, in order to identify
potential approaches to reduce the contributions to these levels over the long term.
• The City shall fund at least the normal cost of pension. If this exceeds the amount of the
actuarially determined annual required contribution, the excess should be placed in a pension
stabilization fund, to be made available for future pension shortfalls.
• If the funded ratio (actuarial value of assets minus actuarial liabilities) of either of the City of
Miami Beach’s pension plans falls below 70%, the City should strive to implement approaches
to increase the funded ratio to that level over five (5) years.
• Salary growth should not exceed the average actuarially assumed salary growth in each of the
City’s pension plans.
• The City should strive to maintain a funded ratio of at least 80% for each of its Defined Benefit
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pension plans.
• The City should require 5, 10 and 20-year projections of required pension contributions as part
of the annual actuarial valuations for each of the City’s pension plans. These projections shall
be based on the current actuarial assumptions for each plan. The projections shall be updated
to reflect the cost of any proposed benefit enhancement before the City Commission agrees to
the enhancement. The cost of these studies shall be funded separately from the annual
contribution to the pension plan.
• There shall be an experience study of each of the City’s pension plan’s actuarial assumptions
performed by an actuary that is independent from the pension board. The experience study
should be conducted at least once every three (3) years, to compare actual experience to the
assumptions. The independent actuary shall make recommendations for any changes in
assumptions based on the results of the experience study, and any deviations from those
assumptions by the pension board shall be justified to the City Commission.
• Once pension reform is implemented, a 5/7 vote of the City Commission should be required for
any further pension changes.
• The City of Miami Beach should strive to provide a retirement benefit that provides for a
replacement of salary at a level at least equivalent to Social Security plus a supplemental
retirement benefit.
• The City of Miami Beach retirement benefits should be adjusted periodically after retirement to
reflect the impacts of inflation, with rates no more than the Consumer Price Index for All
workers - CPI(W ), which is subject to City Commission approval and with a maximum of 3%
annually.
• The City of Miami Beach should strive to provide retirement benefits that ensure that the City is
competitive in the recruitment and retention of employees.
• The City of Miami Beach should strive to share some portion of retirement benefit risk with
employees.
• If the City’s contribution to a defined pension benefit plan exceeds 25% of payroll for general
employees and 60% of payroll for high-risk employees, the employee contribution should be
reviewed.
(Power Point presentation concluded)
(Question and Answer Portion of Presentation)
Mayor Bower thanked the BAC members, and stated that it was a very good presentation, and
that she knew this would be a difficult task. She thanked the Committee for all the meetings, the
debates and discussion; and stated that the BAC’s work is very appreciated by the entire
Commission and particularly by her.
Kathie G. Brooks, Interim City Manager, stated that Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, needs to
leave, and if there are any questions for him they should be asked first.
Commissioner Libbin echoed the Mayor’s comments, and added that he appreciates the hard
work done by everyone that participated in the process. It was a well thought-out presentation, and
he appreciates it. He asked what would be the impact of taking the 200 current employees who
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are new or not vested out of the pension plan, as it exists today with Defined Benefits. He is trying
to understand it, and the way he sees it, there is a “pot” of money in the pension fund, a
percentage of that is deposited on behalf of the new and these 200 employees. If the City is going
to offer them a separate plan, are the funds that have been contributed on their behalf to be
placed in a different “pot?” What is the effect on the remaining funds in the pension fund? What
percentage should be expected on the return of those funds? Would it be a greater financial
impact to the City to have to make up the difference based on the smaller pension fund?
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, stated that the answer is that the funds stay in the plan and, if
the benefit structure is changed for those non-vested employees, it does not mean the funds are
moved somewhere else. They stay in the plan with a modified set of provisions.
Commissioner Libbin asked if the dollars contributed on their behalf stay in the “total pot.”
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, stated that “yes,” moneys contributed on their behalf stay in the
plan with two sets of accounting within the plan.
Commissioner Libbin stated that with two sets of accounting, it does not factor those dollars; for
example, $100 million represent the 200 employees. The remaining $400 million experience a 6%
gain in the market, and it was budgeted projected at 8.0%. The City lost 2% on the $400 million.
He then asked, if that costs the City’s ARC more money because the extra $100 million was not in
the “pot”?
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, explained that the “pot” is the same, but the contributions
associated with those investments are less because the future promises have been reduced.
Down the road, the future moneys that go in there for these employees are less, and the assets
that are in the plan would be less than it would have been, thereby reducing the City’s risk.
Commissioner Libbin stated that the entire fund amount is there to invest, and the cost to the City
will be less on the 200 employees.
Discussion continued.
Commissioner Libbin asked if new and non-vested employees would actually receive two separate
pension checks (hybrid plan).
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, stated that the checks could be combined into one, but the
moneys will come from two separate places.
Commissioner Libbin explained that the 11% that the City will contribute and the 5% that the
employees will contribute is the 16% that can grow, but he thought that this was in lieu of the
Defined Benefits. He asked where the money is going to come from for those employees to
receive 60% of their salaries.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, stated that the money comes from the reduction of the 90% to
60% benefits.
Jackie Lalonde, Budget Advisory Committee member, added that by adopting the hybrid plan, part
of the benefits that the employees will be receiving comes from the Defined Benefits, and the other
part is in a separate pile for them in an individual account. In that separate pile, the employee can
choose how to withdraw that money. Since the City is not funding the 90% level of benefits, the
money comes from there.
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Commissioner Libbin stated that today the City has an approximate $53 million dollar contribution,
the ARC, and that is the actuary’s assumption for today’s Defined Benefit plan. He asked where
does the extra 11% that the City needs to contribute come from?
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, explained that the $53 million is composed of two pieces, one
is the normal cost of the plan and the other is the unfunded mortgage. The 11% means that if the
City cuts the normal cost of the Defined Benefit plan by 11%, that 11% can be put it in the Defined
Contributions. The City is not trying to save money; they are just moving it to a different risk-
sharing place. The 11% comes from the reduction in the normal cost component, and we moved it
to the Defined Benefit component.
Commissioner Tobin stated that six months before Mayor Bower referred the entire issue of the
pension to the Budget Advisory Committee, he referred the issue of the executive reorganization
of the Fire Department. He explained that he did not have the figures with him, but he believes that
30 or 40 new Lieutenant and Captain positions were created. When this was proposed by the Fire
Union, he asked for the fiscal impact of this reorganization, and what he received was the fiscal
impact through 2015, yet the plan did not go into effect until 2012. He asked Mr. Tierney if he
could give the City Commission the fiscal impact of this Fire reorganization, which will go into
effect in 30 days, barring action of the City Commission. He added that some lower cost positions
were eliminated, but were replaced with the new executive positions. Commissioner Tobin asked if
this is something in Mr. Tierney’s field of expertise.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, stated that actuaries can do anything, and he answered that
they need to have the right statistics, salary grades and where these employees were when they
entered the salary grade. The City needs to do a salary study first before it is given to the
actuaries. He added that he can do that, but it is all based on the information provided, and if the
analysis of the promotions is not done correctly it becomes a guess.
Discussion continued.
Commissioner Tobin requested from Kathie G. Brooks, Interim City Manager, and the staff
present, to obtain a fiscal impact to the pension aspect for the proposed changes in the Fire
Department and stated that this would be his motion.
Mayor Bower explained that this is a workshop and there are no motions taken. She requested
that an item be placed on the City Commission Agenda by Commissioner Tobin.
Commissioner Tobin explained that the City Charter states that there should be a five-year fiscal
impact before voting on any item.
Jose Smith, City Attorney, opined that he can give direction that this be done.
Commissioner Tobin gave direction to the Administration to prepare a fiscal impact to the pension
aspect for the proposed changes in the Fire Department. Commissioner Tobin also asked when
he can expect the report and explained that Kathie G. Brooks, Interim City Manager, told him it
would be better if this were done by an outside party. Ramiro Inguanzo and Michael Tierney,
Pension Actuary, to handle.
Kathie G. Brooks, Interim City Manager, explained how the report given to Commissioner Tobin
was prepared based on percent from the last valuation payroll and the recommendation was to
reach out to the actuaries to have a more detailed estimate.
Discussion continued.
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Commissioner Tobin requested Human Resources Director Ramiro Inguanzo, to assist Mr.
Tierney and to keep the Interim City Manager and the City Commission informed as to the
progress of this analysis. Ramiro Inguanzo and Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, to handle.
Mayor Bower asked for a very simple answer to the following question: “The 11% that will be going
to the hybrid plan, is that an extra 11% to what is contributed today or not?”
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, answered “No.”
Jackie Lalonde, Budget Advisory Committee member, added that it is money coming from the DB
side. It is not additional money; it is what would have been put in the DB side and rerouted to the
Defined Contributions.
Discussion continued.
Jackie Lalonde, Budget Advisory Committee member, explained that there is an amount that the
City is required to give to meet the Defined Benefits requirements. The money has been adjusted
so that no new money is going into the Defined Contribution side, but actuarially is worked out so
11% will go to the Defined Contribution side. It is not new money.
Commissioner Weithorn asked for the ballpark figure in dollars for each percentage or half of a
percent change to the discount rate.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, stated that there is no absolute. He gave an example and
added that this is negative leverage and whatever small adjustment is made to the rate is
magnified to the bottom line. It could be a 30 to 40% impact, even though the liability is only
affected by 7.5% to 10%.
Discussion continued.
Kathie G. Brooks, Interim City Manager, explained that based on the latest draft of the October
2011 report for Fire and Police, taking the percentage from 8.1% to 8.2%, or 1 tenth of 1%,
represents $800,000.
Commissioner Libbin stated that on page 49 of the Commission Workshop Agenda, there was an
explanation of the premium taxes in the shared plan. He quoted from the book that in 2010 the
City received a total of $3 million, and further down it says that only $120,000 is used to offset City
costs, and the balance of $1.9 million went to the shared plan. He added that the calculation does
not seem correct; there should be $ 2.88 million left.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, answered that he assumes that all the premium taxes are going
to the shared plan.
Discussion continued.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, explained that it is subject to collective bargaining. They have
to follow the 175/185 Rules, but what goes in the shared plan is a negotiated item.
Commissioner Weithorn requested Administration to find an explanation for the new GASB
mandates.
Kathie G. Brooks, Interim City Manager, suggested discussing the GASB issue, and how it affects
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the City at committee.
Commissioner Weithorn referred the issue of the GASB, rates and impact, to the Finance and
Citywide Projects Committee. Patricia Walker to place on the committee agenda and to
handle.
Commissioner Weithorn added that the Government Accounting Standards Board Statement
(GASB) is mandating that the City not look any further than 20 years instead of 30 years. She
asked if anyone is working on this, and has anybody checked if municipalities are moving in that
direction.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, answered that “of course not.” He talked to two cities today,
and they have decided not to do early implementation.
Commissioner Weithorn is not suggesting early implementation, but she is asking that if they are
going to do pension reform, it would make sense to look at changes in the same terms that the
GASB is looking at, and forget about anything after 20 years, since they are not counting them.
Ramiro Inguanzo, Human Resources Director, Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary and
Patricia Walker to handle.
Discussion continued.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, stated that he does not have a problem with a smaller or
shorter implementation of any unfunded liability repayments. One of his concerns is that the
further it is pushed up, it affects future generations. He added that GASB does not affect what you
pay, it is only on the Financial Statements.
Commissioner Weithorn stated that it could affect the bond rating in the long term; and if it affects
the City’s bond rating the City’s costs increase.
Discussion continued.
Commissioner Tobin stated that he appreciates all the hard work done by everyone and added
that he will support the hybrid plan. The only problem he has with supporting it is that he is
concerned with the employees that are not yet vested. It bothers him because even though these
employees may not have reached the ten years, they are expecting the pension that they were
originally promised.
Discussion continued.
Vice-Mayor Exposito thanked the Budget Advisory Committee members for the presentation and
their efforts, and asked if with these recommendations, they are maintaining the assumptions that
exist currently. He specifically asked if they are maintaining the assumption in #2, that in order to
achieve these goals they would still be able to have overtime applicable to their pension benefits.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, explained that the assumption is that the City’s savings will
come the way outlined by the BAC; on the other hand, they believe that the City will have higher
savings targets. Those specific items related to vested employees will be negotiated with the
specific unions. He did not want go into details of the specific targets.
Jackie Lalonde, Budget Advisory Committee member, answered “yes,” overtime is included in
some of those calculations.
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Discussion continued.
Jackie Lalonde, Budget Advisory Committee member, stated that if they reduce pensionable
earnings, reduce overtime to zero, take out the COLA, or they use the most draconian of
measures what it does not do, by not adopting the hybrid, is save the 4%. When they talk about
risk, they are talking about saving the 4%.
Discussion continued.
Vice-Mayor Exposito asked what would be the cost of shifting to the FRS System.
Michael Tierney, Pension Actuary, explained that one of the losses will be the loss of the 175 or
185 premium insurance, which is a $2 to $3 million a year benefit. The City will essentially be
closing or freezing the plan, and adopting the whole FRS System. Yet, Mr. Tierney explained, the
City would still owe on the old plan.
Jackie Lalonde, Budget Advisory Committee member, stated that this is one of the things reported
by the Unions that they do not want to do.
Discussion continued.
Commissioner Weithorn requested a copy of the implementation of the City of Atlanta hybrid plan.
Carla Gomez to handle.
Jose Smith, City Attorney, reminded Mayor Bower that they are about to start collective bargaining
negotiations with the unions, and recommended to keep an open mind on all of the options, and
not make any amendments on any of the options at this point. In reference to the 5/7 vote issue, it
is a little hairy because they may want to impose a 5/7 vote to provide more benefits, or more
generous benefits, but if they want to restrict benefits, they may not want a 5/7 vote. There are
issues to be considered before making commitments on any one of these items.
Adonis Garcia, International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) President, thanked the Budget
Advisory Committee members for their hard work. He stated that this was a learning experience
for him, and although he has an open mind, he respectfully disagrees on many points. He
explained that his comments need to be restricted because they are in the process of starting
collective bargaining. He is looking forward to a vigorous and fair collective bargaining session, the
same as he has had during all the years he has been here and for the history of the City.
Discussion continued.
Alex Bello, Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) President, stated that he feels he has been listening to
fiction stories and wanted to clarify. He attended all the 20 meetings and enjoyed doing so. First,
Police Officers and Firefighters take these jobs to serve, not for the money, and if they get hurt by
taking the risks they take every day they would like their families to be taken care of. The pension
payout is very modest compared to the risks involved. He explained that the mortality tables are
not accurate because members of the Police and Fire Departments are not the average private
sector worker that gets to live to 70 or 80 years of age; they do not live that long. In reference to
the overtime, the overtime is capped and cannot be used to spike anything. In addition, the salary
is also capped, so there is no need for anything on this area. The tactic used in the past was that it
is cheaper to pay overtime than to hire more employees and pay the benefits. This affects salaries
by showing that they are very high; when in fact, it includes overtime. Mr. Bello added that most
officers do not want to work overtime, and instead rather be with their families. It also affects the
number of retirees going into the pension. There are more retirees now because the hiring has not
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kept up with the need, and the City consistently kept the Police and Fire Department short of
active participant into the pension, and therefore less contributions going into the pension. If you
eliminate the people that are now vested from contributing into the pension, then who will
contribute? It is historical data that the eight percent (8%) return is correct for the Defined
Contribution. He feels that there should be much more savings from the previous concessions
given by the last contract. It is important that when a promise is made it should be kept.
Mayor Bower thanked everyone for working so hard and staying late so many nights, including the
union members and City staff, and added that they are here to accomplish the same thing, to
serve the citizens of Miami Beach.
Meeting adjourned at 8:20:23 p.m.
Handouts or Reference Materials:
1. PowerPoint Presentation