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Grammar/Punctuation 16 L~L~ ~ Punctuation proportion to the devaluation? If Britain does not develop her market in this country? Btrr the question mark may be omitted in a series of questions in a construction like the one in the following example. Who is responsible for (a) typing the report, (b) footing the totals, (c) making the corrections? Quotation marks with question marks. See ~LACEME~r oF QUO- TATION MARKS, page 267. '~'~ Quotation Marks. Direct quotations. Enclose the exact words of a speaker or writer in quotation marks, but do not enclose words that are not quoted exactly. The quoted material may be a word or several paragraphs in length. On the 15th he wrote, "Please consider the contract canoeled if the goods are not shipped by the 10th of next monthY On the 15th he wrote that the company should consider the contract canoeled if the goods were not shipped by the tenth of next month. He wrote that he was "no longer interested" in the proposition. Btrr do not use quotation marks when the name of the speaker or writer immediately precedes the quoted material or in question and answer material. Mr. Edwards.' In my opinion the machine is worthless. Mr. Roberrs: Upon what do you base that opinion? Paragraphs. When quoted material is more than one paragraph in length, place quotation marks at the beginning of each para- graph and at the close of the last paragraph. Definitions. Use quotation marks to enclose a word or phrase that is accompanied by its definition. The party against whom garnishment proceedings are brought is called the "gamisheeY "Bankruptcy insolvency" means that a debtor's total assets are less than his total liabilities. Unusual words or trade terms. Use quotation marks to enclose an unusual word or phrase or one used with a special trade mean- ing the first time the term is used. It is not necessary to i~se the quotation marks when the term is repeated. Punctuation 17 fioldThi.'s "pyramiding" was carried to an extreme in the public utility In' "spot~ markets, commodities are bought and sold in spec' c ~r~ots and grades with a definite delivery date specified. Titles and names. Use quotation marks to enclose the titles 7/Articles Books, chapters, or parts of books Brochures, pamphlets Paintings Plays, motion pictures, sketches Poems Songs N~r~: In letters or advertising material, the title of a book may be capitalized for emphasis. In printed material the title of a book is usually italicized; therefore, in preparing material for the printer,~underline the title of a book. Btrr do not use quotation marks with: Names of periodicals and well known publications, such aS Who's Who and dictionaries The Bible or names of its books or other parts of it Movements of a symphony, concerto, or other compositions, or names of numbered compositions Single 'quotation marks. Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation. Last week he wrote, "It is understood that the report 'must be delivered on or before the 80th.'~ Placement of quotation marks. Always place a period or comma _ inside quotation marks. The account was marked "paid," but he never received a receipt. The check was marked "canceled.' Many thanks for sending me a copy of Dr. Jones' book, "The Trade of Nations." Some secretaries question the practice of always placing the period and comma inside quotation 'marks, but this is the prac- tice recommended by leading American authorities. The British set periods and commaS outside quotation marks when they are not part of the quotation, iust aS we do with interrogation points 18 Punctuation and exclamation points, but American printers have never adopted this practice. Typed material customarfiy follows the printed style. ~ _Always place colons and semicolons outside quotation marks. Turn to the chapter entitled "Consideration for Stock"; the refer- ence is in the first paragraph. Interrogation and exclamation points come before or after the quotation marks, depending upon the meaning of the text. Who is the author of "Miratie of the Bells"? (The entire ques- tion is not quoted. ) He shouted, "I will never consent to those termsl' (The exclama- tion is part of the quotation.) Semicolon. Compound sentences. A semicolon may be ~sed to separate the parts of a compound sentence when the comma and conjunction are omitted. The adjustment has been made; the file has been closed. Long, involved clauses. Use a semicolon to separate long, in- volved clauses. A low rate of interest usually reflects easy conditions and a rather inactive industrial situation; a high rate indicates money stringeney and industrial activity. Punctuated clauses. Use a semicolon to separate clauses that are punctuated by commas. On the other hand, if the turnover is low in comparison with the normal figure, it shows just the opposite; that is, weaker sales policy, and poorer purchasing ability and stock control than the average. Series. In enumerations use semicolons to separate the items unless they are short and simple; also, to separate Items that con- tain commas. (See the use of a comma in a series, page 261. ) The three classes of long bills are (1) bills drawn in ordinary business operations; (2) long bills arising from the making of foreign loans; (8) finance bills. The most important of these services are published by Moody's Investors Service, Inc.; Standard & Poor's Corporation; and Fitch Publishing Co., Inc. Before a conjunctive adverb. Use a semicolon before an adverb that serves the purpose of a conjunction. The conjunctive adverbs punctuation 19 are accordingly, also, beside, consequently, furthermore, hence, however, indeed, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, simio larly, so, still, there[ore, thus. He telephoned that he did not plan to leave nntil next week; therefore, I did not consider it necessary to send the report to him by airmail. Quotation marks and semicolon. Place the.~ssemicol~on outside, quotation marks. H ,, Parentheses and semicolon. Use a semicolon after a closing parenthesis if the construction of the sentence requires a semi- colon. Never use a comma or semicolon before a parenthesis or an expression enclosed in parentheses.