LTC 308-2011 Status Update of the Australian Pine Trees on Pinetree DriveMIAMIBEACH
OFFICE OF THE CITY MANAGER
NO LTC # ' 308 -2011
TO Mayor Matti H Bower and Members of the City C
FROM. Jorge M Gonzalez, City Manager
DATE December 2, 2011
SUBJECT
Background
LETTER TO COMMISSION
mission
Status Update of the Australian Pine Trees on Pinetree Drive
The purpose of this Letter To Commission is to provide an update on the results of the health and
risk assessment of the Australian pines on Pinetree Drive between 30 Street and 46 Street, and to
provide information on the steps needed to obtain permission to replant this historic roadway with
Australian Pines
In August, 2010, a meeting was held at the Public Works Department to discuss options for dealing
with Australian pine roots that are uplifting pavement on Pinetree Drive It was decided that, given
the age of the pines, it would be prudent to conduct a health and risk assessment of these trees.
Chuck Lippi, a Registered Consulting Arborist and Board Certified Master Arborist, was selected to
do the study Mr Lippi began work in October, 2010. and submitted a draft report in November,
2010 For his report, Mr Lippi calculated a hazard score for each tree, and reported that 45% of the
trees were highly hazardous, hazardous, or moderately hazardous Based on these hazard scores,
Mr Lippi recommended the removal of 121 trees
The main cause of recent Australian pine failures on Pinetree Drive has been basal trunk decay and
lower trunk failures Mr Lippi observed that 57% of the trees had some form of basal cavity, visible
soft spot or area of suspected decay at the base of the trunk, but also acknowledged that it is
difficult to measure the extent of this decay The presence of decay does not necessarily indicate an
imminent hazard, but it is a risk factor that is associated with tree failures The extent of the decay,
the amount of healthy wood growing around areas of decay, and the tree's structure and lean all
affect a tree's stability
At a December 13, 2010 meeting, which included representatives from the City's Public Works,
Planning, and Parks and Recreation Departments, and Miami -Dade County's Public Works
Department, it was agreed that five high- hazard Australian pines should be "dissected" to determine
how well Mr Lippi's observations, based on non - destructive testing, correlated with actual decay in
the lower trunks and roots of the selected trees Approval for the removal and examination of five
trees was obtained on January 1 1 th , 2011, from the Historic Preservation Board, and on January 19,
2011, from the City Commission During the week of February 28 to March 4, 2011, five Australian
Pines were felled by a Miami -Dade County contracted tree crew The removals and "dissection" of
the Australian Pines were supervised by City of Miami Beach Urban Forester, Dr Chris Latt.
Following the tree removals, a Parks & Recreation Department crew excavated the stumps to a
depth of two feet or deeper in order to expose the trunk bases and large roots
Two stumps were completely extracted from the ground and transported to the Greenspace
Management Division yard for further examination Based on information from the tree dissections,
the remaining 121 trees recommended for removal were reexamined by Mr Lippi on August 26,
2011 Results of the tree dissections and reexamination are included in Part 2 of the attached final
report.
Results From the Tree Dissections and Reexamination
All of the dissected trees had some degree of basal and /or root decay, but in only one tree was the
decay extensive enough to pose an obvious risk of failure One tree had very little decay, and the
remaining three trees had some decay, but appeared to have enough solid wood and healthy roots
to support the trees except under extreme conditions Based on this information, and the on -site
reexamination of the 121 trees that were originally recommended for removal, the recommendations
for some trees were revised The number of trees recommended for removal changed from 121
trees (41% of the total number of trees) to 76 trees (26% of the total) The number of trees
recommended for trimming to reduce end weight on branches increased from 48% of the trees to
61%
Management
It must be noted that forty or fifty years is usually cited as a typical life span for Australian pines in
Florida, and the Pinetree Drive trees are perhaps 100 years old Old, senescent trees gradually lose
their ability to defend against decay, disease and pests The decay in these trees will never improve,
and, with time, will increase There is no treatment to prevent it. At some point they will need to be
removed This study recommends the removal of 76 trees, but also states that this recommendation
does not necessarily mean that all of these trees should be removed immediately Based on
inspections and need, probably five to ten trees will be removed each year
The City and County need to regularly monitor and inspect the Australian Pines on Pinetree Drive in
order to quickly identify trees that require removal Periodic tree evaluations can identify risk factors
that predispose trees to fail, but cannot predict when or if a failure will actually occur, unless the tree
has obvious signs of impending failure, such as a suddenly increased lean or roots pulling out of the
ground It is important to stress that even with regular inspections, there is no 100% accurate means
of predicting when a tree will fail
Pruning to reduce the amount of weight on the ends of branches, and to reduce and balance
crowns, is the primary tool to reduce the risk of tree failure and prolong the life of the senescent
Australian Pines on Pinetree Drive
Cutting large roots on these Australian Pines, for example, to repair uplifted pavement should be
avoided Cutting roots can degrade a tree's stability, provide entry points for decay organisms, and
might kill the tree Old trees are less tolerant of stress than younger trees, so would be at a greater
risk of death
Replacement Trees
No decision has yet been made concerning the species of trees that will replace Australian pines
removed from Pinetree Drive Australian pine has been designated an invasive exotic species that is
prohibited by State, County, and City regulations
Attorney Matthew Amster researched the feasibility of replacing removed Australian Pines on
Pinetree Drive with new Australian Pines, even though this is prohibited by State, County, and City
regulations. In a letter, dated May 17, 2011, and provided as an attachment, Mr Amster reported on
his investigation In his Summary paragraph, he states, "The existing regulatory scheme appears to
disfavor the City's goal of preserving and maintaining the Australian Pine Trees in the Historic
Roadway, including the cultivation and planting of new Australian Pine Trees However, actions may
be taken to amend the regulatory framework to permit, through variances and permits, the continued
maintenance, and replanting if necessary, of Australian Pine Trees in the Historic Roadway " This
correspondence has been provided to the City's Planning and Legal Departments for their review
and comments Once the process is fully reviewed and understood the available options will be
developed and forwarded to the City administration
The Administration has also begun documenting the removal of Australian Pine trees within the City
boundaries so that when the County and State of Florida are requested to permit the replanting of
Australian Pines on the historic Pinetree Drive the removed trees will be considered a "credit' by the
agencies to be allocated against the variance request to replant Australian Pines in Pinetree Drive
The Administration will continue to investigate the steps necessary to obtain a variance to be
permitted to replant Australian Pines at the Miami -Dade County and State of Florida levels
Copies of the final Pinetree Drive report, Australian Pine Assessment for the Pinetree Drive
Roadway Improvement Project Part 1 & Part 2, and the letter from Matthew Amster are attached
Should you have additional questions please advise
J MG /H M F /KS /J O/C L
c: Hilda M Fernandez, Assistant City Manager
Kevin Smith, Director, Parks & Recreation
Fred Beckmann, Director, Public Works Department
John Oldenburg, Assistant Director, Parks & Recreation
Christopher Latt, Urban Forrester, Parks & Recreation
BERCOW RADELL & FERNAN DEZ
ZONIN LANID USE AND ENVIRO LAW
DIRECT LINE: (305) 377 -6236
E -Mail: MAmster@brzoninglaw.com
VIA HAND - DELIVERY
May 17, 2011
Christopher Latt, PhD
Urban Forester
City of Miami Beach
1700 Convention Center Drive
Miami Beach, Florida 33139
Re: Australian Pine Trees Located Within the Pine Tree Drive Historic
Roadway, Miami Beach, Florida - Regulations Pertaining to Preservation
and Replanting of Australian Pine Trees
Dear Dr. Latt:
We are aware of the health concerns regarding the Australian Pine Trees'
located in the City right -of -way of Pine Tree Drive between 30th Street and 46th
Street, also known as the Pine Tree Drive Historic Roadway ( "Historic
Roadway "). The purpose of this letter is to summarize the regulatory provisions
pertaining to Australian Pine Trees and outline the process for the preservation,
cultivation and replanting of Australian Pine Trees in the Historic Roadway as .
may be necessary to maintain this historic treasure.
Summary of Regulations. Our research indicates that in addition to City
regulations three different regulations, one through Miami -Dade County
( "County ") and two through the State of Florida, impact actions regarding
Australian Pine Trees.
At the County level, the Tree Preservation and Protection Division of
Chapter 24 of the Code of Miami -Dade County, which applies equally to
incorporated and unincorporated areas of Miami -Dade County, defines
Australian Pine Trees as a prohibited plant species "that may not be sold,
propagated or planted anywhere in. Miami -Dade County," based on its inclusion
in the list of exotic pest plant species in Policy 8I of the Conservation Element of
the Comprehensive. Development Master Plan for Miami -Dade County. See
Section 24- 49.9(1) and the Conservation Element.
l Also known as Casuarina and the various species of Casuarina.
WACHOVIA.FINANCIAL CENTER • 200 SOUTH BISCAYNE BOULEVARD, SUITE 850 • MIAMI, FLORIDA 33131
PHONE. 305.374.6300 • FAX. 305.377.8222 • WWW.BRZONINGLAW.COM
Christopher Latt, PhD
May 17, 2011
Page 2 of 4
As these trees are prohibited, removal of Australian Pine Trees is an
exempt activity and no permit is required for the removal of Australian Pine
Trees. See Section 24- 49(4)(f). However, Chapter 24 does not provide a permit
process for maintaining, cultivating and /or replanting of Australian Pine Trees.
Rather, there is a variance provision whereby an applicant may request a
variance of the prohibitions from the Director of the Department of
Environmental Resources Management (DERM). See Section 24- 49.9(3). The
variance process is administrative.
At the State level, provisions included in the Florida Aquatic Weed
Control Act include two species of Australian Pine Trees as invasive nonnative
plants. "A person may not sell, transport, collect, cultivate, or possess any .plant, .
including any part or see, of the species ... Casuarina equisettfolia, Casuarina glauca
. . . without a permit from the Department of Agriculture and Consumer
Services." See Section 369.251, Florida Statutes (FS). The implementing rules of
this Section enumerate the criteria for issuance of the permit. See Sections 5B-
64.001 - 5B- 64.011, Florida Administrative Code (FAC): However, under the
current regulations permits "may only be issued to government agencies,
research institutions, and wastewater treatment facilities approved by the
Department of Environmental Protection." See Section 5B -64- 004(3), FAC.
Also at the State level, Chapter 581, FS, concerning the Plant Industry,
regulates nonnative plants. See Sections 581.083 and 581.091, FS. "The
introduction into or release within this state of any plant pest ... is prohibited,
except under special permit ....." Section 581.083(1), FS. The implementing
rules in the FAC include Casuarina equisetifo' lia on the noxious weed list in Section
5B- 57.007, FAC, which is subsumed under the definition of invasive plant in
Section 5B- 57.001(12), FAC. The rules also clarify that "jilt is unlawful to
introduce, multiply, possess, move or release any arthropod, plant pest,
biological control agent, noxious weed, or invasive plant regulated by the
department or the USDA except under permit issued by the department ...."
Section 5B- 57.004(1), FAC.
Anticipated Process for Preservation, Cultivation and Replanting of
Australian Pine Trees in the Historic Roadway. We confirmed with DERM staff
that the State has not delegated permitting authority for either of the above state
regulations to DERM. As a result, we believe the City will need to address both
the local and state regulations.
BERCOW RADELL & FERNAN DEZ
Z01 (3. LANG LOSE AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Christopher Latt, PhD
May 17, 2011
Page -3 of 4
Addressing the prohibition in Chapter 24 of the Code of the County is
clear; the City will need to request a variance from the Director of DERM.
However, before the Director may approve a variance, it may be necessary to
amendment the Conservation Element of the County's Comprehensive Plan.
Regarding the two state regulations, permits would need to be obtained
for the proposed activities involving Australian Pine Trees. However, under the
Florida Aquatic Weed Control Act, permits may only be issued to government
agencies, research institutions and wastewater treatment facilities. We do not
believe that the City as a municipal corporation qualifies as one of .these entities.
As such, an amendment to the rules that either adds municipalities as an
approved entity or otherwise permits the City to accomplish the required
maintenance of the Australian Pines in the Historic Roadway. Alternatively, the
City may seek to amend the Florida Statutes by adding in an exemption or
special permit process for the proposed activities. A similar special permit
process was codified in Section. 581.091, FS, and Section 5B- 57.012, FAC, for
planting Casuarina cunningliamiana as a windbreak for commercial citrus groves.
Subject to confirmation from the State, it appears that the established
permit process under Chapter 581, FS, Plant Industry, will suffice for the
proposed activities. In the event that such a permit will not cover the
maintenance of the Australian Pine Trees, the City would need to amend either
or both the Florida Statutes and corresponding rules in the FAC. with an
exemption and/or special permit process as discussed above.
Lastly, the City needs to confirm that none of the above actions conflict
with the present Code. and Comprehensive Plan of the City. If a conflict exists,
resolution either by code amendment, text amendment to the Comprehensive
Plan and / or other appropriate means will be necessary to legitimize the
proposed activities.
Summary. The existing regulatory scheme appears to disfavor the City's
goal of preserving and maintaining the Australian Pine Trees in the Historic
Roadway, including the cultivation and planting of new Australian Pine Trees.
However, actions may be taken to amend the regulatory framework to permit,
through variances and permits, the continued maintenance, and replanting if
necessary, of Australian Pine Trees in the Historic Roadway. We are happy to
2 Subject to confirmation that permits pursuant to both state regulations, not just one, are
required.
BERCOW RADELL & FERNAN DEZ
ZONINC3. LANG U8E P.F. D ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Christopher Latt, PhD
May 17,2011
Page 4 of 4
continue to assist the City with these efforts. If you have any questions or
comments with regard to these matters, please give me a call at (305) 377 -6236.
Matthew Amster
cc: Mayor Matti Herrera Bower
Vice Mayor Jonah Wolfson
Commissioner Jerry Libbin
Commissioner Jorge Exposito
Commissioner Michael Gongora
Commissioner Edward L. Tobin
Commissioner Deede Weithorn
Jorge Gomez, Assistant City Manager
Hilda Fernandez, Assistant City Manager
William Cary, Assistant Director, Planning Department
Gary Held, First Assistant City Attorney
Michael W. Larkin, Esq.
BERCOW RADEELL & FERNANDEZ
ZONING'. LAND USE AND ENVIRONM LAW
Australian Pine Assessment
for the Pinetree Drive
Roadway Improvement
Project Part 1 &Part2
by Chuck Lippi
ISA Board Certified Master Arborist #FLO501 BASCA
Registered Consulting Arborist #443
November 7, 2010 and October 28, 2011
Summary of Findings
Following the initial report, Part 1, dated November 7, 2010, five Australian pine trees
were removed and dissected to better understand the basal decay that was affecting
many of the trees along Pinetree Drive. Taking into account what was learned from the
dissection of five Australian pine trees, the August 26, 2011, reevaluation of the 121
trees originally considered for removal resulted in revised recommendations for some of
the trees in Part 2 of this report. Recommended tree removals decreased from 41
percent of the total number of trees to 26 percent. Recommended end weight reduction
pruning, an important maintenance treatment used to increase tree stability and reduce
limb breakage, increased from 48 percent of the trees to 61 percent. Recommended
monitoring for any changes in structural integrity or health increased from negligible to
27 percent of the trees.
The Hazard Score distribution also changed accordingly with a bell- shaped distribution
one would expect to find in a tree population. The exception here is the spike in Hazard
Tree Scores found at number 11 indicating the higher than normal removals in this tree
population.
Management Options
Pruning is still the primary maintenance tool for prolonging the life of this slowly
decaying tree population. End weight reduction pruning will reduce the stress of
excessively leaning trees on the lower trunk. Even trees that are not leaning but have
some signs of basal decay will benefit from end weight reduction pruning to increase
their stability.
Of course there is a balance between not enough pruning and too much. Not removing
enough end weight will not significantly reduce the risk. Removing too much end weight
from the trunks and branches can impact the health of the trees by removing leaves
where carbohydrates are produced and young branches where the carbohydrates are
stored for future use by the tree. End weight pruning should be carefully monitored by a
qualified arborist to assure the correct dose of pruning is done. If left unmonitored, many
tree pruning crews will remove lower branches not end weight. And when pruned
incorrectly, this lions tailing or over - lifting type pruning can actually make the trees
more prone to failure.
The initial report dated November 7, 2010 is included as Part 1 beginning on page 5.
The revised report dated October 26, 2011 is included as Part 2 on page 57 of this
report.
MEDIAN:
Tree Tags
Tree
Quantity
Recommend
for Removal
Part 1
Tree
Quantit
y
Revised
Recommendation for
Removal
Between 4539 Pinetree
Dr. & 45th St.
#320 - #351
32
10 (31 %)
32
3 (9 %)
Between 45th St. & 44th
St.
#352 - #392
41
20 (49 %)
39
9 (23 %)
Between 44th St. & 42nd
St.
#393 - # 436
44
21 (48 %)
44
12 (27 %)
Between 42nd St. & 41st
St.
#437 - #448
12
7 (58 %)
12
4 (33 %)
Between 40th St. & 37th
St.
#449 - #487
39
14 (36 %)
38
13 (34 %)
Between 37th St. & 34th
St.
#488 - #532
45
15 (33 %)
45
16 (36 %)
Between 34th St. & 31st
St.
#533 - #581
49
15 (31 %)
47
6 (13 %)
Between 31st St. & 30th
St.
#582 - #592
11
4 (36 %)
11
1 (9 %)
Median Totals:
273
106 (39 %)
268
64 (24 %)
SWALE:
3600 Pinetree Dr.
#593 - #599
7
5
7
4
3510 Pinetree Dr.
#800 - #807
8
5
8
3
Corner of 34th St.
#808
1
0
1
0
3126 Pinetree Dr.
#809
1
1
1
1
3120 & 3100 Pinetree
Dr.
#810 - #814
5
4
5
4
Swale Totals:
22
15 (68 %)
22
12 (55 %)
OVERALL TOTALS:
295
121 (41 %)
290
76 (26 %)
Pinetree Drive Australian Pine Evaluation
Table of Contents
Part 1 and Part 2 1
Summary of Findings 2
Location Table 3
Table of Contents 4
Part 1 5
Summary 6
Introduction 6
Background 6
Assignment 6
Purpose and Use of the Report 6
Assumptions 7
Testing and Analysis 7
Survey Technique and Method 8
Limitations 9
Observations 10
The Trees 10
The Site 13
Survey and Test Methods 13
Survey and Test Result 14
Additional Observations 20
Discussion 23
Management Options 24
Conclusions 29
Appendix A - Tree Data Part 1 30 - 56
Part 2 57
Summary 58
Introduction 58
Background 58
Acknowledgement 58
Assignment 59
Assumptions 59
Testing and Analysis 59
Observations 59
The Trees and Site 59
Test Results 60
Tree #380 61
Tree #390 62
Tree #454 63
Tree #547 64
Tree #552 65
Discussion 67
Conclusion 68
Management Options 69
References for Part 1 and Part 2 71
Appendix B -- Dissected Tree Locations 73
Appendix C -- Definitions 75
Appendix D -- Certificate of Performance 77
Appendix E -- Tree Data Part 2 78 - 102
Australian Pine Assessment
for the Pinetree Drive
Roadway Improvement
Project
Part 1
by
Chuck Lippi
ISA Board Certified Master Arborist #FL0501 B
ASCA Registered Consulting Arborist #443
November 7, 2010
Summary
introduction
Background
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
I was asked by the City of Miami Beach to perform a risk assessment of the
approximately 300 Australian pine trees (Casuarina equisetifolia) 1 located along
Pinetree Drive. This aging row of trees that are both historic and invasive has
survived long past the tree's average age and many trees are gradually
succumbing to basal decay. Timely removal of the most severely decaying trees,
proper crown maintenance of retained trees and regular inspection will help
reduce the risk to the public using Pinetree Drive. Additional inspection options
and maintenance recommendations are made in the section, Management
Options.
On September 17, 2010 I was asked by Christopher Latt, Urban Forester for the
Parks and Recreation Department of the City of Miami Beach, to evaluate the
condition of approximately 300 Australian pine trees (Casuarina equisetifolia) in
the public right -of -way (mostly in the median) along Pinetree Drive between 30th
Street and 46th Street. During the hurricanes of 2004 and 2005 approximately 5
of the trees fell. More recently on September 15, 2010 another large Australian
pine fell on a calm morning. All of six failures were the result of basal decay.
Assignment
My assignment was to:
1. Assess the current condition of the approximately 300 Australian pine trees in
the public right -of -way along Pinetree Drive between 30th Street ad 46th
Street.
2. Determine whether the condition of each tree warrants removal
3. Recommend an appropriate course of action for remediation, mitigation and/
or maintenance
Purpose and Use of the Report
This report is prepared for the City of Miami Beach to evaluate the condition of
the Australian pine trees in the public right -of -way along Pinetree Drive between
30th Street ad 46th Street and provide recommendations. I understand all written
correspondence and reports given to the City are public record.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Assumptions
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
A field examination of the site was made on October 16 and 17, October 23
through 25 and October 28 through 30, 2010. My observations and conclusions
are as of those dates.
Testing and Analysis
I did a basic level 2 risk assessment 2 which provides a detailed 360 degree
ground -based visual inspection of each tree. Hand tools and a mallet are often
used as part of a level 2 risk assessment.
Every tree had a significant buildup of soil, organic matter and branchlets
(needles) around the base. This accumulated soil and organic matter had to be
removed in order to examine each tree for basal decay. This extra work had not
been anticipated but was critically important for a proper evaluation. I performed
a root crown excavation using a long -tined rake and a hand hoe to remove soil
and organic matter from the base of the trunk and root flares. Fortunately, a City
crew assisted with the root crown excavation of the 144 Australian pine trees
growing in the median south of 41st. Street. I used a wood - handled metal probe
(a long- handled dandelion spear) to test for basal decay at or slightly below the
soil line. I used a rubber mallet to sound trunks, galls and root flares for possible
internal decay. I used Resistograph, a drilling device that measures and graphs
decay as the drill bit passes through the different layers of solid and decayed
wood, to test 66 of the trees for internal decay in the lower trunk or root flare. The
drill bit was disinfected with ethanol alcohol after testing each tree. Decay signs
were diagnosed by referring to scientific texts as well as consulting with
specialists at the University of Florida.
Due to the extreme hardness of Australian pine wood, the rubber mallet, which is
generally an excellent tool for locating internal decay in trees, was only
marginally useful. On some trees a visible cavity in the trunk would sound solid
rather than hollow. In other cases a positive mallet test, one indicating a possible
internal cavity, would be negative when tested with a Resistograph.
Also, the extreme hardness of the Australian pine wood made Resistograph
testing difficult. Extreme care had to be taken to avoid breaking or twisting the
Resistograph drill bit. The drill motor would strain. Often when drilling into solid
wood, the Resistograph bit would become so hot from the friction that it would
cause the sawdust created by the drill bit to partially ignite and smoke as the drill
bit was being extracted. I have never had this happen on other hardwood trees
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
during the six years I have been using the Resistograph. Because basal decay
was of primary concern, it was often difficult to properly position the large
Resistograph to pinpoint the areas to be tested. Large galls near the base of the
tree also made it difficult to reach the tree base with the Resistograph. In spite of
these problems, the Resistograph was able to find basal decay in trees that were
considered sound but suspect based upon visual inspection and probing.
Survey Technique and Methods
According to Matheny and Clark, "Trees are hazardous when the failure of one or
more their parts results in property damage and /or personal injury. All trees have
the potential to fail, but only a relatively few actually do so." 6 When I perform a
tree risk assessment, I follow the procedures outlined by Matheny and Clark
which they describe as follows: "Identifying and managing the risks associated
with trees is a subjective process. Since the nature of tree failures remains
largely unknown, our ability to predict which trees will fail and in what fashion is
limited. As currently practiced, tree evaluation involves examining a tree for
structural defects, associating those defects with a known pattern of failure and
rating the degree of risk." 7
Generally, when I do a level 2 risk assessment, I rate trees in the following way:
• Likelihood of a tree to fail
• Size of the part of the tree most likely to fail
• Species of tree. Some tree species are more likely to fail than other species.
• Target -- a person or object that would be injured or damaged. If a target is not
present, a tree cannot be hazardous.
Because all the trees evaluated are next to Pinetree Drive, I considered that the
target, those using the street, would be the same for all the trees just as the
species would be the same. So I omitted target and species ratings and added
two other variables to my rating system:
• Lean -- I assumed that a leaning tree would be more likely to fail under the
same conditions as a tree that is not leaning.
• Decay -- the amount of basal decay or trunk and branch decay was rated
The rating system I used for each tree to develop a hazard score is the sum of
the four rating categories -- likelihood or probability of failure, size of part likely to
fail, lean and decay. Each category could receive a rating of between "1 ", which
is low risk, to "3 ", which is high risk. The hazard score is the sum of the four
rating categories. A higher score means a higher probable level of risk. The
highest possible score is 12 and the lowest possible score is 4.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Probability of failure - identifies the most likely failure and rates the likelihood
that the structural defect(s) including decay will result in failure before the next
inspection. In this case the inspection interval is unknown. Failure prediction is
the most problematic risk rating factor requiring skill and experience. It includes
evaluation of wood strength (strength loss), root damage, decay, wounds,
structural defects such as fork attachments, pests, tree taper, crown size, etc. A
tree with few apparent defects would be scored "1". A tree with some defects but
not visibly excessive amounts would be scored "2 ". A tree with numerous and /or
extensive defects such as visible basal cavities would be scored "3 ".
Size of part most likely to fail -- Because basal decay was the most common
type of failure, that meant that the size of the tree part most likely to fail was the
entire tree so this category generally received a score of 3 points except in a few
cases where the trunk had been significantly reduced or a lateral branch was at a
higher risk
Lean -- Trees with little or no lean were scored "1". Trees with moderate lean (10
to 20 degrees) were scored "2" and trees with excessive lean (> 20 degrees)
were scored "3 ". This category also took into account the lean angle of large
lateral branches.
Decay -- Trees with little crown decay in the branches and no visible basal
decay were scored "1". Trees with some potential precursors for basal decay
and /or a moderate level of crown decay were scored "2 ". Trees with visible basal
decay and /or heavy crown decay were scored "3 ". Because we really don't
understand how much basal decay is tolerable and how to accurately quantify
the amount of basal decay without invasive procedures, any basal cavity
extending over 10 inches under the trunk was rated as a "3 ". Trunk decay was
judged differently because the amount of sound wood around the cavity is
measurable.
Limitations
Limitations of the Hazard Score Ranking System
Typically in most street tree surveys I have done, decay problems are found on
only about 15 to 20 percent of the trees and most of that decay is on the trunk
and branches. Structural problems such as codominant leaders and included
bark are also found on about 15 to 20 percent of the tree population surveyed.
This can vary from site to site based upon maintenance programs. Before
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
beginning the survey of Pinetree Drive, I observed that there was a considerable
amount of trunk decay near deteriorating galls and branch decay in the crowns of
the trees apparently caused by branch breakage and pruning wounds made
during or following major storm events. Consequently, I added the category,
"decay," as one of the components of the hazard score to replace the category
"target" which I removed because it was a constant. As the survey progressed
and it became clear that basal decay was the predominant defect, the likelihood
that a high "decay" ranking would cause a catastrophic failure became a
concern. Therefore, in the results there may be some unanticipated redundancy.
A high "probability of failure" score often corresponded with a high "decay"
score in about 95 percent of the trees with individual ratings of "3 ". In a very few
cases trees with a substantial lean and upper crown defect but little apparent
decay received a high "probability of failure" score and a low "decay" score.
Because of the abundance of basal decay found in the survey, that also meant
the size of the part of the tree most likely to fail is the whole tree. Consequently,
basal decay caused both the "probability of failure" and "size of part likely to
fail" ratings to be high creating an overall high hazard score.
Limits of the Assignment
There are line of sight problems with trees near intersections and driveways.
Also, many trees have been hit by vehicles over the years causing wounds and
decay on the lower trunks and root flares. The many wounded trunks observed
while doing this survey are evidence of the on -going tree - vehicle encounters.
This report does not deal with these traffic safety issues.
Observations
The Trees
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
The Australian pines growing along Pinetree Drive in Miami Beach are a
dichotomy. On the one hand, the 295 trees examined are all Casuarina
equisetifolia, which is a Category I invasive exotic plant. Category I invasive
exotic plants are those that are altering native plant communities based on the
documented ecological damage. On the other hand the same trees were also
designated as historic trees and the street, Pinetree Drive, a historic site by the
Miami Beach City Commission in June, 2001. According to early records John
Collins, was one of the first settlers in what was to become Miami Beach. In
1910, Collins planted Australian pines as a windbreak to protect his young
avocado and mango groves. The same pines planted in 1910 now stand along
what has become Pinetree Drive in the City of Miami Beach.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
According to Dr. Ed Gilman, University of Florida Professor of Urban Trees &
Landscape Plants in the Environmental Horticulture Department and one of the
country's leading arboricultural researchers, "Long- favored for use in erosion
control along beaches, Australian pine tree is now outlawed in many parts of
Florida due to its invasive nature, rapid growth rate, and non - native status. It is
not a true pine tree and is not related to the pines. A straight, upright tree capable
of reaching 70 to 90 feet in height and possessing rough, fissured, dark gray
bark, Australian pine has what appear to be long, soft, gray /green needles but
these `needles' are actually multi jointed branchlets, the true leaves being rather
inconspicuous." 10
The trees along Pinetree Drive range in diameter from approximately 16 inches
to an estimated 42 inches with a predominance of the smaller diameter trees
growing in the narrow median to the south of 41st Street. I presume from the
historical records provided to me that all the trees are approximately the same
age. The large range in trunk diameter may be readily explained by the difference
is root space by the relatively narrow 9 -foot wide median south of 41st Street and
the more root friendly 30 -foot wide median north of 41st Street. Or possibly some
of the trees especially on the south end may have been planted at a later date.
Most of the trees are leaning generally toward the west. The lean appears to be
generally stable but during storm events the lean along with the reduced root
space and basal decay can affect stability and make some of the trees more
likely to blow over.
A DBH measurement of trunk diameter of each tree was not taken because the
trees are heavily infested with large trunk galls or tumors, which I believe are
caused by the bacterium Agrobaterium tumefaciens. If so, the galls are
technically called crown galls or crown gall tumors, but for simplicity I will refer to
them as galls in this report. The large galls are often located on the trunk where
the DBH measurement should be taken and the presence of the galls makes
accurate DBH measurements difficult. A majority of the trees (61 percent) had
between 25 percent to 75 percent of the circumference covered with large galls
(Figure C). Only a small number of trees, about 36 percent trees had galls on
less than 25 percent of the trunk circumference. And there were only a few trees
that were free of galls. The few trees that were free of galls were included in the
less than 25 percent of the circumference group.
According to the records used to designate the trees as historic, the trees are
approximately 100 years old. Some experts 11 say the average life span of
Australian pines in Florida is around 40 to 50 years with some specimens
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
reportedly living "hundreds of years in parts of their native range. " The
Australian pines appear to be well over their average age and should be treated
as veteran trees, in my opinion. See the Management Options section.
According to the Smithsonian Marine Station at Ft. Pierce, "Early on, Australian
pine was also utilized in Florida as a a lumber species and in ditch and canal
stabilization. It ultimately proved to be poorly suited to this latter use, again due
to its shallow root system and its tendency to be blown down. More troubling than
its poor utility as a purpose - cultivated species, C. equisetifolia revealed itself to
be a highly invasive species in Florida. The species' ability to colonize disturbed
and nutrient -poor sites, its high fecundity, protracted reproductive season,
broadcast seed dispersal, and tendency to form monospecific stands are traits
that make it a highly competent invader." And the article continues, "Australian
pine is generally the dominant species in competitive interactions with native
Florida vegetation. Dense thickets of Australian pine can outcompete and
displace mangroves and other native coastal vegetation in Florida. There is
evidence that the fallen branchlets are allelopathic in nature, containing chemical
compounds that inhibit growth, survival, or recolonization by native plant
species. "
Predominant Failure The type of tree failures that have been reported along
Pinetree Drive have been the
entire tree falling over caused
by root or basal decay.
According to verbal accounts,
five Australian pine trees fell
during the hurricanes of 2004
and 2005. More recently a
large Australian pine fell on
September 15, 2010 across
Pinetree Drive at 34th Avenue
(Figure 1). The cause of this
failure on a calm day was also
basal rot. (See Figures 12 and
13 for drawings of how
different basal rot fungi attack Figure 1 This tree fell on a calm morning on September 15, 2010.
trees.) Some small lateral Notice the base of the tree is decayed and has become
branch failures have occurred disconnected from any supporting roots.
from time to time but these are
not documented and appear to be without incident and minor in nature.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
The Site
There are 295 trees growing in the right -of -way with 129 trees growing in a
double row in a 30 -foot wide median between 41st Street and 46th Street and
144 trees are growing in a single row in an approximately 9 -foot wide median
between 41st Street and 30th Street. There are also 22 Australian pine trees
growing on the west side of the street in the right -of -way between 30th Street and
34th Street. The narrow median has a curb at the edge of the street on the east
side and no curb on the west side of the median. On the west side of the street
tree roots are lifting the asphalt pavement in some places. On the east side of the
median there is little evidence of root damage to the pavement which raises the
probability that at one time the tree roots had been cut for the installation of the
curb. The north end of the double row of trees just south of 46th Street is
approximately 4 feet higher than the street grade. This berm gradually lowers to
street grade approaching 41st Street.
Survey and Test Methods
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Data was collected on each tree. For identification purposes, a small plastic,
sequentially numbered tag was attached to each tree at about a height of 7 to 8
feet above the ground. The following data was then taken:
Basal Decay: none apparent, visible cavity, visible soft spot, suspected but not
visible. This category was used to separate basal decay, a serious defect, from
trunk and branch decay, which is not always serious
Galls: <25 %, 25% to 50 %, 50% to 75% and >75% as a percentage of the tree
circumference.
Lean: no lean (10 degrees or less), moderate lean (10 to 20 degrees), excessive
lean ( >20 degrees). A relatively straight trunk with large, leaning leaders was
considered as a leaning tree and graded accordingly.
Concernl, Concern2 and Concern3: these were observed problems or defects
such as basal decay, crown decay, tall crown, trunk wound, trunk decay, drywood
termite frass, long lateral branches, dead branches in crown, visible fungal conk,
unbalanced crown, mallet test positive, etc.
Workl and Work2: These categories listed possible recommended mitigation
which could include: remove tree, reduction pruning to reduce branch end
weight, remove dead branches, monitor tree, or no mitigation recommended at
this time.
Observations: this category allowed for comments about the tree's defects or
condition. One common observation was "Monitor this tree and reduce branch
end weight ".
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Survey and Test Results
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Problems Observed Because of the established pattern of failure
decay, emphasis was placed on examination of the root crown and
at the base of each
Australian pine. The
data collected and
shown in Figure 2
indicates that the main
defect found in the
survey was basal
decay which was
found on 32 percent of
the trees. The next
area of concern was
tree height (30
percent), which can
affect tree stability in
wind storms, and
crown decay (19
percent), which
appears to have
occurred because of
limb breakage during
storms and poor
pruning cuts made by
FEMA- directed tree
crews following the hurricanes of 2004 and 2005. Codominant leaders is a
structural defect that was observed on 18 percent of the trees. Nine percent of
the trees had dead branches either over the median (lower risk) or over the street
(higher risk) and four trees had broken limbs that were hanging. These trees with
dead branches and hanging limbs have been noted on the survey and should be
cleaned up soon. Seven percent of the trees had long sprawling lateral branches
and 4 percent had unbalanced crowns which would be mitigated during pruning
operations. A more detailed discussion of pruning mature veteran trees can be
found in Management Options on page 20 of this report.
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Problems Observed
by basal
root flare
f — _alr" _..1
N.6 ct £ b tay a� ° a � °� s ec, c °�c cP z�
� O . �� al �a Sa Q i e
p 4 c ° z i p o a r o a `' o J C a s � .t L e a � ff°
c o a z o ff. � °� ae \& � � a�a
& -4, 44
•ce ti
„o
Figure 2 The major problems or defects observed in the 295 Australian
pine trees. One tree could have more than one defect or problem noted.
area
Basal Cavities and Decay Basal cavities and other defects become more
common on most trees that are older than their average life span. I found 32
percent of the 295 trees had visible basal cavities and 57 percent had some form
of basal cavity, visible soft spot or area of suspected decay (Figure 3). A visible
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
visible soft spot
13%
1
suspected
cavity but not
visible
12%
Basal Decay
visible cavity
32%
none apparent
43%
Figure 3 illustrates that 57 percent of the trees had some form of cavity or suspected basal defect.
soft spot is an area at the base of the trunk where a cavity has begun to initiate
or a basal area that was probed with negative results. An area where a cavity
was "suspected but not visible" had other precursors of a cavity such as a large
decaying adjacent gall close to the base of the tree and /or drywood termite frass
pellets near the base of the tree (Figure 3). I observed 32 percent of the trees
had some type of visible basal cavity (Figure 3). Basal decay also had a
relationship to the hazard score. In Figure 8 on trees that had no apparent basal
cavity or decay, the hazard score was lower (lower risk). When a basal cavity or
basal decay was visible on a tree, the hazard score was generally higher.
Hazard Score Data The Hazard Score data (Figure 4) had 45 percent of the
trees considered as most hazardous" (11 percent), "high hazard" (29 percent)
and "moderate high hazard" (5 percent). In my experience doing risk
assessments this level of hazardous trees is unusually high. Another view of the
hazard score distribution can be seen in Figure 5. Usually in other risk
assessment assignments, I typically find the high point of the bell curve around
the score of 7 or 8. The unusual spike in the high- hazard score of 11 can be
attributed, in my opinion, to the high number of basal decay and visible basal
cavities found, which I consider serious. For a view of the relationship of basal
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
decay to hazard score,
see Figure 6.
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Lower Hazard 6
10%
Hazard Score Distribution
Galls Galls are
ubiquitous on the
Australian pines along
Pinetree Drive. Sixty -
five percent of the trees
had from 25 percent to
over 75 percent of the
circumference covered
with galls (Figure 7).
That is a large
percentage of infected
trees. The galls on the
trees appeared to be
larger and more
numerous on larger
diameter trees although
no DBH measurements
were made. The galls by
themselves when healthy (if such a term can be used) appear to be innocuous to
the Australian pine trees. Only when a gall started to decay did there appear to
be some mechanism or entry point
where the decay organism could invade Hazard Score Distribution
the tree especially near the basal area.
That observation coincides with
Matheny and Clark who say, "Galls
made of organized, sound tissue are
usually not severe defects." But "Galls
of disorganized, decayed tissue can be
significant defects if more than 50
percent of the circumference of the
stem is affected. Aggravating factors
such as lean, end weight and exposure
must also be considered." 14 How the
number of galls relates to the hazard
score is illustrated in Figure 8. The existence of drywood termite frass pellets
beneath decaying galls corresponded to a higher hazard score (Figure 10).
Moderate Hazard
Figure 4 The distribution of Hazard Scores in the Australian pine
population classified 45 percent of the trees in the high hazard or
moderately high hazard range. These are indicated by the segments of
the pie chart to the right of the blue line.
30%
25% .l
20%
ts%
0%
Least Hazardous 5
3%
Moderate Hazard 9
9%
y 1ti 1ti 4=,
4a �
ray
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Most Hazardous
12
11%
Moderate -High
Hazard 10
5%
% % 1
Figure 5 Another view of the distribution of Hazard
Scores of the 295 Australian pine trees.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Relationship of Basal Decay to Hazard Score
20
10
None apparent
Soft spot
Suspected but not visible
Visible Cavity
Figure 6 The existence of a visible basal cavity or decay increased the likelihood a
tree's hazard score would be higher (more hazardous). Trees with no apparent
basal decay tended to have lower hazard scores.
Galls As % of Circumference
>75% of circum
4%
Figure 7 Thirty -five percent of the trees had less than 25 percent
of the circumference covered with galls. These were generally
smaller diameter trees. But nearly every tree had some galls.
Sixty -five percent of the trees had from 25 percent to over 75
percent of the circumference covered with galls.
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Relationship of Galls to Hazard Score
Most Hazardous 12 11
10
9
8
7
Least Hazardous 5
Figure 8 The trees with a higher percentage of galls around the
circumference tended be more hazardous trees especially when
the galls were located near the soil line and had begun to decay.
But the simple existence of a higher percentage of galls did not
necessarily make the tree more hazardous trees.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Positive - remove
tree
55%
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Resistograph Tests
Negative retain
tree
30%
Inconclusive -
retain tree and
monitor
15%
Figure 9 Sixty six of the most suspect trees that did not have an
obvious basal cavity were tested with the Resistograph. A basal
cavity was found on 55 percent of the tested trees.
Resistograph Testing When visual examination and
probing were inconclusive about the existence of a
significant basal cavity, many of these trees were marked
for Resistograph examination. In all 66 trees were tested
with the Resistograph (Figure 9). Of the 66 trees, 55
percent had a positive result which means a basal cavity
was found and the tree in question was designated for
removal. Thirty percent of the trees were found to be free
of a cavity in the area tested. Usually trees that were
tested and no basal decay was found were marked to be
pruned to reduce branch end weight. Resistograph tests
were inconclusive on 15 percent of the trees examined.
The fact that a basal cavity existed but was not visually
apparent on 55 percent of the suspect trees is of
concern. That means that the basal decay on these trees
could have gone undetected. To further illustrate the
problems with finding basal decay in a large trunk, look at
tree #327 (Figure 11), which has a trunk wound that
extends to the base of the tree at ground level.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Drywood Termite Frass Relationship
to Hazard Score
Figure 10 The appearance of drywood
termite frass beneath decaying galls
corresponded to a higher hazard score.
The trees with a higher percentage of galls around the circumference tended be
more hazardous trees especially when the galls were located near the soil line
and had begun to decay. However, Figure 6 also illustrates the simple existence
of a higher percentage of galls on a tree did not
necessarily make the tree a more hazardous tree.
Figure 11 Tree #327 has
a trunk wound that
extends to the base of
the tree. The tree
appeared to be solid at
the base of the wound
when aggressively tested
with a probe. A
Resistograph
examination found an
area of basal decay
behind a thin layer of
solid wood.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Aggressive probing in this area found the base of the tree to be solid although
visually suspect. Later a Resistograph examination near the base of the tree in
the suspected area indicated there was a thin layer of solid wood behind which
was an area of internal basal decay. It is also worthy to note that Figure 11 shows
a wet area of wood at the base of the wound. This wet area was caused by a
buildup of soil and organic matter that had to be pulled away from the trunk in
what is called a root crown excavation before a visual examination and probing
could be done. This part of the trunk stayed constantly moist which probably
enhanced the activity of the decay fungi.
Another weakness in the inspection process is pinpointing the location of the
basal decay. It requires experience to probe in the right places but there is also
an element of luck in locating basal decay. If the decay exists under one side of
the trunk, it may not be found if the decay is surrounded by a thin layer of solid
wood or if probing and Resistograph tests are done to the opposite side of the
trunk away from the decay. And it is not reasonable to test every tree in multiple
locations around each trunk with a Resistograph. The multiple wounds created
could cause more problems than they would solve by creating numerous points
where decay fungi spores would invade the base of the tree. There are times in
the inspection process when I was about to finish probing the base of the trunk
and I decided to try one more time between root flares or under a decaying gall
only to break through a thin layer of solid wood into a basal cavity. In other
words, it is not possible to locate every basal cavity.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Additional Observations
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Signs of decay pathogens were observed on many of the trees where basal
cavities were found. Basal decay fungi or butt rot fungi were typically found. Two
different pathogens were tentatively identified but not yet confirmed by University
of Florida plant pathologists at the time this report was prepared. We expect
further information about the pathogens to be forthcoming which could affect the
recommendations in this report.
Figure 12 Basal decay also called root
and butt rot caused by Ustulina deusta
appears on the lower part of the trunk
and upper roots. Drawing from
Schwarze, Engels and Mattheck,
Fungal Stategies of Wood Decay in
Trees.
The first decay organism
tentatively identified is
Ustulina deusta
commonly referred more
generically as hypoxylon.
According to Dr. Chris
Luley, The fungus is a
"butt rot that
progressively decays the
lower stem until the tree
often fails." Luley
continues, Any tree with
Ustulina deusta is
suspect and should be
closely tested for decay.
Figure
trunk wound and trunk cavity.
Ustulina stroma are visible at
the bottom of the cavity
(arrow). See close up in
Figure 14.
13 Tree #436 has a
Figure 13 Basal decay also called root
rot caused by lnonotus dryadeus
appears on the lower part of the trunk
and upper roots. Drawing from
Schwarze, Engels and Mattheck,
Fungal Stategies of Wood Decay in
Trees.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Figure 14 Ustulina stroma, that looks
like black dried tar, are visible at the
base of the cavity.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Infected trees will eventually fail usually from the base or large buttress roots.
According to Schwarze, et. al., Ustuline deusta is capable of degrading wood
very extensively even in the central parts of a tree. The perfect stage of the
fungus is crusty black material called stroma that looks much like dried pieces of
tar." 17 Schwarze says that a healthy young tree, in this case a beech tree, is
readily able to compartmentalize and isolate decay organisms. However, the
same species that has been weakened by stress factors or age becomes
susceptible because it has a lower ability to compartmentalize and isolate the
decay. 18 Sinclair and Lyon 19 , describe the fungus species as Ustulina
kretzschmaria more specifically attributed to Casuarina species. The presence of
Ustulina kretzschmaria. has been associated with trees in southern Louisiana
where infection is presumed to be fostered by the high water table. "Prolonged
soil saturation and accompanying hypoxia in this situation may weaken or kill
roots and dispose them to attack. Diseased trees, if not cut first, eventually topple
because of decay in buttress roots."
Similar prolonged soil saturation events no doubt have occurred numerous times
along Pinetree Drive over the years and could have created ideal conditions for
the disease. The advanced age of the trees also makes them more susceptible
to disease organisms with a lesser ability to compartmentalize decay.
Regardless if the decay organism is Ustulina duesta or Ustulina kretzschmaria,
the presence and virulence of Ustulina on the Australian pines is reason for
concern and increased vigilance (Figures 13 and 14).
The second fungus tentatively identified on the Pinetree Drive Australian pine
trees is Inonotus dryadeus or Inonotus dryophilus, a root and butt rot fungus with
most of the decay found
in the larger roots
(Figures 15 through 19).
According to Dr. Luley,
"A difficult fungus to have
to deal with in risk
analysis because of the
localization of decay in
the undersides of roots
and eventual, likely end -
result of failure. "
Inonotus dryophilus is
commonly found higher
on the trunk and Inonotus
Figure 15 The decay
fungi, Inonotus
dryadeus, is found on
upper part of this root
flare on tree #371.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Figure 16 A close up of the Inonotus
dryadeus conk on tree #371 and the
typical orange -brown color and guttation
droplets.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
dryadeus is found at the
soil line. The fact that
the conks are found on
decaying galls above
the soil line, the more
likely pathogen may be
Inonotus dryophilus.
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
The causal organism for
the galls has not been
confirmed but is
suspected at this time to
be caused by the
bacterium Agrobaterium
tumefaciens. Since
these galls appear to be
secondary problems
that, when healthy, do not affect the tree's stability
and only appear to affect the health of the tree
when the galls start to deteriorate and decay, the
identification of the gall is not of great importance,
in my opinion. The galls, when given the mallet
sounding test, were solid and did not sound hollow
until decay and termite frass was evident. When the
galls, located near the base of the tree, are decaying and have drywood termite
frass pellets, these are good indicators of a tree with a basal cavity and
potentially higher risk.
Figure 17 Tree #809 has a
decaying gall with Inonotus
dryadeus conks indicated
by the arrows.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Figure 18 The yellow arrow in
Figure 15 indicates the location of
this ripe Inonotus conk.
Figure 19 The green arrow in
Figure 15 indicates the location of
these immature Inonotus conks.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Discussion
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
When I would find a basal cavity with the probe or the Resistograph, I would
score the "probability of failure" as 3, "basal decay" as 3 and "size of part" of tree
most likely to fail as 3. Most of the trees had a lean which added another 2 or 3
points to the hazard score. Trees with a high hazard score are recommended to
be removed. But that recommendation does not necessarily mean that the tree
should be removed immediately. We still don't know enough about the extent of
decay needed to cause a failure. The high hazard score does mean the tree will
not recover from the decay found. There is no cure. The tree's condition will only
get worse. The trees are all old and gradually losing their defensive capabilities.
Removing all the trees that have received a high hazard score is but one option. I
believe more testing should be done but not with a Resistograph which has its
limitations. I discuss these recommendations in the section Management
Options.
As the previous observations of defects and decay organisms indicate, basal
decay is difficult to evaluate. Trunk decay can be more easily evaluated because
the amount of internal decay can be measured with a Resistograph or battery -
powered drill and wood strength -loss formulas have been developed as a
guideline for determining tree strength and stability with varying levels of decay.
However, with basal decay and root decay, there is much less information about
how much basal decay is tolerable. Then there is the difficulty of actually
measuring the amount of basal decay beneath the trunk. Such measurements of
basal decay, if even possible, would require multiple holes drilled around the
base of the tree, a highly invasive procedure that would produce numerous drill
wounds that are pathways for the basal decay pathogens in the freshly drilled
solid wood. The hardness of the solid wood of Australian pines and the probable
location of decay near the soil line make the sounding mallet essentially
ineffective. There are other more sophisticated electronic methods of illustrating
internal decay such as the Picus Sonic Tomograph. But I personally have found
the images produced are difficult to read and compare to actual decayed areas.
And there may also be limitations on doing a Sonic Tomograph test at ground
level.
Arboricultural researcher Dr. Tom Smiley says, "Assessing root decay is
complicated by the fact that the decay is frequently more severe than detection
procedures will indicate. Subsequently, whenever any root or basal decay is
encountered, the tree care specialist should be aware that root disease may be
more severe than anticipated. "
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Dr. Smiley gives the threshold of root loss or decay as greater than a 33 percent
loss being a high risk and decay greater than a 50 percent loss being a critical
risk. In the USDA Forest Service publication Urban Tree Risk Management: A
Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation 22 the threshold
for "moderate" root decay is when damage is observed on 25 to 40 percent of the
root collar circumference. Indicators of advanced decay are found on more than
40 percent of the circumference of the root collar. The difficulty again is the decay
is on the underside of the large lateral roots and the base of the trunk and difficult
to find and more difficult to measure. How can we know if a trunk base is 40
percent decayed without destructive investigation -- taking a tree down?
When I was probing the base of the trunk at the soil line, I would mark the tree as
having a visible cavity if I was able to push the probe 10 to 12 inches or more
beneath the edge of the root crown. This area should be solid. I was able to do
this on 32 percent of the trees. But that probe test does not give any indication of
the overall amount of decay on either side of the probe.
Management Options
Because of the difficulty in adequately assessing the basal decay, I have
provided several management options and alternatives:
Remove, Dissect and Evaluate Several Trees Select three to five trees from
the list of trees with a hazard score of 12 and remove them carefully examining
all parts for internal decay but especially paying attention to the lower five feet of
trunk and the root crown. In my opinion, we should select some trees that do not
have obvious large cavities and decaying trunk wounds. We should select trees
that appear to have intact root crowns with only a small cavity opening. If
possible, we should arrange to have one of the University of Florida plant
pathology specialists in tree diseases present. Information gained in this process
will allow the City Urban Forester and other City officials involved in the process,
members of the Historic Preservation Board, University of Florida plant
pathologists and myself to arrive at a decision that is best for the safety of the
people who use Pinetree Drive and maintenance of the historical value of the
street and trees.
Without this tree autopsy step, we lack adequate information to know what is
happening beneath the trunk and root flares. Without this additional destructive
testing, I believe we must error on the side of caution and remove all the trees
that have a hazard number of 11 and 12. The remaining trees that are to be
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
retained should be pruned back to reduce the crown height and spread as
described below.
Reduction Pruning The trees along Pinetree Drive must be managed as the
aging veteran trees that they are. Dr. Kim Coder, arboriculture professor at the
University of Georgia, writes articles and speaks regularly to Florida arborists
about maintenance of aging veteran trees. In addition to structural problems
caused by sprawling branches and weak fork arrangements, Dr. Coder says
veteran trees also have: 23
• reduced photosynthesis
• vascular problems
• increased sapwood respiration
• reduction in defensive chemical production
• reduction in resources available in the soil
Dr. Coder recommends several therapeutic treatments for veteran trees which
include:
• provide organic matter to the soil to improve the biological health and
physical features of the soil. The Australian pines are self - mulching so extra
mulch is probably not necessary
• remove competing plants As trees age they are less able to complete with
surrounding landscape plants. There are only a few areas with surrounding
plants most notably a section of sansevieria plants in the area of trees #543
through tree #548. These plants should be removed.
• improve branch structure "Old trees are burdened by their mass, reach and
size. Reduction of tree reach, extent and mass above ground can reduce risk of
structural failure and improve transport path problems," writes Coder.
Coder goes on to describe how branch end weight reduction and crown size
reduction achieve the goals of reducing risk of structural failure and improving
vascular pathways. He adds that branch reductions "should be timed so that a
number of years occur between treatments." 24 In other words reducing the crown
size and spread of aging trees will reduce risk of failure and reduce vascular
problems caused by damage to long vascular pathways. But crown reduction
must be done carefully. Pruning that removes too many leaves, which produce
carbohydrates, and branches, where carbohydrates are stored, can weaken a
tree.
One method of mitigation is crown reduction which can reduce the forces placed
on the trunk and base of the tree by wind events, excessive lean or long,
sprawling lateral branches. Crown reduction can be even more useful where root
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
space is limited for the trees such as in the 9 foot wide median south of 41st
Street and where many of the trees are leaning.
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Figure 20 Here are three examples of crown reduction management of declining veteran trees in Europe.
Even with heavily decayed trunks the smaller managed crowns exert less force on the trunks allowing the
trees to remain in a reduced form long beyond their prime. Photos provided by Philip van Wassenaer, ISA
Certified Arborist and tree preservation specialist from Mississauga, Ontario.
Long Term Crown Reduction Management Plan This type of treatment of
crown reduction was described at a veteran tree conference given in Asheville,
NC in 2008 by tree preservation specialists Philip van Wassenaer and Neville
Fay. Crown reduction can be used as a specific risk reduction technique when
used on aging trees. The conference concentrated on European methods of
preserving and maintaining aging and declining veteran trees mainly through
gradual crown reduction. Aging trees are managed instead of being allowed to
naturally senesce, break apart and fall over. Longer branches are shortened and
height is reduced gradually over a period of years similar to the crown reduction
pruning treatments described by Dr. Coder. Left alone an aging tree would begin
shedding its longer, taller branches through the activity of decay and the forces of
wind storms. This haphazard branch and sometimes trunk shedding is
dangerous and uncontrolled. But a crown reduction management program could
allow many the declining Australian pine trees to continue to live on Pinetree
Drive for many more years with reduced risk to those who use the street.
At the veteran tree conference photos were shown of many aging broadleaf trees
in Europe that had large open trunk cavities. These trees were well over their
prime and by U.S. standards of tree health and esthetics would have been cut
down years ago due to their many defects and "ugly" appearance. But these
trees in their special way are beauties that continue to live and provide a valuable
link to the past in the communities where they grow (Figure 20)
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Static Pull Test Another testing method developed in Germany has been used
successfully to test thousands of trees for stability. In the Static Pull Test the
tree is subjected to a wind simulation force by pulling and the tree's reaction is
recorded by devices documenting stem angle and fiber length changes.
According to the developers of the static pull test, The assessment of the tipping
safety of trees is impossible using only visual assessment methods. Root
excavations also provide insufficient information and cause significant
disturbance to the rhizosphere. A reliable determination of the tipping safety of
trees can only be achieved by stressing a tree under similar conditions created
by wind gusts." 26 An inclinometer measures the inclination of the stem base in
order to assess the uprooting potential of a tree. An elastometer records the
longitudinal elongation or shortening of the most exterior stem fibers. This
method enables a better insight in the tree's stability. The test pulls a tree to an
angle that is only 1/10 of one degree of the angle needed to destructively pull
over a tree and then the data is interpolated to determine the tree's stability. This
test is used not only to predict root lifting but also to predict trunk breakage due
to internal decay and basal decay. A photo image of the tree's crown is digitized
and becomes part of the calculation so corrective pruning recommendations can
be made on how to make an unstable tree more stable. Tests are based upon
local wind load specifications. There is only one person in North America, Philip
van Wassenaer of Mississauga, Ontario, who does this testing and works closely
with the test developer Erk Brudi in Germany. The tests are relatively costly but
could be used to test maybe five percent or 10 percent of the trees over a two to
four day period. Not only will the static pull test indicate if a tree is stable, it can
indicate how much of the crown can be pruned to increase safety. More
information on the test and possible costs can be obtained from Mr. van
Wassenaer at (905) 274 -1022 or email: pwassenaer1022 @rogers.com. Mr. van
Wassenaer will be the keynote speaker at the annual Florida ISA "Trees Florida"
Conference in June, 2011 in Jacksonville.
Perform Additional Resistograph Tests Most but not all the suspect trees
were tested with the Resistograph. I tested the approximate number of trees I
estimated I would test in my proposal. Although there were more trees that could
have been tested, I stopped testing because I did not believe more Resistograph
testing would provide a significant amount of new information. I was finding basal
decay but I could not quantify the amount of decay. Before doing any more
Resistograph work, I thought it would be important to review my findings and
recommendations and determine if we should look at another type of testing such
as destructive dissection of several trees and /or a Static Pull Test.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Remove All Trees with a High Hazard Score This recommendation is the least
desirable because of its impact on this historical site but it may be the most
judicious option when considering risk. Remove all trees with a high hazard
score, crown reduce the remaining trees and monitor the trees that have been
marked for monitoring.
Fungicidal Treatments There are no fungicidal or sanitation treatments for
decay organisms that are infecting the trees
Bracing or Propping I am a proponent of propping up old trees whenever
possible. However, propping is often done on lateral branches that are more or
less horizontal to the ground and fairly close (10 to 15 feet) to the ground.
Bracing the trees similar to the way palm trees are braced is a possibility but I
don't see that there is sufficient space between the tree and the street for a brace
especially in the narrow median south of 41st Street.
Re - inspect the Trees Annually According to ANSI A300 proposed standards,
The level 2 (risk assessment) inspections should be considered annually; more
frequently if species, tree size, tree condition or other factors indicate a need for
a more frequent interval. Scheduling inspections shall be the responsibility of the
tree owner." An annual inspection is the minimum interval in my opinion. And the
trees should be re- inspected following a serious wind storm event. The problem
with simply re- inspecting in the same way is we will not gain much new
information about the amount of basal decay.
Do Not Cut Roots When Repairing the Street When working around trees
cutting tree roots is the last resort. It should be recognized that cutting roots
provides an entry point for decay organisms and it can degrade the stability of
the tree if roots are cut within the vital root plate. Cutting roots probably won't kill
a tree but it will accelerate decline and reduce tree stability.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Conclusions
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Arboricultural researcher, Dr. Tom Smiley, said it best, In order to take advantage
of the physical, environmental and psychological advantages trees provide, we
must be willing to accept a certain amount of risk. And that risk must be
calculated not based on ignored negligence.... A community has a responsibility
to maintain its trees as it does the other parts of its urban infrastructure. Roads
are continually being repaired or resurfaced, bridges torn down and rebuilt.
Trees, however, are often left to take care of themselves. This benign neglect of
a key component of our urban infrastructure has produced an urban forest that
for many communities has become a liability to its residents rather than its most
important asset.
The threat of personal bodily injury or property damage resulting from a
hazardous tree is all too real and often a consequence of poor or nonexistent
maintenance practices. As a result, the potential for municipal liability becomes
greater.
Will we ever be able to prevent trees from causing further damage to people and
property? Certainly not. However, we can reduce the number and severity of tree
related damage claims and also extend the useful life of many of our urban trees
if we take advantage of the research and experience available to us." 28
If we were evaluating decay in the trunk or branches, it would be a relatively
simple matter to determine the amount of decay and the amount of solid wood.
And from that we could determine to some extent the amount of risk the decay is
causing. But with the Australian pine trees along Pinetree Drive we are dealing
with the most concealed part of a tree, the base of the trunk where decay is
difficult to find and even more difficult to measure.
The trees that have been recommended for removal have a higher level of risk
because of the defects that have been observed. But I cannot say that all or any
of the recommended tree removals are an imminent threat today. Currently the
trees probably are not an imminent threat in calm weather even those trees with
a higher hazard score. Some may be a threat in a tropical storm. More trees
probably may be a threat in a hurricane. And some trees may very likely become
an imminent threat before the next round of tree inspections. I can only tell you
with some reasonable degree of certainly which trees are more likely to fail. No
one can tell when a tree will fail.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
Appendix A - Tree Data
red type - trees reccrrimended for possible removal
black type - trees not recommended for removal
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Hazard
score
��
1 1 4
co
VD
VD
VD
N.
Decay
rn
_
..
N
.-.I
.--i
.--i
.-.I
M
ueai
r
_.
..
.ti
N
.--i
.--i
s
N
N
Size of
part
M
N
M
M
co
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
M
Observations
There are 2 decayed areas
at base (north & west sides).
Basal decay is on a
significantly large area on
the base of the north side.
Adjacent root flare is
damaged.
Mallet test positive north &
west side. Conk observed
previously on the trunk.
Tested west side
Top broken off previously.
No need to prune. Gall on
lower north side hollow.
West flare wound is 4 inches
deep. Monitor this tree.
Height has been reduced
probably following storm
damage.
Mallet test negative.
Root flare damage on west
side of trunk. Decay
precursors -- decaying gall
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Basal decay is under a galled
root flare on northeast side.
Large wound on north side
at base was drilled with
Resistograph tests Exposed
wood above test very hard.
Soft spots on south, east
and northwest sides. But
Resistograph indicates solid
wood under soft spots.
Decay precursors are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
inconclusive
none
recommended at
this time
reduction pruning
- moderate
none
recommended at
this time
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
inconclusive
Concern3
vs
vs
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
mallet test
positive
dry wood
termite frass
v
c
o
o
3
>,
ro
w w
L
C ro w
w
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Concern2
To
crown decay -
extensive
crown decay -
appears small
trunk wound
o
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tall crown
` w
O
vs
t c
c
° v
ra rL w
v E
ZuaaDUOD
u
vs
ro
conk visible -
old
basal decay
basal decay
none
apparent
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
Ls
vs
codominant
crown
ro
W _
o f6
fl f6 >
t a
w
w
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
W
c
0
c
slleD
ca
%OS - O /0SZ
50% - 75%
Ln
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
0
N
0
O
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a
%SZ>
0
N
N
■
O
Ln
Basal decay
visible cavity
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
0
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Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
co
to
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m
Ln
Decay
N
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.--i
N
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N
M
-
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ueai
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.--i
N
M
_
N
N
.--i
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
rn
fv7
M
M
_
N
Failure
probabili
ty
N
.--i
Observations
Reduce or remove east
codominant leader. Basal
cavity under west root flare.
there appears too be decay
under west root flare but
difficult to measure with
Resistograph.
Initial stages of decay on
east, north and south sides
beneath decaying galls.
Decay precursors --
decaying galls and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Soft spots on west, south
and southwest sides. Decay
precursors -- decaying gall
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Resistograph tests indicate
lower trunk is solid near the
base at the trunk side of
galls.
Decay and deep cavity under
edge of south side trunk
wound.
Decayed root flare and trunk
on northwest side. Trunk
tested solid but root flare is
extensively decayed.
South side has no visible
flare. No evidence of decay
but further excavation is
recommended.
West root flare has wound
and Resistograph tests
indicate about 50% strength
loss. Other root flares
appear to be solid.
aael{ Isam uo Aepao
Broken top in storm. Very
short tree.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
01
c
a w
c ro
O i
V - 0
= O
w E
further testing
recommended
remove dead
branches
Workl
Resistograph test
inconclusive
none
recommended at
this time
in c
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in c
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ro
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Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
none
recommended at
this time
Concern3
T m
(o C
u c
w ^
"6 i
ns 0 w
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(0
v '2
0 w
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dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
` w
>
0
Ln
w
Ts a t i 72'L) w
w
dead
branches over
street
basal decay
T u.1aDUOD
none
apparent
70
w _
o
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Q f6 T
t _o as
u
w
w
70
w _
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basal decay
basal decay
unbalanced
crown
basal decay
codominant
crown
crown decay -
extensive
ueai
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degrees
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w w
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M A
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slleD
Ln
Ln
%SZ>
0
N.
N
o
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In
0
O
Ln
0
ul
N
%SZ>
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%SZ>
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%SZ>
Basal decay
ns
none
apparent
-D w
u 2 47 0
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w
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visible soft
spot
visible soft
spot
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
Gods
ijos alglsiA
none
apparent
# 99.11
rn
.n
T££
N
M
M
M
M
M
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Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
It
co
La
La
O
Ln
Ln
La
m
VD
Decay
c
N
.
.--i
.--i
.--i
.--i
.--i
_
N
.--i
.--1
.--1
ueai
-
-
-
-
-
-
N
_ v
..
N
-
N
.--I
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
N
N
N
M
M
M
N
Failure
probabili
ty
Observations
Lower trunk leans. Crown
erect. Remove rhoeo plants
around base.
Large hollow gall on west
side. Sap rot decay on gall
above tag. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Dome decay under and
between galls on west side.
Second drilling nearby was
solid.
Southeast side and north
side at base were solid.
Punky area on north side
between flares.. Also cavity
and frass on south side.
Resistograph test indicates
area around probed opening
is decayed.
Cavity and decayed root
flare on south side.
Resistograph test indicate
large basal cavity.
initial stages of basal decay
evident on south side of
trunk. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- light
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
none
recommended at
this time
none
recommended at
this time
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- light
Concern3
3 E
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
codominant
crown
long lateral
branch
trunk wound
dead
branches over
median
tall crown
TUJeDUOD
basal decay
crown decay -
appears
moderate
none
apparent
crown decay -
appears
moderate
codominant
crown
tall crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
tall crown
tall crown
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
' T t ir
auou
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
auou
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
auou
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slleD
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
50% - 75%
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
Basal decay
visible cavity
SD
MS W
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
4uaaedde
auou
# aaal
Ob£
Cr
Zb£
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bb£
Sb£
9b£
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w
Q
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a
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
N
co
O,
N
TT
ZT
co
OT
ZT
O,
N
t0
Decay
.--i
N
.--i
.--i
M
M
N
M
M
..
.--i
N
e
.--i
ueai
N
.--i
M
N
!`
- i
N
.--i
M
rEi
N
.--1
.--i
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
M
M
N
M
M
M
M
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
N
NI
-
M
In
NI
M
M
e
Observations
Reduce or remove low
codominant leader over
street
Tested southeast root flare.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Cavity on southwest side.
Tested west side. Conk on
south side of southwest gall.
Cavity on east side of trunk
Cavity on west side of trunk.
Test drilled southwest flare
which is decayed. Test
positive. Other 4 flares
appear solid.
Drilled south side of trunk at
ground level - solid - and at
2 ft above ground between
ribs - some external
softness. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size..
cavity on west side below
decayed gall.
There is an opening on the
south side of trunk but this
seems to be a vertical root
fork.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove dead
branches
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction pruning
- light
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
remove dead
branches
Resistograph test
inconclusive
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
r2
w
E
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
codominant
crown
dead
branches over
median
crown decay -
extensive
crown decay -
appears small
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
median
tall crown
trunk wound
TUJaDUOD
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
codominant
crown
dead
branches over
street
CU
E 61
basal decay
tall crown
ueai
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
auou
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
CU
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slleD
25% - 50%
%SZ>
%SZ>
50% - 75%
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
25% - 50%
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
25% - 50%
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
2 P
visible cavity
none
apparent
# 99.11
17S£
SSE
9S£
LSE
8S£
6S£
09E
T9£
Z9£
£9£
b9£
Ln
99E
L9£
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
IT
co
Ln
V
TT
TT
TT
ZT
rA
no
Decay
c2
N
.--i
-_
.--i
M
co
M
M
M
-
N
ueai
Size of
part
M
N
M
co
M
M
M
M
N
M
Failure
probabili
ty
hl
.--i
m
co
rn
m
co
.--i
Observations
Wound in trunk (se side)
extends down into soil
where there is a cavity.
Decay precursors -- termite
frass and low decaying gall --
are present. Resistograph
tests found solid wood under
surface decay. Drilled south
base of west root flare.
Broken top. Short tree.
Remove strangler fig.
Tested west decaying gall at
soil line. Conk is Inonotus
dryadeus. This area 18
inches above ground was
decayed.. Drilling at base
next to probe opening was
decayed to a depth of 8
inches.
Drilled south side decayed
gall. Deep decay at base.
Basal decay on west side of
trunk is deep 3 inches below
soil line.
Initial stages of basal decay
on west side of trunk. Could
not fit Resistograph into
west cavity so drilled from
south side of trunk.
Extensive basal decay.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor.
Mallet test solid and probe
found no basal cavity.
ZNaoM
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- heavy
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
see observations
T71 W
N
none
recommended at
this time
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
none
recommended at
this time
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
01
01
!0
_ N
3 E
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
` w
>
0
Ln
w
t
u w
C w
L
w
5
trunk wound
basal decay
tall crown
TuaaDUOD
basal decay
:7,
CL !0 >
!0
En u
lc ` o w
w v
crown decay -
extensive
none
apparent
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
ueai
1- slight 10
degrees
u,
w
w
rn
v
v
O
N
A
auou
Ln
cn
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
25% - 50%
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
0
O
0
N
Basal decay
visible cavity
N
O
C
4uaaedde
auou
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
visible soft
spot
none
apparent
none
apparent
# aaal
89£
OLE
ZLE
£L£
bL£
SLE
9L£
LLE
8L£
6L£
u
O
ns
Q
c
a
O
u_
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
e,'
t0
�
CO
CO
r
CO
N
Decay
ueai
-
(
_
-
N
N
N
t
N
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
.--i
N
N
.--1
Observations
No basal cavities found with
probe but are likely. Trunk
has cavity below codominant
leaders which makes failure
of codominant leader likely.
Top cut out previously.
Decaying gall and root flare
on northwest side. Basal
decay on west side has
begun to invade lower trunk.
Basal cavity on south side.
Not large cavity and tree is
not large either so removal
is not urgent.
Two basal cavities on west
and south sides.
Several large galls near
ground level but all appear
to be sound.
Decaying gall with conks 10
ft.. above ground at
codominant leader fork.
drilled base on south side --
solid. West side under gall
extensively decayed.
This tree along with 390 &
392 block line of site and
may be considered for
removal on that basis alone.
ZNaoM
remove dead
branches
remove dead
branches
remove dead
branches
Workl
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove dead
branches
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
see observations
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
trunk decay
trunk decay
tall crown
codominant
crown
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
street
dead
branches over
street
tall crown
conk visible -
fresh
T u.1aDUOD
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
dead
branches over
median
basal decay
basal decay
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
crown decay -
appears
moderate
basal decay
none
apparent
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
50% - 75%
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
o
Ln
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
visible soft
spot
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
# 99.11
08£
Z8E
£8E
178E
S8E
98£
LSE
88£
68£
06£
T6E
u
ns
O
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
o
Decay
m
M
M
M
-
_'.
-
_ e
-
N
- .
ueai
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
N
Observations
Top removed previously.
decay precursors -- decaying
galls and termite frass -- are
present. monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Tree in decline with
delaminating bark and
sparse foliage.
Five of 7 root flares are dead
and decaying. Shallow
cavities found but no deep
cavities found. Decay and
decline is immanent.
Decay precursors are
present. Area between flares
drilled on west side at base.
8.5 inch cavity before solid
wood. Flare to left solid.
Flare to right decayed 4
inches with 1.5 inch solid
wood.
Decay on east side.
Cavities on NW side and SE
side.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Wounded root flare and gall
on west side. No basal decay
visible but this is an entry
point. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
Broken top. Cavity and
rotted flare on east side.
Second decaying flare on
north side. Risk of failure is
low because of short
(broken) leader..
ZNaoM
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
decay
remove tree -
decay
o .
W
te ' a v
reduction pruning
- moderate
/4IAeD
- 99.11 anowaa
reduction pruning
- light
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
-
Concern3
sparse foliage
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
trunk decay
trunk wound
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
tall crown
crown decay -
appears small
TuaaDUOD
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
CU
us
unbalanced
crown
basal decay
tall crown
basal decay
unbalanced
crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
us
T s ) 13
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slleD
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
0
0
0
N
Basal decay
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible soft
spot
42 P
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
# aaal
£6£
176£
Ln
96£
86£
0017
T017
2017
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
CO
VD
VD
f A
o . Y
.
Decay
NI
.
.
,,
.
,4'.
'--,
'
ueai
NI
.
''
,
.
Size of
part
en
NI
rn
,,-,
-,";
rn
in
, n
m
Failure
probabili
ty
Observations
Damaged flare on SE side
has beginnings of a small
basal cavity. Hanger on
north side of crown.
Shortened previously.
Decaying trunk and root
flare on east side. Strangler
fig on trunk. Also 2 other
root flares are decaying.
Broken leader
Crown is nice size due to
previous pruning.
A 6 inch wide by 12 inch tall
cavity south side. Hypoxylon
stroma visible at the base.
Few galls. Root flares appear
to be solid. Drilled for center
column of decay. Not found.
Basel decay at floor of
cavity.
Center cavity appears to be
small but will grow in size.
Decay at base of cavity.
What appears to be a cavity
on south side was likely a
gall overhang. The
Resistograph test indicates
solid wood where trunk and
gall meet. Monitor this tree.
Decay is likely at this
location on south side of
trunk.
Appears to be at least a
50% strength loss in trunk
Appears to be at least a
40% to 50% strength loss in
trunk
Large codominant branch
over street. Hanger over
median.
ZNaoM
- cs
ns
a)
(> 2
0
E
2 26
Workl
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- moderate
none
recommended at
this time
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
none
recommended at
this time
, E
0_ 2
,..2 .
cn w
o .>
WO W
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
_.
0_
(2
cn a)
0 .2
a) a) w
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- light
Concern3
crown decay -
appears
moderate
dry wood
termite frass
- cs
c
=
o
3
c
=
crown decay -
extensive
crown decay -
extensive
Concern2
dead
branches over
median
tall crown
trunk wound
a)
L)
c
n .
fa >
_a >
= li
tall crown
c
ns
c
.
o
0
1-) l-)
trunk decay
trunk decay
codominant
crown
TUJaDUOD
basal decay
unbalanced
crown
none
apparent
basal decay
basal decay
none
apparent
>,
ns
L)
a)
- o
ns
ns
basal decay
basal decay
>
o
u)
a)
_c
73
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
long lateral
branches
ueai
auou
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
.> al
x a
1' NI
m A
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
25% - 50%
%SL<
%SL - %OS
Li-)
V
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
8
a
Ln
89
Ln
cA
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
Basal decay
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
L)
_c71
visible cavity
visible cavity
c
(0 ns
c 0_
o 0_
c ra
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
# 99.11
£017
17017
S017
9017
L017
9017
a
OT17
ITV
.
ETV
17T17
9T17
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
Decay
ueai
N
N
M
-
N
N
M
.--i
N
N
07
N
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
-
.--i
.--i
N
N
Observations
Heavy ant infestation at
base. Probably carpenter
ants.
ap:s innos
, ir,otwf. ttHntt Iles ad uaa } }Id
Three ft tall trunk wound
over south flare. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Mallet test indicates tree is
sound by wound.
Heavy ant infestation.
Probably carpenter ants.
Cavity forming in 4 ft tall 6
inch deep trunk wound. Tree
DBH 24 inches. If tree not
removed, monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
There is a small 10 inch
deep cavity beside a
damaged root flare on the
west side. Estimated Dbh 30
inches. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size. Small
trunk wound on east side.
Large gall at about 20 ft up.
Also large galls at ground
level. Decay found at base of
cavity on west side
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present on east
side. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
ZNaoM
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- heavy
Workl
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree
c.t,vity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph
testing
recommended
u "0
= o
w E
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
dead
branches over
median
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
unbalanced
crown
tall crown
ra
tall crown
T u.1aDUOD
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
tall crown
tall crown
codominant
crown
tall crown
tall crown
basal decay
ra
CU
MS
ra
fa
codominant
crown
basal decay
tall crown
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
' T l ir
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%SZ>
25% - 50%
',SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
none
apparent
none
apparent
A:/!AU)
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
ra
CU
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
# 99.11
LTb
8Tb
OZb
TZb
ZZtr
£Ztr
bZb
SZb
LSD
LZb
8Zb
6Ztr
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
TT
.--i
TT
N.
a
a
a
Decay
rn
N
M
M
M
a
rn
M
M
u eai
a
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
M
rn
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
Observations
Trunk wound SE side at
ground level and another
above it between 4 and 6 ft.
mallet test negative.
Resistograph test indicates
extensive decay at base.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall (north & south
sides) and termite frass --
are present. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Decay on south side tested
but only surface decay found
with Resistograph.
Tall deep cavity on south
side of tree. Resistograph
tests indicate extensive
basal decay.
Tall deep trunk wound on
south side. Hypoxylon
stroma at base.
Resistograph tests indicate
basal decay is extensive.
There appears to be a
column of decay from
ground level to mid level
crown.
Four ft tall cavity on north
side.
Eight ft. tall trunk wound on
south side. Cavity extends at
least 14 inches into trunk at
base. Trunk DBH approx 30
inches.
Six inch deep cavity on
south side. Hard wood at
inner wall. Resistograph
tests indicate there is decay
beneath the opening that
extends at least 11.5 inches
where I stopped drilling.
Small cavity extends about
4 inches. Resistograph tests
indicate decay extends 8.5
inches. There is also decay
on west side and south side
with potential on east side.
ZNaoM
01
c
a
c
0
u
cn
U/
Workl
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
t
a
E s
a
o
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
U
t
a
r0
a
o
.
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Concern3
0
O
3
v
crown decay -
appears
moderate
mallet test
positive
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
dead
branches over
median
trunk wound
v
C
0
0
3
c
crown decay -
appears small
crown decay -
appears small
dead
branches over
street
Z uaaDUOD
trunk wound
0
o
O
` u
a
basal decay
ra
u
w
N
basal decay
tall crown
basal decay
ra
ra
basal decay
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
w w
RS
" w w
v
0
E a
N V
v
RS Cn
`w
v
0
E
N V
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
� -
v0 rA
M A
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
0
0
0
N
0
O
0
N
%SZ>
0
N
V
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
L
N
N
Ln
0
O
0
N
Basal decay
visible soft
spot
" 6
2
U/
a
S
VI c
visible cavity
>
r0
V
TD
>
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
ra
TD
visible cavity
# aaal
0E17
a
M
Z£17
M
M
17£17
SE17
9£17
rn
8E17
u
O
w
c
cs
o_ o
c
r2 >
(
,L 0
w
O
Ln
O
t
O
0
_ Q
Q
J �
f6
z
w
U w
-o
ro
0
CO
Ln
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
717
1
co
N.
cr,
a,
Decay
ueai
r
..,
.--1
N
M
-_
.--1
s
M
_,
N
N
Size of
part
.--1
N
N
M
M
M
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
CV)
.--i
rNs
ns
on
rn
N
.--I
Observations
Tested decay on west side
with Resistograph. Decay
extends beneath trunk
beyond inside edge of gall.
Decay found on north side
where gall and trunk meet.
Three ft. high open cavity on
south side. But unable to
find basal rot beyond sound
wall at the back of cavity
with probe. Resistograph
test indicates decay extends
back of external cavity
Basal cavity on west side.
Two small lateral branches
growing out of a decaying
stub. shorten lateral
branches near stubbed
trunk. Trunk shortened
significantly.
Narrow but deep basal
cavity on south side.
Basal cavity on south side.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. Small cavity was found
between east gall and root
flare.
Mallet test indicates tree
may have internal trunk
decay.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- heavy
remove dead
branches
Workl
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- light
remove tree -
decay
reduction pruning
- heavy
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- light
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
LI)
O 12
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
LI)
O n w
as
Concern2
codominant
crown
crown decay -
appears small
>
m E
w
2 St
dead
branches over
median
tall crown
tall crown
tall crown
dead
branches over
street
TuaaDUOD
basal decay
tall crown
tall crown
long lateral
branches
unbalanced
crown
cc
basal decay
unbalanced
crown
basal decay
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
ra
codominant
crown
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
, "as
v
v
1- slight 10
degrees
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SL<
%OS - %SZ
50% - 75%
%OS - %SZ
25% - 50%
%SZ>
Basal decay
suspected but
not visible
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
# aaal
6£b
Ott'
Tbb
Zbb
£b17
1
Sbb
9
Lbb
8
6
OSb
srs
ZSb
u
O ln
ns
a
O
srs
O
0
0
_ Q
a
O 2
J �
f6
z
=
L N
U w
U/
U
- 6
!6
0
CO
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
ZT
ZT
co
c0
CO
c0
N
co
Decay
co
M
M
N
N
co
N
.--i
rn
ueai
N
N
+,
+,
N
+,
N
Size of
part
-
-
-
co
co
N
rn
co
N
co
Failure
probabili
ty
N
co
Observations
Small initial decay on south
side of trunk. Tested this
spot with Resistograph.
Decay extends beneath
trunk.
Basal decay on southwest
side of trunk.
Column of decay on south
side of trunk. Basal decay on
west and east sides.
There is some decay
apparent in crown and
mallet test indicates tree
may have internal trunk
decay. Drill north and south
sides.
Cavity near base on north
side. Reduce crown and
monitor this tree.
Several trunk wounds near
base and some on trunk
flares. Tree has been cut
back severely in past so it is
not much of a hazard. Basal
decay on east side.
Northwest root flare has
decayed. Decay precursors --
decaying gall and root flare
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Trunk shortened significantly
in previous pruning. There is
some mid crown decay but
wounds are well surrounded
with strong wound wood.
Small initiation of basal
decay just beginning on
south side next to gall and
flare.
Basal decay is beginning on
south side below small trunk
wound. Mallet test indicates
tree may have internal trunk
decay behind wound. A
LARGER Wound with basal
decay is visible on north
side.
ZNaoM
remove dead
branches
Workl
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
consider removal
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- light
!0
- a
U)
c
c
U/
E E
N E O +
o V
c �
i
N
N
w
O .I
E >
v u
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
unbalanced
crown
codominant
crown
trunk decay
mallet test
positive
trunk decay
trunk decay
dead
branches over
street
TuaaDUOD
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
trunk decay
tall crown
basal decay
tall crown
tall crown
ns
u N
c c
3 w
O X
L) U)
N
a r6 >.
t _o u
Or p U/
t w "6
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
auou
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
o
c
c
N U/
.. N
r6 r-
U/ T
O
E O
. N
N V
slleD
%SZ>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
O /0SZ>
NI
o
LI1
%SZ>
0
N
V
0
O
L NI
rJ
N
Basal decay
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
visible soft
spot
none
apparent
C
v
U) ro
c a
O a
c 113
O
VI
N
y
> a
> 0
# aaal
£517
17517
SS17
9517
LS17
9517
6517
0917
-
VD
Tr
N
VD
Tr
u
La CU
O
U)
c
a O
c
f6 ;
N >
N
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
t0
n
n
co
co
n
N
t0
..
. - ..
Decay
ueai
-
N
N
.-
co
co
N
N
-
N
N
Size of
part
M
M
m
co
co
N
co
M
M
M
co
Failure
probabili
ty
co
-
N
M
Observations
Small trunk wound east side
3 ft above ground.
Extensive galling around
base and around main trunk
15 ft above ground. Some of
galls are beginning to decay.
Precursor of basal and trunk
decay. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
All 5 root flares are in some
stage of advanced decay.
Decay visible in mid level
trunk.
Cavity is at edge of root
flare. Cavity and decay
extend beneath the trunk
per Resistograph tests. Huge
galls at base are precursors
of more basal decay.
East lateral branch should be
shortened.
Small DBH than most in the
median.
Two of five root flares are
decaying along with galls
attached on top of the
flares. South flare has
decayed back to trunk 13.75
inches.
Basal cavity forming at base
of root flare on north side. A
larger basal cavity is on west
side.
ZNaoM
remove dead
branches
Workl
reduction pruning
- light
remove tree -
decay
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
long lateral
branch
codominant
crown
long lateral
branch
trunk wound
TUJaDUOD
tall crown
trunk decay
tall crown
unbalanced
crown
long lateral
branches
tall crown
tall crown
dead
branches over
street
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
ueai
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
in
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%SZ>
8
%SZ>
%SZ>
82.
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
Ln
%SL<
Basal decay
4uaJedde
auou
o D-
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
# 99.11
£917
Cr
S917
9917
Cr
8917
6917
OL17
TL17
ZL17
ELa
17L17
u
O
d
C
• U/
E
O
• a
E
_ !0
w
c
0
o O
c
r2 >
(
W
Q v
C
a
0
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
Decay
ri
a
no
..
M
a
a
N
N
ueai
NI
ra
a
a
ca
NI
NI
Size of
part
M
M
(n
N
N
M
N
M
Failure
probabili
ty
N
a
Observations
Basal cavity is forming on
west side of trunk and a
another gall apparently
attached to the root outside
the root flare is decaying
along with the root.
Extensive galling around
lower, middle and upper
trunk increase potential for
failure.
Mallet test indicates tree
may have internal decay on
northeast side of trunk. Gall
and probably root flare on
west side are decaying.
Resistograph test indicates
this area is solid.
There is extensive galling
and trunk and flare decay
below the galls. The decay is
on all sides. Difficult to
measure wood strength
under galls at soil line.
Large column of decay in
center of trunk. This column
of decay extends from
ground level to at least 20 ft
above the ground.
Crown has been weakened
by decay from wounds and
galls.
NE flare appears decayed
but Resistograph test
indicates flare is solid.
Trunk shortened by previous
pruning. Low galls beginning
to decay east side. east side
overhang is 5.5 inches per
Resistograph test. Wounded
se flare is solid.
Extensive gall formation
around base of trunk. Upper
trunk decay following
previous trunk removal
probably following storms.
Extensive gall formation
around base of trunk. High
potential for basal decay.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
U)
U/
w
o
E >
F2 u
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
consider removal
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
Resistograph test
inconclusive
consider removal
Resistograph
testing
recommended
Concern3
Ln
Ln
ru
, �
o w
> E
Concern2
ra
codominant
crown
trunk wound
crown decay -
extensive
tall crown
crown decay -
extensive
tall crown
Z uaaDUOD
r0
u
W
v
ro
us
ro
70
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
codominant
crown
long lateral
branches
To
high potential
for basal
decay
codominant
crown
ueai
a w
> w
rn
0) w
taj X p
N N
M A
X p
N N
M A
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
■
A
0
O
25% - 50%
%0S - %SZ
%0S - %SZ
%0S - %SZ
%SL - %0S
Basal decay
0
0)
a
V 0
> 0)
visible soft
spot
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
suspected but
not visible
# aaal
N
V
LL17
8L17
6L17
0817
2817
£817
u
U)
O
d
C C
N U/
E E
us a)
N O
o
Q E
� f6
w
c
o_ o
c
ro ;
0 ) 0
w
Q
c
a
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
N.
N.
Ln
c
N.
OT
rn
c
Decay
.--,
N
.--,
.--,
.--,
N
M
M
N
ueai
N
.--,
M
N
.--,
M
.--,
N
N
N
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
M
N
N
M
N
N
N
Failure
probabili
ty
N
N
Observations
Beginning basal cavity on
southeast side of the trunk.
But depth is short.
Large gall on west side is
decaying which is usually a
precursor of basal decay.
Monitor this tree and reduce
crown size.
Two decay areas at base of
trunk and two decayed
flares. Also large wound
extending from east flare
halfway up the trunk.
Three decay areas at base of
trunk and one decayed flare.
also large wound extending
from east flare halfway up
the trunk.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Galls are at 5 ft and 15 ft
above ground
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Significant decay in upper
crown at codominant crotch -
- a weak spot. Crown failure
risk.
Galls are decaying but they
are a few inches above the
root flare is solid. Crown
failure risk.
Crown failure risk
Z>IaoM
remove dead
branches
Workl
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
dead
branches over
street
trunk wound
trunk wound
crown decay -
appears small
T uaaDUOD
codominant
crown
tall crown
basal decay
basal decay
conk visible -
old
crown decay -
appears small
crown decay -
appears small
conk visible -
fresh
crown decay -
extensive
tall crown
crown decay -
appears small
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%SL - %OS
%0S - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
Basal decay
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
# aaal
17817
S817
9817
L817
8817
6817
0617
T617
Z617
£617
17617
w
c
o_ o
c
r2 >
(
S
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
Decay
m
a
M
..
N
ueai
a
Ohl
N
a
- ..
Size of
part
Failure
probabili
ty
Observations
Mallet test solid at base but
there is a large opening and
cavity beginning at 5 ft
above ground and extending
at least to 25 ft. Three of 5
root flares show some
damage from wounding
and /or galls.
Tree has been cut back
previously and is less likely
to fail. Mallet test solid and
probe found no basal cavity.
one root flare has decayed
and internal cavity visible on
two sides of the lower trunk.
Crown failure risk due to
decay near fork.
Crown failure risk due to
decay near fork.
root flare decay has initiated
in se root flare. One ft above
this flare a large gall has
deteriorated exposing a
large trunk wound that will
continue to decay. Crown
failure risk due to decay
near fork.
Large galls above two root
flares are in advanced stage
of decay. Se root flare has
decayed and wound extends
from ground level 10 ft
above ground.
Small cavity adjacent to se
root flare. Solid heartwood
visible beyond 6 inches
deep. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
Trunk wound on south side
wound extends from ground
level 15ft above ground.
Trunk wound extends from
ground level 8 ft above
ground.
Trunk wound at base of tree
on east side. Large gall in
crown.
ZNaoM
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
none
recommended at
this time
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
o ..
E >
v u
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
Lri
, �
o w
Concern2
(o
6
20 _
crown decay -
appears small
c 113
trunk wound
tall crown
tall crown
tall crown
I.IMOJD Ile;
TuaaDUOD
Q
trunk wound
basal decay
crown decay -
appears small
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
trunk wound
basal decay
basal decay
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
Ln
o -6
E °
N
N V
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slleD
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
0
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
25% - 50%
Basal decay
a) ra
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
none
apparent
Z1
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
# aail
al
9617
L617
8617
al
00S
TOS
ZOS
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
co
co
Decay
rn
.--i
M
.--i
.--i
.--i
.--I
.-.I
ueai
Size of
part
N
M
M
M
M
rn
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
rn
M
.-■
-
Observations
Small cavity on southwest
side. I was able to penetrate
with the probe beyond
decaying gall to area
beneath the trunk.
Large basal cavity and trunk
wound and decaying root
flare and gall on opposite
side.
Large cavity in top of trunk
that broke off in a previous
storm. Mallet test is
negative. Tree structure is
ruined. Consider removing
this tree.
Decay precursors --
decaying galls and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree for basal decay.
A 3 ft wound at ground level
on north side of trunk has
basal decay. Resistograph
test indicates basal decay
extends at least 10 inches
beneath trunk. Mallet test is
negative.
Decay on north flare and
gall. Resistograph test
indicates flare decay is
substantial and extends
beneath tree. Carpenter ants
prevented second drilling.
ZNaoM
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
consider removal
monitor tree
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Concern3
Concern2
tall crown
long lateral
branch
trunk wound
codominant
crown
v
c
=
0
3
T uaaDUOD
basal decay
tall crown
basal decay
basal decay
trunk decay
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
ns
tall crown
long lateral
branches
long lateral
branches
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
25% - 50%
Ln
%SL - %OS
8
%SZ>
O
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
Basal decay
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
# aaal
SOS
90S
LOS
80S
60S
OTS
ZTS
bTS
STS
9TS
u
0
w
c
0 0
c
r2 >
(
W
O
Ln
O
*k
t
0
0
_ Q
Q
o- a
J �
f6
z
w
w
-o
r0
0
m
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
N.
0
co
N.
vo
N
..
Decay
N
-
N
.--i
-
N
uea
-
.--i
N
N
.--i
-
Size of
part
M
rn
rn
M
C7
co
m
Failure
probabili
ty
i
Observations
Mallet test was positive.
Large cavity at the top of
trunk stub. There may be a
column of decay. But
Resistograph test indicates
there is no column of decay
at DBH level.
Small trunk wound just
above east flare. Initial
stages of decay. Mallet test
indicates tree may have
internal trunk decay.
Resistograph tests indicate
trunk flare is solid at 12 And
24 inches above ground and
trunk is solid at DBH.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall on west side
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present.
Resistograph test indicates
apparent soft spot on south
side of trunk base is solid .
Positive mallet test. Internal
column of decay visible.
Some old borer activity. No
sawdust apparent at this
time. Mallet test positive at
DBH on north side.
Resistograph test at flare on
west side showed small
amount of decay. Other
flares appear solid.
Resistograph test indicates
this area is solid.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
01
c
0
a N
c jp
. 2 0
V 0
0 0
U/ E
Workl
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
in c
y ,, r0
_c U/
a i
r0
0( 0)
0 .>
.' rn w
w w v
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
in c
a+ r0
_c N
a i
r0
01 0)
o ,>
.0) rn w
w w v
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
Concern2
crown decay -
appears small
crown decay -
appears small
trunk wound
Z u.1aDUOD
>, ra
u 0
- CS L
3 a:,
0 a
u ro
>,
ro
0
0
L
.,
long lateral
branches
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
tall crown
C
0
—
f6 ..
basal decay
uea
0
_ a rn
t w
01 W
.--i - 0
0
;a rn
t w
01 i7
- - 0
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
0)
w w
.' w
w a
w
0
rV V
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slleD
1
Ln
L V
V
0
NJ
V
V
%OS - O /0SZ
Ln
Ln
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
0
O
1
rJ
N
%SL<
Basal decay
c
(0 ro
c
0
c ro
c
(0 ro
c 0
c ro
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
visible cavity
none
apparent
c
(0 ro
c 0
c ro
visible cavity
# 99.11
n
-
Ln
co
.--i
Ln
6TS
0ZS
TZS
ZZS
M
N
u
U/
0
c
a 0
c
r2 w
= >
( ,
w
Q
c
`0
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
a,
co
r"
r
r
TT
Decay
N
N
-
N
-
N
N
. r
M
ueai
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
rn
M
M
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
rn
ra
.--i
M
Observations
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. Two of 5 root flares are
beginning to decay. Large
hanging branch over edge of
street.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. three of 5 root flares
are beginning to decay.
Trunk wound on east side of
tree.
Few galls low but large one
on trunk at 8 ft above
ground.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Initial
decay stage on west root
flare.
Initial stages of a cavity on
east root flare. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Initial stages of a cavity on
east root flare stub.
Resistograph test indicated
soft spot extends from 3.5
inches under trunk. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Three of 6 root flares are in
various stages of decay. A
wound /cavity on the east
side above the flare has
contributed to the decline of
the flare below. Stability is
of concern in narrow
median.
Cavities found with probe on
west and southwest side of
tree.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction pruning
- moderate
u "6
= o
v
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
inconclusive
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
rn
c t
En u
c c
o
t
c
IV
c
o
tall crown
T u.1aDUOD
72
c
w _
0
O 2
a rs
t _O ra
En
- w
lc 42 v
72
ti 2
none
apparent
tall crown
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
72
w _
o 0
a rs
t _O ra
rn i
- w
v
ns
us
ns
high potential
for basal
decay
ueai
us
w w
IV >
rn
w w
0
E o
N
N V
us
cA v
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
w
w w
IV >
rn
w w
0
Eo
N
N V
us
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slleD
0
N
V
NI
v
%SL - %OS
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
0
O
o
rJ
N
Ln
cA
50% - 75%
Basal decay
O
us
w
_ a
> VI
us
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
O
us
w
_ a
> VI
ns
u
visible cavity
# 99.11
lfl
N
Ln
Lo
cA
-.
LZS
8ZS
6ZS
OES
.--I
M
Ln
.. ..
EES
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
Decay
N
M
rr !
M
sn
.--i
N
M
N
ueai
.--i
- .
N
Ni
N
r
N
N
M
N
Size of
part
M
M
rn
M
M
rn
N
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
Observations
Mallet test solid and probe
found no basal cavity.
However, there are soft
areas under old galls that
appear to be initial stages of
decay. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
There are 2 basal cavities
under trunk on north and
south sides.
Large galls are so numerous
around root crown that
using the probe or
Resistograph is difficult.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present.
Cavity on south side.
Cavity under southwest root
flare.
Cavity on north side of tree.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. One root flare out of 4
has beginning stages of
decay.
Heavy decay in broken trunk
stub. Side branch near stub
may easily break off.
Structure cannot be
repaired. Consider removal.
Heavy under growth of
sansevieria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of basal decay on
east side of trunk.
Resistograph test indicated
soft spot extends from 6.5
inches under trunk. Mallet
test is negative. Monitor this
tree..
ZNaoM
0
c
a N
c r
o
a N
V 6
-0 O
Workl
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
consider removal
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
consider removal
w
t N
r6 . ,,
01 =
2 V
rn c
.7, o
w u
ae j
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
o w
o w
Concern2
c
3
0
ra
dead
branches over
street
crown decay -
appears small
tall crown
crown decay -
extensive
Z u.1aDUOD
72
N
u
(0
- 0
basal decay
72
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
crown decay -
appears small
72
high potential
for basal
decay
ro
_
1 1 f6
a iv n
t N
V
- N
t w �
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
0(
N U/
a N
6 r-
N N 6'
O -CS
O
N
N V
slleD
%SL<
%0S - %SZ
%0S - %SZ
50% - 75%
%SL - %0S
%0S - %SZ
0
V
Basal decay
visible cavity
0 17
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
O
U/
0
> a
# 99.11
S£S
L£S
8£S
6£S
0bS
ZbS
M
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
m
co
Decay
ueai
Size of
part
M
rn
M
N
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
Observations
Heavy under growth of
sansevieria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of basal decay on 3
sides of trunk. Mallet test is
negative.
Heavy under growth of
sansevieria plants makes
evaluation difficult.
Resistograph test indicated
soft spot extends from 4 to
7.5 inches under trunk.
Monitor this tree and reduce
crown size.
Heavy under growth of
sansevieria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Basal
cavity visible on north side.
Heavy under growth of
sansevieria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of decay on east side
(tension side) of trunk. Tree
is lifting street asphalt.
Heavy under growth of
sansevieria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of decay at ground
level on south side beneath
trunk wound. Remove center
leader leaving two shorter
laterals. Tree is lifting street
asphalt.
Top removed. Little foliage
left. Structure damaged in
storm.
Column of decay visible in
trunk cavities. One heavily
decayed root flare on south
side of trunk. Tree is lifting
street asphalt.
Basal cavity is on south side
of tree.
Galls higher on the trunk
may weaken trunk.
Tree is lifting street asphalt.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
01
c
a w
c r
1) -cs
=
U/
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
(0 c
'VI O
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
U/
t
f6
a
O
in
'VI 01 N
reduction pruning
- light
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
- 99.I1 BAOWa.I
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Concern3
crown decay -
appears
moderate
Concern2
alge4sun
- ueal
v
c
=
0
3
c
E
mallet test
positive
tall crown
long lateral
branch
TuaaDUOD
basal decay
Ts
as a
1c 42 -cs
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
m
as
0
a
t
a
t
long lateral
branches
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
tall crown
codominant
crown
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
W
(0 CU
` w
v
0
E
N
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slleD
0
O
0
lfl
N
8
o
8
sn
N
%SZ>
0
l!1
n
0
O
u1
0
O
crs
0
l!1
N
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
25% - 50%
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
Basal decay
visible cavity
as
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
O
as
4uaJedde
auou
visible cavity
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
# aaal
sn
sn
9bS
LbS
co
Lc)
6bS
0SS
TSS
ZSS
£SS
bSS
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
0
N.
al
co
co
co
N.
Decay
.ti
.--i
m
N
.--i
.--i
.--i
M
.--i
.--i
ueai
Size of
part
M
M
-
n"a
M
M
rn
M
N
M
rn
Failure
probabili
ty
Observations
Tree is lifting street asphalt.
Tree is lifting street asphalt.
Top of trunk has been
removed after storm. Heavy
basal decay on east and
south sides.
One root flare decayed on
east side.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. There
appears to be decay under
gall and trunk on north side.
12 inches to solid wood. Or
a deep interflare area hidden
by gall? Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Initial stages of basal decay
present on east side wound.
Resistograph test was
negative. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
A large column of decay
opens from ground level to
about 10 ft.
Long branches are weakly
attached to trunk because of
decay. Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
remove ficus growing in
upper crown.
ZNaoM
01
c
0
0_ N
0 jp
11 0 0
0 O
U/ E
51 5
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction pruning
- heavy
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
(0
0 N
72 . /,
0 0
y V
rn c
. FA o
w V
o! j
reduction pruning
- moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
none
recommended at
this time
reduction pruning
- moderate
Concern3
Concern2
mallet test
positive
codominant
crown
tall crown
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
`w
TuaaDUOD
tall crown
tall crown
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
w _
o 2
a(0
t
0
t w
high potential
for basal
decay
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
trunk decay
as E
none
apparent
codominant
crown
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
us
W w
ro >
w a
v w
O -6
E N
N V
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
0
N
0
O
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
Ln
%SZ>
%SZ>
Basal decay
4uaJedde
auou
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible soft
spot
0
-0 W
.
0 (0
O _
0 O
0 C
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
visible cavity
c n3
none
apparent
none
apparent
# aaal
SSS
9SS
LSS
8SS
0'
Ln
L
09S
T95
Z9S
£9S
go
L.
S9S
995
0
U/
CL
O
w
c
a O
c
2>
(
.. 0
w
Q v
c
i 0
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
N
t0
N
N
W
N
W
OT
N
W
c0
N
N
VD
Decay
-
-
-
N
N
N
N
N
N
.--i
-
N
ueai
N
-
N
-
N
-
N
M
-
M
M
-
N
Size of
part
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
.--1
-
.--i
-
N
.--i
-
-
Observations
Small diameter dead branch
and small hanging branch
over edge of street.
Large gall near base off tree
is a high potential for basal
decay in the future.
One of codominant leaders is
leaning over the street.
Reduce significantly or
remove this leader.
Large gall around base on
south side creates conditions
for basal decay.
Resistograph could not be
used because of gall size
and location. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Mallet test is negative.
Z>IaoM
remove dead
branches
Workl
reduction pruning
- light
none
recommended at
this time
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
none
recommended at
this time
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
ra
LS
w E
� �
E
reduction pruning
- moderate
none
recommended at
this time
Concern3
crown decay -
appears
moderate
Concern2
dead
branches over
street
crown decay -
appears small
crown decay -
appears small
long lateral
branch
crown decay -
appears small
long lateral
branch
long lateral
branch
c
0
ra
TUJaDUOD
tall crown
none
apparent
long lateral
branches
codominant
crown
long lateral
branches
tall crown
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
crown decay -
appears small
tall crown
codominant
crown
tall crown
none
apparent
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
rE5 5-
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%5Z>
%5Z>
%OS - %SZ
%5Z>
%5Z>
%OS - %SZ
Ln
Ln
%5Z>
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
4uaJedde
auou
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
21 P
none
apparent
none
apparent
# 99.11
L9S
89S
69S
OLS
TLS
ZLS
£LS
bLS
SLS
9LS
LLS
co
r.
Ln
6LS
08S
u
O
w
c
0 0
c
r2 >
ns
1.. 0
S
Q v
c
0
u_
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
a
a
a
:,
N
rn
rn
. -_
co
Decay
c2
a
a
_
N
N
..
- E
N
a
ueai
Size of
part
M
M
_
M
M
M
-
M
Failure
probabili
ty
.--i
N
a
Observations
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Initial
stages of cavity forming
below gall. Resistograph
tests indicate trunk is being
undercut by basal decay at
this point.
Main risk from lean. Decay
precursors -- decaying gall
and termite frass -- are
present. Initial stages of
cavity forming on east side
under large gall.
Resistograph test indicates
tree is solid at that location.
Reduce crown size..
Urgent - remove asap
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Initial
stages of cavity forming on
east side under large gall.
Resistograph test was
negative. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Basal cavity on west side.
Branch failure possible due
to decay in crown.
Basal cavity on south side.
Trunk wound is solid. Mallet
test negative
ZNaoM
0
C
a w
C rp
o
+ -cs
w
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
w
t
a
f6
a
0
.'' rn w
w w v
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
.(0 rn w
w w v
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- light
Concern3
Concern2
` w
c
a
C
O
trunk decay
trunk decay
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
TuaaDUOD
73
c
w _
o N
a r) >,
t _a ra
o w
t 4- v
73
w
o
n
t
a
tall crown
basal decay
Tcs
crown decay -
appears small
basal decay
basal decay
crown decay -
extensive
basal decay
trunk wound
ueai
O
a vs
t w
rn v
n Cl.)
.--i "6
Lc
w
>
rn
w
X
w
M
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slleD
0
O
vs
0
vs
N
0
O
vs
0
vs
N
%5Z>
25% - 50%
vs
vs
%5Z>
%0S - %SZ
%5Z>
%5Z>
50% - 75%
%SZ>
Basal decay
v w
w
u 'V1
w '
O_ >
O
S ' .
V C
v
w
u
w
a
V
V
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
# aaal
c0
vs
CO
vs
£8S
tV8S
vs
98S
L8S
885
68S
T6S
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
co
OT
�>
Oi
Oi
Decay
ueai
Size of
part
M
M
rn
rn
M
M
fxi
M
M
Failure
probabili
ty
M
N
Observations
Last tree on south end of
median. Initial stages of
basal decay on south side of
trunk beneath gall.
Resistograph test indicates
wood is solid in this area.
Monitor this tree and reduce
crown size.
Two of 5 root flares are
damaged. Decay precursors
-- decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Basal cavity on east side and
decaying gall and flare on
west side.
There is a small but deep
basal cavity on the south
side of trunk and a larger
cavity /wound on the ne side.
Mallet test is positive.
Tree may be more unstable
due to pavement on east
side and significant lean to
west.
Cavity visibly extends about
halfway into base of trunk
from the east side.
There are deep cavities on
the east and west sides. The
probe can extend almost
halfway under the tree.
Three of 7 root flares have
decayed.
Wound on ne and southwest
root flares. Small trunk
wound on west side between
root flares. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Small wounds on several
root flares. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Cavity on west side between
root flares and on se flare.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction pruning
- heavy
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- heavy
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
c IV
2 St
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
ns
codominant
crown
UMOJD Ile;
tall crown
tall crown
tall crown
TuaaDUOD
H.
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
basal decay
trunk decay
tall crown
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
ueai
Ri I-
0
E o
N
N V
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slleD
0
N
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%05 - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%05 - %9
Basal decay
- cs as
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
# aaal
IN
£6S
1765
565
965
L6S
865
665
T08
Z08
d
C c
N N
E E
u
N O
Q
� f6
w
o_ • o
c
r2 • >
(
W
Q
c
a
ii
O
0
O
t
O
0
_
a
J �
z
w
v;I=
w
-o
r0
m
Nov. 7, 2010
Hazard
score
TL
TT
al
N.
OT
Decay
ueai
N
Ni
cn
Size of
part
M
rn
cn
- r
cn
Failure
probabili
ty
Observations
There are 3 decayed root
flares out of 4. No cavity is
visible but basal decay will
begin if it hasn't already.
Three of 5 root flares have
wounds or decay. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Probable root damage when
driveway was installed..
All root flares are wounded
to some degree but appear
solid for now. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Tree appears to be in good
condition. Possibly a younger
tree than the others on the
street. Small wounds on
street -side root flares but no
decay so far. Free of galls so
far too.
One heavily decayed root
flare and large gall on west
side. Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present on east
side. Fresh conks on
decaying gall.
Large basal cavities visible
on north and south sides.
Damaged east root flare but
Resistograph test indicates
wood is solid at fare and at 2
ft above ground
Basal cavities on north and
east sides.
Basal cavity on south side of
trunk.
Basal cavity on south side of
trunk.
ZNaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
positive - remove
tree
remove tree -
cavity
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
r2
o w
E
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
mallet test
positive
Concern2
tall crown
conk visible -
fresh
tall crown
c
3
0
` u
ro
trunk wound
codominant
crown
crown decay -
appears small
T uaaDUOD
high potential
for basal
decay
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
c
ro
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Nov. 7, 2010
Australian Pine
Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway
Improvement Project
Part 2
Additional Assessment Results
by
Chuck Lippi
ISA Board Certified Master Arborist #FLo501g
ASCA Registered Consulting Arborist #443
October 26, 2011
Summary
Introduction
Background
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Following the removal and dissection of five Australian pine trees (Casuarina
equisetifolia) along Pinetree Drive in March, 2011 to determine the extent of
basal decay prevalent among this aging tree population, the trees noted for
possible removal in November, 2010 were reevaluated.
A tree risk assessment report dated November 7, 2010 found a significant
number of Australian pines on Pinetree Drive in Miami Beach had basal decay.
Most of the recent failures of the trees on Pinetree Drive had been due to basal
decay and lower trunk failures. The report raised the possibility that many of the
trees may have to be removed. But the assessment was unable to determine
how much basal decay was a serious problem and how much was tolerable.
It was determined that several trees with varying stages of basal decay should be
felled, dissected and examined. Approval for this exploratory removal was
obtained on January 11, 2011 from the Historic Preservation Board and January
19, 2011 from the Miami Beach City Commission. During the week of February
28 to March 4, 2011 five Australian pines were felled by a Miami -Dade County
contracted tree crew under the supervision of the City of Miami Beach Urban
Forester, Dr. Chris Latt. The root crown and below ground stump were carefully
dissected to determine the extent of basal decay. Based upon the result of the
dissection of the root crowns, the remaining 121 Australian pines along Pinetree
Drive designated as hazardous in the November 7, 2010 report were reexamined
on August 26, 2011. The results of what was learned from the dissection and the
reexamination are the main objective of this report.
Acknowledgement
Because I could not be present when the five trees were cut down, I depended
on Dr. Latt for his observations and supervision of the crew during the removal
process. His keen observations and photographs made of the stages of removal
were extremely helpful. He also performed additional excavation to check the
condition of lateral and sinker roots. I could not have completed my evaluation
without his expert assistance.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Assignment
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
My assignment was to:
1. Examine the photos and stumps of the dissected Australian pine trees to
determine the extent of actual basal decay
2. Assess the current condition of the 290 Australian pine trees based upon the
results of the destructive dissection of the five Australian pine trees.
3. Consider changes in the Hazard Score and removal recommendations
based upon the results of the destructive dissection.
4. Recommend an appropriate course of action for remediation
Purpose and Use of the Report
This report is prepared for the City of Miami Beach. I understand all written
correspondence and reports given to the City are public record.
Assumptions
Follow up visits to the site were made on March 28 and July 10, 2011. I also
visited the storage yard on July 10 where two of the excavated stumps were
being kept. Based upon my observations of the dissected Australian pines and
the observations of Miami Beach Urban Forester Dr. Chris Latt, I visited Pinetree
Drive on August 26, 2011 to reexamine and reevaluate the trees. My
observations and conclusions are as of those dates.
Testing and Analysis
A rubber mallet was used again to test for internal decay during the second
evaluation on August 26, 2011. No other testing with diagnostic equipment was
performed during this post- dissection evaluation.
Observations
The Trees and Site
The trees and site are as described in Part 1 of this report. Except now there are
290 instead of 295 trees.
1 The Hazard Score is described in detail in the initial Australian Pine Assessment for the Pinetree
Drive Roadway Improvement Project Report dated November 7, 2010 pages 8 - 10.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Test Results
Tree #380
Initial Concerns
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Five Australian pine trees were removed -- tree #380, #390, #454, #547 and
#552. Refer to Appendix B for locations. All five trees had a hazard score of 12
and slightly different stages of basal decay. The trees were selected for
dissection because each one represented slightly different basal decay traits.
Although the sample size, five trees, is relatively small, that sample did provide
valuable diagnostic information which allowed me to focus on the defects that
appear to be most critical.
Basal decay was suspected and a visible soft spot but not a cavity was observed.
The basal decay precursors -- decaying gall and drywood termite frass -- were
present. The tree had excessive lean and the Resistograph test was positive
indicating internal decay. A cavity was visible near the codominant leaders
making this fork prone to failure by splitting. Small fungal conks were visible on
the south side of the trunk.
Figure 1 Tree #380 before removal viewed from the south. Note fork removal viewed from the south. Note
tha heavily decayed gall on the left (west) side at ground level.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Figure 2 The upper leaders had a column of
internal decay which extended to the fork on
the left side of the cut leader. This cavity
weakens the branch making it prone to failure
in a wind storm.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Dissecting Observations of Tree #380
A column of decay extended from ground level up to a codominant fork around
10 feet above the ground. The trunk
shown in Figure 2 very likely had sufficient
solid wood and strength but the fork was
heavily decayed and likely to split in a
wind storm.
The middle trunk actually had more solid
wood uniformly arranged around the
column of decay (Figure 4) than the lower
trunk which was heavily decayed and
formed a crescent shape (Figure 3)
around the advancing decay.
Tree #380 has extensive decay both in
the lateral branches and the lower trunk. It
appears the lateral branch fork was the
most likely part of the tree to fail. The
roots on the south (cavity) side of the
trunk were decaying. The other lateral
roots were solid. In spite of excessive
lean, the trunk could have probably lasted
several more years until the advancing
decay weakened the trunk by reducing
the amount of remaining solid wood near
the base of the tree.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
10/26/11
Figure 3 The amount of solid wood in the trunk of tree #380
near ground level has formed a crescent around the decayed
area at the bottom of the photo.
Figure 4 This photo of Tree #380 shows the middle trunk
several feet above ground level. There is less decay at this
level than near ground level as shown in Figure 3. Figures 3
and 4 are not the same scale.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Tree #390
Initial Concerns
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Basal decay was suspected but not observed.
The basal decay precursors -- decaying gall and
drywood termite frass -- were present on the
lower gall on the southwest side of the trunk.
The tree had a moderate lean and the
Resistograph test was positive indicating
internal decay on the west side of the tree under
the gall.
Dissecting Observations of Tree #390
Even though there was apparent decay beneath
the gall on the southwest side of the trunk
(Figure 5), dissection demonstrated that the
trunk and root system were surprisingly solid
(Figure 6). A small amount of decay was found
on some lateral roots on the west side. There
appears to have been sufficient solid wood
around the column of decay in the center of the
stump to support the tree in all but the most
severe wind storm.
Figure 5 Tree #390 Two large galls are located on
the southwest side of the trunk
Figure 6 View of the stump of Tree # 390 and the excavated
root system. The stump and root system were surprisingly in
tact. The small cavity in the center of the stump (arrow) is
visible as a close up in Figure 7. Figure 7 Close up of the decay in the
center of the stump of Tree # 390.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Tree #454
Initial Concerns
This tree had visible basal cavity on the south side of the trunk and excessive
lean. It also had codominant leaders.
Dissecting Observations
A cavity that was visible at ground level
(Figure 8) extended up the trunk. The
amount of solid wood supporting the tree
was minimal (Figure 9). There appears to
be slightly more solid wood in a cross
section of the trunk measured at about 6
feet above the ground (Figure 10).
Removing tree #454 was definitely
necessary.
Figure 9 The amount of solid wood supporting Tree
#454 at ground level is very small.
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Figure 8 A large basal cavity (yellow arrow) was clarly
visible at ground level on Tree #454
Figure 10 The cavity in Tree #454 extends from ground
level up the trunk. Here at about 6 feet above the
ground there is more solid wood than at ground level.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Tree #547
Initial Concerns
A pocket of basal decay was suspected beneath the gall. The tree had an
excessive lean and the suspected cavity was on the tension side of the lean. The
surrounding sansevieria plants made basal examination
difficult. The tree was lifting the street pavement on the
west side.
Dissecting Observations
Figure 12 The basal cavity initially suspected on
Tree #547 is indicated by the circle. This cavity
turned out after dissection to be very small. The
trunk was solid.
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Tree #547 turned out to be the most solid of the five
trees dissected. The suspected area of basal decay
turned out to be very small (Figure 12), The excessive
lean was another reason of concern. The trunk and
roots were solid (Figures 12 and 13). If the tree had not
been removed for dissecting, significant reduction
pruning to reduce end weight would have been
necessary.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Figure 11 Tree #547 had a basal cavity,
although small.
Figure 13 The root system of tree #547 was solid
with no signs of decay.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Tree #552
Initial Concerns
A basal cavity was clearly visible on the southeast side
of the trunk at ground level (Figure 14, arrow). I was
able to insert the probe approximately 18 inches,
approximately half -way, into the base of the trunk. A
combination of the very tall height of this tree and the
large basal cavity was a strong indication that this tree
should be removed.
Dissecting Observations
In spite of the deep cavity readily visible as one
approached the tree (Figure 14), the cavity extended
to the center of the tree but was relatively narrow
(Figure 15). The cavity was surrounded by a
significant amount of solid wood. The innermost part
of the cavity by the center of the tree was filled with
adventitious roots, the round cut ends indicated by the
Figure 15 The cavity extended inward to the
center of Tree #552. Adventitious roots had
formed from dormant buds in cambium tissue.
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
dventitious
roots
Figure 14 A basal cavity indicated by the arrow
was clearly visible on tree #552.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Figure 16 This is a close up of the adventitious roots
in the center of the cavity at the center of the trunk.
Notice the tan discoloration on the right side of the
photo indicated by the small black arrows. This
discoloration is the initial stage of decay in this area
of the trunk.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
arrows in Figures 15 and 16. The tree was actually growing new roots from that
formed from dormant adventitious buds in the callus or meristem tissue at the
edge of the cavity.
In Figure 16 the dark tan area, which is discolored when compared to the light
colored wood, is the beginning stages of decay. This decay will gradually
degrade the wood strength and enlarge the central column of decay in the lower
trunk.
In hindsight this tree could have survived several more years with only some end
weight reduction pruning.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Figure 17 A 4 -foot long wooden probe with
a metal tip was used to find basal cavities
at or below the soil surface. Some cavities
were obvious. The probe handle is shown
protruding from this large, deep cavity.
Discussion
Part 2
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
10/26/11
Figure 18 Other basal cavities were were less apparent. Soil had to
be pulled back from the root flare to find small basal cavities that
were beneath the soil surface. There is a shallow basal cavity which
is a defect of concern.
During the first tree evaluation done in October, 2010, any Australian pine trees
with basal cavities were deemed hazardous and given a high hazard score
(Figure 17). Because basal decay begins at or below ground, it is very difficult to
assess the extent of decay when a small cavity is found at or below ground level
(Figure 18). Consequently, any tree with a basal cavity usually 8 inches deep or
greater was given a high hazard score.
Dissecting five trees with basal cavities was very helpful in allowing Dr. Latt and
me to determine consistencies between visual examination and defects found
during destructive dissection. Basal cavities alone would no longer mark the tree
as a candidate for removal. A basal cavity combined with a column of decay often
exposed on one or more sides of the tree were factors that indicated the greatest
likelihood of failure. A good example of this combination of degrading factors are
shown in Figures 9 and 10 in this report.
Consequently, when I reevaluated the 121 trees that had been marked for
potential removal in the November 9, 2010 report, I looked for the external
column of decay, excessive lean and the size of the basal cavity. The results of
my reevaluation on August 26, 2011 are below (Figures 19, 20, 21 and 22) and
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
the regraded risk assessment details are attached to this report as Appendix E
Revised Tree Data. In Appendix E, trees recommended for removal are shown in
red print. Trees that have already been removed for dissection and inspection are
marked in blue print. The location of these dissected trees is shown in Appendix
B Dissected Tree Locations and the remainder of the trees and the
maintenance recommendations are shown in black type.
80%
60%
40%
20%
Tree Work Recommended
Initial Evaluation
or
4111
Conclusions
6
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ov
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2 0
&e
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Figure 19 In the initial evaluation approixmately 40 percent of
the trees were marked for potential removal and slightly over
40 percent of the trees were marked for end weight reduction
pruning
8O%
60%
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Tree Work Recommended
Post Dissection Evaluation
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Figure 20 In the Post Dissection Evaluation approximately 20
percent of the trees were marked for removal based upon the
new criteria. Nearly 60 percent of the trees should have end
weight reduction pruning.
Taking into account what was learned from the dissection of five Australian pine
trees, the August 26, 2011, reevaluation of the 121 trees originally considered for
removal resulted in revised recommendations for some of the trees (Figures 19
and 20). Recommended tree removals decreased from 41 percent of the total
number of trees to 26 percent. Recommended end weight reduction pruning, an
important maintenance treatment used to increase tree stability and reduce limb
breakage, increased from 48 percent of the trees to 61 percent. Recommended
monitoring for any changes in structural integrity or health increased from
negligible to 27 percent of the trees.
Management Options
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
The Hazard Score distribution also changed accordingly (Figures 21 and 22) with
a bell- shaped distribution one would expect to find in a tree population. The
exception here is the spike in Hazard Tree Scores found at number 11 indicating
the higher than normal removals in tree population.
Pruning is still the primary maintenance tool for prolonging the life of this slowly
decaying tree population. End weight reduction pruning will reduce the stress of
excessively leaning trees on the lower trunk. Even trees that are not leaning but
have some signs of basal decay will benefit from end weight reduction pruning to
increase their stability.
Of course there is a balance between not enough pruning and too much. Not
removing enough end weight will not significantly reduce the risk. Removing too
much end weight from the trunks and branches can impact the health of the trees
by removing leaves where carbohydrates are produced and young branches
where the carbohydrates are stored for future use by the tree. End weight
pruning should be carefully monitored by a qualified arborist to assure the correct
dose of pruning is done. If left unmonitored, many tree pruning crews will remove
lower branches not end weight. And when pruned incorrectly, this lions tailing or
over - lifting type pruning can actually make the trees more prone to failure.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Hazard Score Distribution
Initial Evaluation
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Figure 21
30%
25%
Hazard Score Distribution
Post - Dissection Evaluation
b y 40 0) 4r 1 0
Figure 22
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
7 Ibid., p. 2.
9 Ibid. p. 19.
Part 1 and Part 2
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
References
1 It is assumed by visual inspection that the trees are Casuarina equisetifolia. But it is possible the
trees could also be C. glauca or C. cunninghamiana. Such a difference would not change the
observations or recommendations in this report.
2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A300 Risk Assessment Part 9 Draft Version 1,
January, 2010.
3 Dr. Chris Luley, Wood Decay Fungi: Common to Urban Living Trees in the Northeast and
Central United States, Urban Forestry LLC, 2005
4 F.W.M.R. Schwarze, J. Engels, and C. Mattcheck, Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees,
Springer, Germany, 2000
5 Dr. Wayne Sinclair and Dr. Howard Lyon, Diseases of Trees and Shrubs, Second Edition,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca
6 Dr. Nelda Matheny and Dr. James Clark, A Photographic Guide to the Evaluation of Hazard
Trees in Urban Areas Second Edition, International Society of Arboriculture, Urbana, IL, 1994,
p. 1
8 Pinetree Drive History Roadway, Miami Beach Historic Site Designation Report, Prepared
by City of Miami Beach Planning Department, Design, Preservation & Neighborhood Planning
Division, February 28, 2001, Adopted June 6, 2001 (Ordinance No. 2001 -3310)
19 Dr. Ed Gilman and Dr. Dennis Watson, Casuarina spp.: Australian Pine, University of Florida
publication ENH288, 2007.
11 Elfers S.C. 1988. Element Stewardship Abstract for Casuarina equisetifolia. The Nature
Conservancy. Unpublished report prepared for The Nature Conservancy on Australian pine.
Winter Park, FL. from the website downloaded Oct. 30, 2010.
12 Linda Conway Duever from the Floridata website htto: / /www.floridata.com /ref /c /casu euu.cfm
downloaded Oct. 30, 2010. Linda is a conservation ecologist with nearly 30 years experience in
resource inventory /evaluation and natural area management.
13 Smithsonian Marine Station at Ft. Pierce htto: / /www.sms.si.edu /irlspec/
casuarina equisetifolia.htm Website downloaded Oct. 30, 2010
14 Dr. Nelda Matheny and Dr. James Clark, A Photographic Guide to the Evaluation of Hazard
Trees in Urban Areas Second Edition, International Society of Arboriculture, Urbana, IL, 1994,
p. 12.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 1 and Part 2
Australian Pine Assessment for the
Pinetree Drive Roadway Improvement Project
15 The Resistograph was used on areas that appeared to be suspect for basal decay. The
Resistograph is a moderately invasive examination tool. Making multiple drilling holes around the
base of a tree could spread decay organisms or at the very least create a number of entry points
for basal decay fungi to gain a foothold. For this reason drilling was done conservatively to
pinpoint probable points of decay.
16 F.W.M.R. Schwarze, J. Engels, and C. Mattcheck, Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in
Trees, Springer, Germany, 2000. p. 30.
17 Dr. Chris Luley, Wood Decay Fungi: Common to Urban Living Trees in the Northeast and
Central United States, Urban Forestry LLC, 2005, p. 30 -31.
18 F.W.M.R. Schwarze, J. Engels, and C. Mattcheck, Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in
Trees, Springer, Germany, 2000. p. 155.
19 Dr. Wayne Sinclair and Dr. Howard Lyon, Diseases of Trees and Shrubs, Second Edition,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
20 Dr. Chris Luley, Wood Decay Fungi: Common to Urban Living Trees in the Northeast and
Central United States, Urban Forestry LLC, 2005, p. 28 -29.
21 Dr. Thomas Smiley, Dr. Bruce Fraedrich and Dr. Peter Fengler, Hazard Tree Inspection,
Evaluation and Management, Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, John E. Kuser
editor, Springer - Verlag New York, 2006, p. 290.
22 USDA Forest Service publication Urban Tree Risk Management: A Community Guide to
Program Design and Implementation, St. Paul, MN (NA- TP- 03 -03), 1992. p. 120.
23 Dr. Kim Coder, University of Georgia, School of Forest Resources, Athens, GA, Managing
Tree Aging, Arborist News, June, 2005, pp. 36 - 40.
24 Ibid., p. 40.
25 Erk Brudi and Philip van Wassenaer, Trees and Statics: Non - Destructive Failure Analysis,
Published in Tree Structure and Mechanics Conference Procedings: How Tree Stand Up
and Fall Down, Dr. Tom Smiley and Dr. Kim Coder, editors, International Society of Arboriculture,
Champaign, IL, 2001.
26 Ibid.
27 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A300 Risk Assessment Part 9 Draft Version 1,
January, 2010.
28 Dr. Thomas Smiley, Dr. Bruce Fraedrich and Dr. Peter Fengler, Hazard Tree Inspection,
Evaluation and Management, Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, John E.
Kuser editor, Springer - Verlag New York, 2006, p. 293.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Appendix B -- Dissected Tree Locations
10/26/11
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
10/26/11
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Appendix C -- Definitions
Adventitious Roots — roots formed from buds that are produced along stems or
roots where primary meristems are not normally found. Adventitious roots can be
stimulated to grow if surrounding live tissue and buds have died.
Basal Decay -- decomposition and biodegradation by fungi and other
microorganisms occurring at the base of a tree at or below ground level
Codominant Leaders — a tree with multiple trunks often beginning as a single
leader and dividing into two or more leaders of similar size higher up on the
trunk. Codominant leaders are considered a structural defect because they can
be prone to failure (splitting)
Compartmentalization — the ability of a tree to isolate (wall off) damage and
decay and continue to grow around the damaged area. Trees that are good
compartmentalizers are better able to withstand damage from injuries such as
pruning cuts, gashes, lightning strikes, etc.
Condition — an evaluation of a tree's structure and health
Critical Root Zone — this an area around a tree where roots must be protected
and is another term for Tree Protection Zone
DBH — diameter at breast height, a measurement of a tree's diameter usually
measured approximately four and one half feet above the ground
Decay - biodegradation or decomposition by fungi and other micro- organisms
resulting in the progressive loss of integrity and strength of affected parts.
Defect - any feature, fault, or flaw in a tree that lowers the strength, integrity, or
utility of an affected part; wood decay fungi cause defects, structural problems
such as codominant leaders are defects.
Dripline — the outer edge of a tree canopy
End Weight Reduction Pruning —A recommended pruning method that
reduces (subordinates) codominant leaders and large side branches by reducing
their size from the outside of the crown. End weight reduction pruning is often the
preferred method of taking weight off the ends of branches versus the commonly
utilized but undesirable method known as "lions tailing" which removes interior
branches and keeps only the branches out at the end creating instability and
increasing risk of branch or trunk failure.
Epicormic Sprouts — Excessive sprouting. Short twigs and small leaves growing
along the upper surface of one or more main branches. The presence of
epicormic sprouts is an indication of poor tree health, over - pruning, a weakened
tree.
"Lions tailing" Pruning -- the inappropriate pruning practice where interior
branches are removed concentrating foliage at the ends of branches. Lions
tailing increasing instability of a branch or trunk by raising the center of gravity of
the branch or trunk. Lions tailing not only makes a tree or branch more prone to
failure, it also reduces the girth enlargement of the branch or trunk, encourages
excessive epicormic growth (sprouts) and makes proper end weight reduction
pruning very difficult to accomplish. Also called "lion tailing."
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Reduction Pruning -- shortens a branch or stem back to a lateral branch or
stem that is large enough to assume the terminal role. Typically, this lateral
branch should be at least one -third the diameter of the removed portion. See
End Weight Reduction Pruning above.
Resistograph — a diagnostic tool that utilizes a 1/8 -inch diameter drill bit to
measure decay inside a tree trunk or branch by measuring and graphing the
resistance of the drill bit as it moves through the layers of solid and decaying
wood.
Root Flare — the area at the base of the tree trunk that becomes wider (flares
out) where roots grow horizontally in the soil. The individual root flares are where
the roots are connected to the base of the tree trunk.
Root Plate — a circular area with an outer boundary that is usually considered to
be a distance from the tree trunk that is three times the diameter of the tree.
Other methods of calculating the diameter of the root plate are also used.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2 10/26/11
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Appendix D - Certification of Performance
I, Chuck Lippi, certify that:
• Arborists cannot detect every condition that could possibly lead to the
structural failure of a tree. Trees are living organisms that fail in ways we do
not fully understand. Conditions are often hidden within trees and below
ground. Arborists cannot guarantee that a tree will be healthy, safe or
adequately protected under all circumstances or for a specified period of time.
Likewise, remedial, protective and mitigating treatments and
recommendations cannot be guaranteed.
I have no current or prospective interest in the vegetation or the property that
is the subject of this report and have no personal interest or bias with respect
to the party or parties involved.
certify that all the statements made in this report are true, complete and
correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and are made in good faith.
The analysis, opinions and conclusions stated herein are my own and are
based on current scientific procedures and facts.
My analysis, opinions and conclusions were developed and this report has
been prepared according to commonly accepted arboricultural practices.
My compensation is not contingent upon the reporting of a predetermined
conclusion that favors the cause of the client or any other party nor upon the
results of the assessment, the attainment of stipulated results or the
occurrence of any subsequent events.
There is no warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, that problems or
deficiencies of the plants or property in question may not arise in the future.
I reserve the right to change my report /opinions on the basis of new or
different evidence.
Loss or alteration of any part of this report invalidates the entire report.
I further certify that I am a member in good standing of the American Society of
Consulting Arborists (ASCA), the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) and
the Florida Urban Forestry Council and am an ISA Board Certified Master
Arborist FL -0501 B and an ASCA Registered Consulting Arborist #443.
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
(ism
ICAN SOCIETY of
LILTING ARSONISTS
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Part 2
Pinetree Drive Tree Risk Assessment
Appendix E - Revised Tree Data
red type - trees recommended for possible removal
blue type - trees removed for dissection evaluation
black type - trees not recommended for remova
Chuck Lippi, Advanced Tree Care, Inc.
Registered Consulting Arborist #443 Board Certified Master Arborist FL-0501B
Hazard
score
a,
TT
OT
co
(0
(0
(0
a,
N
°
Decay
co
N
N
,
,
,
N
,
co
N
cv
N
tied
Jo
azlS
01
Failure
probabi
lity
N
i
N
Observations
There are 2 decayed areas
at base (north & west sides).
Basal decay is on a
significantly large area on
the base of the north side.
Adjacent root flare is
damaged.
Mallet test positive north &
west side. Conk observed
previously on the trunk.
Tested west side
Top broken off previously.
No need to prune. Gall on
lower north side hollow.
West flare wound is 4 inches
deep. Monitor this tree.
Height has been reduced
probably following storm
damage.
Mallet test negative.
Root flare damage on west
side of trunk. Decay
precursors -- decaying gall
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Basal decay is under a galled
root flare on northeast side.
Large wound on north side
at base was drilled with
Resistograph test. Exposed
wood aboove test very hard.
Soft spots on south, east
and northwest sides. But
Resistograph indicates solid
wood under soft spots.
Decay precursors are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Work2
End weight
reduction pruning
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
PIJOM
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
Resistograph test
inconclusive
none
recommended at
this time
reduction
pruning -
moderate
none
recommended at
this time
N E O
- . C
E
07
N
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
inconclusive
Concern3
12
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
mallet test
positive
dry wood
termite frass
D
m
U N
N
C (0 N
N
O a O
U O E
Concern2
crown decay -
extensive
crown decay -
appears small
trunk wound
tall crown
N
>
O
O
Concernl
conk visible -
oldf. Bees in
cavities
basal decay
basal decay
none
apparent
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
codominant
crown
To
0
-`C,.) —
a
L -0 0
U
O O
ueal
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
euou
1- slight 10
degrees
CD
1- slight 10
degrees
N
0
c o
slle9
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
0
N
N
0
O
L.r,
N
a
%SZ>
0
N
N
0
O
Basal decay
f0
U
N
Z,
visible cavity
4ods
440s alglsln
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
f0
U
N
f
none
apparent
O
V1
N
Z, J,
—a
> V1
Tree #
O
N
0)
TZE
ZZ£
EZE
17Z£
SZ£
9ZE
N
N
M
8Z£
a,
N
ro
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
co
0o
co
O
a,
ZT
a,
O
OT
L)
TT
Decay
N
.ti
-
N
co
M
N
co
co
-
ti
tied
Jo
azlS
ro
ro
ro
ro
ro
ro
ro
ro
ro
N
ro
Failure
probabi
lity
1
-
M
Observations
Reduce or remove east
codominant leader. Basal
cavity under west root flare.
there aapears too be decay
under west root flare but
difficult to measure with
Resitograpgh.
Initial stages of decay on
east, north and south sides
beneath decaying galls.
Decay precursors --
decaying galls and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Soft spots on west, south
and southwest sides. Decay
precursors -- decaying gall
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Resistograph tests indicate
lower trunk is solid near the
base at the trunk side of
galls.
Decay and deep cavity under
edge of south side trunk
wound.
Decayed root flare and trunk
on northwest side. Trunk
tested solid but root flare is
exensively decayed.
South side has no visible
flare. No evidence of decay
but further excavation is
recommended.
West root flare has wound
and Resistograph tests
indicate about 50% strength
loss. Other root flares
appear to be solid.
Decay on west flare.
Broken top in storm. Very
short tree.
Lower trunk leans. Crown
erect. Remove rhoeo plants
around base.
Work2
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
0
0
.
C
0 ro
C
L
a
reduction pruning
- moderate
further testing
recommended
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- moderate
PIJOM
Resistograph test
inconclusive
none
recommended at
this time
VI 0
L Eo
a
m
o >
• W 0)
CC ,r
v
L w
0_ s-
m
o >
E N
C CC ,r
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
Resistograph test
positive - - retain
tree and monitor
none
recommended at
this time
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
. m
E
2
a
i ID
(0
m
0 0 w
3 E
T
- O
-
c
>
- C
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
some trunk
decay
Concern2
4)
>
O
O
L
i N
1
bleeding
wound,
broken top
dead
branches over
street
basal decay
upper crown
branch
dieback
Concernl
co
o o
U
none
apparent
o
m� U
L - O
2
a
c To
c _
L
basal decay
Aeoep leseq
unbalanced
crown
basal decay
codominant
crown
crown decay -
extensive
basal decay
ueal
1
U
a)
cn w
1
1- slight 10
degrees
O
_c VI
a)
n a) o) a)
n w
,- O
Eo
j al
v
U
a
x
a
r
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
En
En
EN
%SZ>
0
n
N
0
O
In
O
IT
if
N
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%5Z>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
U
none
apparent
1
> VI
;ods
440s alglsln
;ods
;dos alglsln
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
visible soft
spot
none
apparent
visible cavity
Tree #
O
oo
co
T££
N
co
co
co
co
co
b££
S££
9££
LEE
8££
6££
017£
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
co
a
a
a
in
in
up
cu
cu
cu
up
N
N
N
co
Decay
N
,
-
,
-
,
-
N
N
N
,
-
,
-
N
.ti
-
-
N
N
N
tied
Jo
azlS
ro
01
co
01
cu
cu
cu
co
co
01
co
co
cu
co
co
Failure
probabi
lity
cu
.ti
-
-
N
N
-
N
Observations
Large hollow gall on west
side. Sap rot decay on gall
above tag. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Dome decay under and
between galls on west side.
Second drilling nearby was
solid.
Southeast side and north
side at base were solid.
Punky area on north side
between flares. Also cavity
and frass on south side.
Resistograph test indicates
area around probed opening
is decayed.
Cavity and decayed root
flare on south side.
Resistograph test indicates
large basal cavity.
initial stages of basal decay
evident on south side of
trunk. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
Reduce or remove low
codominant leader over
sreet
Tested southeast root flare.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Work2
reduction pruning
- light
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
monitor health
reduction pruning
- moderate
PIJOM
ti
a N
m :
O
U
. C
a) O
N U
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
none
recommended at
this time
none
recommended at
this time
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning - light
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
thin crown -
monitor
health
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
codominant
crown
long lateral
branch
trunk wound
dead
branches over
median
tall crown
codominant
crown
Concernl
2 T
cn 6-5
crown decay -
appears
moderate
none
apparent
crown decay -
appears
moderate
codominant
crown
tall crown
codominant
crown
Aeoap leseq
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
tall crown,
thin crown
tall crown
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
ueal
-LJ 1n
auou
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
auou
auou
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
auou
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slle9
%SZ>
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
0
N
N
0
O
Basal decay
N
al n
U V1
a >
In O
In c
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
Tree #
v
co
Zb£
£b£
bb£
Sb£
9b£
Lb£
8b£
6b£
OS£
TS£
ZS£
£S£
bS£
SSE
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
On
N
TT
TT
co
OT
TT
TT
O1
N
.i
(0
TT
co
Decay
,
,
r1
f7
N
on
on
on
,
N
M
,
(v1
N
N
1
N
N
tied
Jo
azlS
CO
ro
M
M
on
on
on
on
on
on
M
Failure
probabi
lity
M
on
o
on
M
. -1
Observations
Cavity on sw side.
Tested west side. Conk on
south side of southwest gall.
Cavity on east side of trunk
Cavity on west side of trunk.
Test drilled sw flare which is
decayed. Test positive. Other
4 flares appear solid.
Drilled south side of trunk at
ground level - solid - and at
2 ft above ground between
ribs - some external
softness. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size..
cavity on west side below
decayed gall.
There is an opening on the
south side of trunk but this
seems to be a vertical root
fork.
Wound in trunk (se side)
extends down into soil
where there is a cavity.
Decay precursors -- termite
frass and low decaying gall --
are present. Resistograph
tests found solid wood under
surface decay. Drilled south
base of west root flare.
Work2
remove dead
branches
If crown cannot
be reduced,
remove tree
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate. If
crown cannot be
reduced, remove
tree.
remove dead
branches
PIJOM
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - heavy
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
remove dead
branches
Resistograph test
inconclusive
retain tree and
monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
10
m
O w
O y'
>, E
Concern2
dead
branches over
median
crown decay -
extensive
crown decay -
appears
extensive
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
median
tall crown
trunk wound
Aeoap
4o uwnloo
iai uao
N
>
0
N
L
' N
N
Concernl
tall crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
codominant
crown
dead
branches over
street
N .
E a
basal decay
tall crown
Aeoap leseq
N To
O
d 0 T
L
E °
ueal
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
euou
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
m
> a1
> a1
(0 01
a
X O
N
m A
slle9
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
50 %° - 75%
0
O
0
01
N
Basal decay
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
U VI
a >
7
0
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
J
a)
U VI
a >
7
0
Tree #
9S£
LSE
8S£
6S£
09E
T9£
Z9£
£9£
b9£
L0
00
DI
99E
L9£
89£
rn
VD
DI
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
TT
TT
TT
TT
Decay
,
,
CO
M
CO
CO
M
,
N
CO
M
N
1
CO
N
N
tied
Jo
azlS
1
M
CO
M
CO
CO
CO
CO
CV
CO
M
CO
CO
Failure
probabi
lity
1
CO
1
M
N
Observations
Broken top. Short tree.
Remove strangler fig.
Tested west decaying gall at
soil line. Conk is inotus
dradeus. This area 18 inches
above ground was decayed..
Drilling at base next to
probe opening was decayed
to a depth of 8 inches.
Drilled south side decayed
gall. Deep decay at base.
Basal decay on west side of
trunk is deep 3 inches below
soil line.
Initial stages of basal decay
on west side of trunk. Could
not fit Resistograph into
west cavity so drilled from
south side of trunk.
Extensive basal decay.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor.
Mallet test solid and probe
found no basal cavity.
No basal cavities found with
probe but are likely. Trunk
has cavity below codominant
leaders which makes failure
of codominant leader likely.
Top cut out previously.
Decaying gall and root flare
on nw side. Basal decay on
west side has begun to
invade lower trunk.
Basal cavity on south side.
Not Large cavity and tree is
not large either so removal
is not urgent.
Work2
reduction pruning
- heavy
TREE REMOVED
FEBRUARY 2011
FOR EVALUATION
PIJOM
see observations
N O
Y
O
E N V,,
N O
none
recommended at
this time
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
remove tree -
cavity
A;IneO
- aaJ; anowaa
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
reduction
pruning -
moderate
none
recommended at
this time
0
O
remove tree -
cavity
ao;luow
pue aaa; ule;aa
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
tall crown
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
trunk wound
basal decay
extensive
crown decay
trunk decay
trunk decay
Concernl
crown decay -
extensive
none
apparent
basal decay
basal decay
AeOap leseq
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
ueal
euou
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
%SE>
%OS - %SZ
%0S - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SE>
%SL - %OS
0
%SE>
CD
%SL<
%SZ>
Basal decay
none
apparent
0
D 1
11
U V1
E .5
V1 Y
D O
V1 C
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
gods
g4os alglsln
none
apparent
none
apparent
gods
1405 alglsln
gods
44os alg lsln
visible cavity
Tree #
OLE
n
M
ZL£
EL£
bLE
SL£
9LE
LLE
8L£
6LE
08E
TOE
Z8£
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
00
ZT
TT
CO
CO
N
CO
,Ni
N
O]
OT
1-1
1-1
.-i
CO
Decay
,
N
-
,
-
(h
-
N
co
co
co
-
to
tu
.ti
N
co
tied
Jo
azlS
co
co
01
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
f7
co
Failure
probabi
lity
-1
(n
N
f7
Ti
Observations
Two basal cavities on west
and south sides.
Several large galls near
ground level but all appear
to be sound.
Decaying gall with conks 10
ft. above ground.at
codominant leader fork.
drilled base on south side --
solid. West side under gall
etensively decayed.
This tree along with 390 &
392 block line of site and
may be considered for
removal on that basis alone.
Top removed previously.
decay precursors -- decaying
galls and termite frass -- are
present. monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Tree in decline with
delaminating bark and
sparse foliage.
Five of 7 root flares are dead
and decaying. Shallow
cavities found but no deep
cavities found. Decay and
decline is immanent.
Decay precursors are
present. Area between flares
drilled on west side at base.
8.5 inch cavity before solid
wood. Flare to left solid.
Flare to right decayed 4
inches with 1.5 inch solid
wood.
Work2
remove dead
branches
remove dead
branches
remove dead
branches
TREE REMOVED
FEBRUARY 2011
FOR EVALUATION
If crown cannot
be reduced,
remove tree
T�I
remove dead
branches
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning -
moderate
>
N O
L E
a L
L
m
O C
o
see observations
reduction
pruning -
moderate
retain tree and
monitor
remove tree -
decay
C O
O C
a O
m E
m > 2
O C
. 0 N
N
g . ab
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
sparse foliage
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
tall crown
codominant
crown
dead
branches over
median
dead
branches over
street
dead
branches over
street
tall crown
conk visible -
fresh
no apparent
decay in
upper crown
trunk decay
Concernl
dead
branches over
median
Aeoep leseq
basal decay,
column of
decay
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
crown decay -
appears
moderate
basal decay
none
apparent
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
unbalanced
crown
ueal
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
tn
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slle9
%SZ>
%SL - %0S
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%0S - %SZ
Basal decay
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
gods
440s alglsln
n
0 N
U V1
a >
V1 N
0 O
Inc
none
apparent
Tree #
ESE
b8£
S8£
98E
LSE
88£
68E
06E
T6£
Z6E
£6£
17 6 E
m
96E
01
a
O
trt
J
LL
O
a Q
a0)
ro
J N
U O
U
a)
u
U
`o
O
01
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
TT
N
TT
co
N
a,
co
0O
0O
TT
TT
0O
,
OT
Decay
,
co
,
N
co
N
,
,
co
f7
,
co
N
tied
Jo
azlS
co
Failure
probabi
lity
N
Observations
Decay on east side.
Cavities on NW side and SE
side.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Wounded root flare and gall
on west side. No basal decay
visible but this is an entry
point. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
Broken top. Cavity and
rotted flare on east side.
Second decaying flare on
north side. Risk of failure is
low because of short
(broken) leader.
Damaged flare on SE side
has beginnings of a small
basal cavity. Hanger on
north side of crown.
Shortened previously.
Decaying trunk and root
flare on east side. Strangler
fig on trunk. Also 2 other
root flares are decaying.
Broken leader
Crown is nice size due to
previous pruning.
A 6 inch wide by 12 inch tall
cavity south side. Hypoxylon
stroma visible at the base.
Few galls. Root flares appear
to be solid. Drilled for center
column of decay. Not found.
Basel decay at floor of
cavity.
Center cavity appears to be
small but will grow in size.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate and
clean up broken
branches
reduction pruning
- moderate
PIJOM
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning - heavy
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
retain tree and
monitor
remove dead
branches
reduction
pruning -
moderate
none
recommended at
this time
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
none
recommended at
this time
N
N
E.) a
m
N 01
t'
E n
retain tree and
monitor
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
trunk wound
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
tall crown
crown decay -
appears small
dead
branches over
median
tall crown
trunk wound
. N
N
Ili Gi N
N N N
N
C
m
m 0)
3 2 3
Concernl
basal decay
and crown
decay
tall crown
basal decay,
some crown
decay
unbalanced
crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
unbalanced
crown
none
apparent
Aeoap leseq
basal decay
none
apparent
basal decay
ueal
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
auou
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
euou
1- slight 10
degrees
CD Ill
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SL - %0S
%OS - %SZ
cp
%11>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SL<
%SL - % °OS
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
(0
U
0)
visible cavity
Tree #
L6£
661
66£
0017
T017
Z017
£017
17017
S017
9017
L017
8017
01
O
V
0T17
3 3
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
OT
a
TT
TT
OT
a
N
N
ZT
co
a
N
N
Oa
Oa
Decay
m
-
m
m
m
,
-
,
-
,
-
,
-
m
N
N
N
N
EN
m
,
tied
Jo
azlS
m
ro
ro
m
m
CO
DI
01
m
01
m
m
Failure
probabi
lity
M
,
,
.ti
N
N
Observations
Decay at base of cavity.
What appears to be a cavity
on south side was likely a
gall overhang. The
Resistograph test indicates
solid wood where trunk and
gall meet. Monitor this tree.
Decay is likely at this
location on south side of
trunk.
Appears to be at least a
50% strength loss in trunk
Appears to be at least a
40% to 50% strength loss in
trunk
Large codominant branch
over street. Hanger over
median.
Heavy ant infestation at
base. Probably carpenter
ants.
15 ft tall trunk wound south
side.
Three ft tall trunk wound
over south flare. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Mallet test indicates tree is
sound by wound.
Heavy ant infestation.
Probably carpenter ants.
Cavity forming in 4 ft tall 6
inch deep trunk wound. Tree
DBH 24 inches. If tree not
removed, monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
CO
E co
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- heavy
PIJOM
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
11) CO
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
retain tree and
monitor
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph
testing
recommended
Concern3
crown decay -
extensive
crown decay -
extensive
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
tall crown
co
o
trunk decay
trunk decay
codominant
crown
dead
branches over
median
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
unbalanced
crown
tall crown
Concernl
basal decay
o
basal decay
Aeoap leseq
basal decay
long lateral
branches
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
tall crown
tall crown
codominant
crown
tall crown
tall crown
basal decay
ueal
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slle9
%0S - °L° S Z
o
ul
EN
%0S - °L°SZ
°L°SL - %0S
%0S - °L°SZ
°L°SZ>
°L°SZ>
%OS - %°SZ
%SZ>
%0S - °L°SZ
%OS - °L°SZ
%0S - °L°SZ
%0S - °L° S Z
°L°SZ>
°L°SZ>
Basal decay
visible cavity
c
N
0 (0
c a
o a
0 (0
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
Tree #
TT17
N
V
£T17
17117
ST17
9117
Lib
8T17
6T17
OZ17
TZ17
ZZ17
£Z17
17Z17
SZ17
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
a,
N
TT
a,
o
N
TT
—1
TT
N
Decay
N
,
C7
N
C7
N
M
al
co
to
N
N
N
tied
Jo
azlS
01
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
C7
C7
Failure
probabi
lity
N
co
Observations
There is a small 10 inch
deep cavity beside a
damaged root flare on the
west side. Estimated Dbh 30
inches. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size. Small
trunk wound on east side.
Large gall at about 20 ft up.
Also large galls at ground
level. Decay found at base of
cavity on west side
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present on east
side. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
Trunk wound SE side at
ground level and another
above it between 4 and 6 ft.
mallet test negative.
Resistograph test indicates
extensive decay at base.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall (north & south
sides) and termite frass --
are present. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Decay on south side tested
but only surface decay found
with Resistograph.
Tall deep cavity on south
side of tree. Resistograph
tests indicate extensive basa
decay.
Tall deep trunk wound on
south side. Hypoxylon
stroma at base.
Resistograph tests indicate
basal decay is extensive.
There appears to be a
column of decay from
ground level to mid level
crown.
Four ft tall cavity on north
side.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
o
PIJOM
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
i
N
t
> C
> i
O
E v
a
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
mallet test
positive
Concern2
tall crown
pooh
al 214 4o0J
dead
branches over
median
trunk wound
crown decay -
appears small
Concernl
codominant
crown
basal decay
tall crown
trunk wound
basal decay
teoap ieseq
tall crown
ueal
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
La
CV
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
0
0
0
01
N
89'
%SZ>
LI1
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
>
N
. E ,
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
- 0
:
0 o
V 1 0
visible cavity
>
N
>
visible cavity
none
apparent
Tree #
00
N
V
LZ17
8217
6217
0£17
.-I
CO
V
Z£17
M
'7
17£17
S£17
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
OT
TT
LO
h
co
a+
co
N
TT
Decay
co
co
co
co
,
,
,
N
N
,
co
N
N
-
-
N
tied
Jo
azlS
co
f7
Failure
probabi
lity
m
co
co
N
co
N
N
Observations
Eight ft. tall trunk wound on
south side. Cavity extends at
least 14 inches into trunk at
base. Trunk DBH approx 30
inches.
Six inch deep cavity on
south side. Hard wood at
inner wall. Resistograph
tests indicate there is decay
beneath the opening that
extends at least 11.5 inches
where I stopped drilling.
Small cavity extends about
4 inches. Resistograph tests
indicate decay extends 8.5
inches. There is also decay
on west side and south side
with potential on east side.
Tested decay on west side
with Resistograph. Decay
extends beneath trunk
beyond inside edge of gall.
Decay found on north side
where gall and trunk meet.
Three ft. high open cavity on
south side. But unable to
find basal rot beyond sound
wall at the back of cavity
wiith probe. Resistograph
test indicates decay extends
back of external cavity
Basal cavity on west side.
Two small lateral branches
growing out of a decaying
stub. shorten lateral
branches near stubbed
trunk.Trunk shortened
significantly.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- heavy
PIJOM
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
retain tree and
monitor
reduction
pruning - light
remove tree -
decay
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
gi
roots on east
side probably
cut when
curb installed
Concern2
crown decay -
appears small
To
dead
branches over
street
codominant
crown
crown decay -
appears small
05 C
2 a
u ro
dead
branches over
median
Concernl
basal decay
T
V
tU
N
2
basal decay
basal decay
tall crown,
upper crown
dieback
tall crown
long lateral
branches
unbalanced
crown
Aeoep leseq
unbalanced
crown
Aeoep leseq
ueal
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
euou
1- slight 10
degrees
slle9
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
Lin
%SL<
o
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
visible cavity
y
m
V
N
J
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
,-
0
Vl
N
Z) N
•, Q
._ a
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
Tree #
9E17
N
on
v
8E17
6E17
01717
T1*
Z1717
£1717
d
V
v
S1717
91717
L1717
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
01
OT
TT
01
,
OT
W
0
�
0
,
Decay
,
CO
N
,
f7
f7
f7
N
N
i
N
,
N
tied
Jo
azlS
01
Failure
probabi
lity
N
,
Observations
Narrow but deep basal
cavity on south side.
Basal cavity on south side.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. Small cavity was found
between east gall and root
flare.
Mallet test indicates tree
may have internal trunk
decay.
Small initial decay on south
side of trunk. Tested this
spot with Resistograph.
Decay extends beneath
trunk.
Basal decay on southwest
side of trunk.
Column of decay on south
side of trunk. Basal decay on
west and east sides.
There is some decay
apparent in crown and
mallet test indicates tree
may have internal trunk
decay. Drill north and south
sides.
Cavity near base on north
side. Reduce crown and
monitor this tree.
Several trunk wounds near
base and some on trunk
flares. Tree has been cut
back severely in past so it is
not much of a hazard. Basal
decay on east side.
Northwest root flare has
decayed. Decay precursors --
decaying gall and root flare
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Work2
reduce west
leader
reduction pruning
- heavy
remove dead
branches
reduction pruning
- moderate
TREE REMOVED
FEBRUARY 2011
FOR EVALUATION
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove dead
branches
PIJOM
reduction
pruning - heavy
retain tree and
monitor
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - light
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
root flares look
good - retain
tree and monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - light
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
il
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
tall crown
tall crown
tall crown
dead
branches over
street
unbalanced
crown
codominant
crown
trunk decay
mallet test
positive
trunk decay -
extensive
trunk decay
dead
branches over
street
Concernl
codominant
crown with
decay at
codom fork.
basal decay
and some
crown decay
basal decay -
extensive
ro
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
basal decay
basal decay
Aeoap >iuru;
tall crown
basal decay
tall crown
tall crown
ueal
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
to
ro
o
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
euou
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
CF
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
0
O
0
N
%SZ>
Basal decay
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
m
U
N
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
visible soft
spot
none
apparent
Tree #
81717
61717
0517
.-I
ZS17
ES17
17517
SS17
9517
LS17
8517
6517
0917
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
CO
. —s
0
N
ZT
N
as
CO
CO
N
0
Decay
r7
.-1
.-1
(
.-1
N
.-1
.-1
.-1
co
.-1
r‘t
01
co
N
N
.-1
tied
Jo
azlS
1
rr.
rn
rn
m
rn
Failure
probabi
lity
1
(1
-
.-1
r7
-
Observations
Trunk shortened significantly
in prevous pruning. There is
some mid crown decay but
wounds are well surrounded
with strong wound wood.
Small initiation of basal
decay just beginning on
south side next to gall and
flare.
Basal decay is beginning on
south side below small trunk
wound. Mallet test indicates
tree may have internal trunk
decay behind wound. A
LARGER Wound w basal
decay is visible oon north
side.
Small trunk wound east side
3 ft above ground.
Extensive galling around
base and around main trunk
15 ft above ground. Some of
galls are begining to decay.
Precursoor of basal and
trunk decay. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
All 5 root flares are in some
stage of advanced decay.
Decay visible in mid level
trunk.
Cavity is at edge of root
flare. Cavity and decay
extend beneath the trunk
per Resistograph tests. Huge
galls at base are precursors
of more basal decay.
East lateral branch should be
shortened.
Small DBH than most in the
median.
Work2
If crown cannot
be reduced,
remove tree
remove dead
branches
PIJOM
10
a
0
E E
E .y
O N
C N
a)
y
N
>
E 5
U
reduction
pruning - light
1
remove tree -
decay
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
gi C N
P5 0) no
L
L' N U
O _c C
To C
C
1 C O O
I O N U
long lateral
branch
codominant
crown
Aeoap
Jo uwnloo
Concernl
T
U
C .�
O N
N
r N
C -
N
n
tall crown
trunk decay -
low and high
on trunk
tall crown
IE
unbalanced
crown
long lateral
branches
tall crown
tall crown
dead
branches over
street
ueal
N
C
O
C
N
O
N
I V
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
sA
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slle9
0
a
N
V
8
%SZ>
8
%SZ>
%SZ>
8
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
Basal decay
C
N
N (0
0 CL
C f0
O
N
N
none
apparent
C
N
N (0
o CL
C CO
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
0
U
N
Z,
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
;ua.iedde
euou
none
apparent
Tree #
V
N
V
£917
V
V
5917
9917
N
V
9917
6917
OL17
TL17
ZL17
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
,ti
TT
.i
N
,-i
,ti
N
Decay
M
m
-
m
m
m
-
-
N
tied
Jo
azlS
M
Failure
probabi
lity
Observations
Two of five root flares are
decaying along with galls
attached on top of the
flares. South flare has
decayed back to trunk 13.75
inches.
Basal cavity forming at base
of root flare on north side. A
larger basal cavity is on west
side.
Basal cavity is forming on
west side of trunk and a
nother gall apparently
attached to the root outside
the root flare is decaying
along with the root.
Extensive galling around
lower, middle and upper
trunk increase potential for
failure.
Mallet test indicates tree
may have internal decay on
northeast side of trunk. Gall
and probably root flare on
west side are decaying.
Resistograph test indicates
this area is solid.
There is extensive galling
and trunk and flare decay
below the galls. The decay is
on all sides. Difficult to
measure wood strength
under galls at soil line.
Large column of decay in
center of trunk. This clmn of
decay extends from ground
level to at least 20 ft above
the ground.
Crown has been weakened
by decay from wounds and
galls.
NE flare appears deayed but
Resistograph test indicates
flare is solid.
Trunk shortened by previous
pruning. Low galls beginning
to decay east side. east side
overhang is 5.5 inches per
Resistograph test. Wounded
se flare is solid.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
PIJOM
remove tree -
Resistograph test
positive
remove tree -
cavity
N
dl
4)
O T
N
E >
N m
� U
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
remove tree
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
Resistograph test
inconclusive
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
N
N
O N
E
upper crown
decay
some decay
in upper
branches
Concern2
long lateral
branch
trunk wound
codominant
crown
trunk wound
and trunk
decay
crown decay -
extensive.
Large cavity
is 15 ft.
above ground
tall crown
Concernl
high potential
for basal
decay,
extensive
lower trunk
decay
basal decay
>
T .N T
U
T -O L C
2 2 1,
N
0 u,
, _o U
0
LE O - O
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
codominant
crown
long lateral
branches
m
N To
O
, _o co
0
L 4E - O
ueal
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
> N
0
N
X
m A
ro A
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
O
m N
,ti - O
slle9
%SL<
•
N
A
A
8i9
lil
%OS - %SZ
0
O
0
N
N
%OS - %SZ
0
In
N
■
0
in
Basal decay
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
N
Q
> a
1 N
O
N
> a
5 0
visible soft
spot
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
0
N fl
U V1
CL
L1 o
0 C
Tree #
EL17
17
LD
N
a
N
v
LLB
8L17
6L17
0817
00
v
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
W
W
01
N
.
.Ni
Cu
0
W
W
OT
Cu
Decay
N
N
N
N
01
01
N
N
,
N
N
01
N
N
tied
Jo
azlS
nl
01
01
01
01
01
01
CV
CV
01
01
N
Failure
probabi
lity
N
N
01
Observations
Extensive gall formation
around base of trunk. Upper
trunk decay following
previous trunk removal
probably follorinq storms.
Extensive gall formation
around base of trunk. High
potential for basal decay.
Beginning basal cavity on
southeast side of the trunk.
But depth is short.
Large gall on west side is
decaying which is usually a
precursor of basal decay.
Monitor this tree and reduce
crown size.
Two decay areas at base of
trunk and two decayed
flares. Also large wound
extending froom east flare
halfway uup the trunk.
Three decay areas at base of
trunk and one decayed flare.
also large wound extending
froom east flare halfway uup
the trunk.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Galls are at 5 ft and 15 ft
above ground
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Significant decay in upper
crown at codominant crotch -
- a weak spot. Crown failure
risk.
Galls are decaying but they
are a few inches above the
root flare is solid. Crown
failure risk.
Crown failure risk
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove dead
branches
PIJOM
reduction
pruning - light
Resistograph
testing
recommended
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree
Concern3
flares are OK
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
crown decay -
extensive
tall crown
dead
branches over
street
trunk wound -
large
trunk wound
decay in
crown -
moderate
decay in
crown -
moderate
crown decay -
appears
moderate
Concernl
high potential
for basal
decay
codominant
crown
codominant
crown
tall crown
basal decay
Aeoap ieseq
conk visible -
old
crown decay -
appears
moderate
crown decay -
appears small
conk visible -
fresh
crown decay -
moderate
tall crown
basal decay
extends
upward in a
column
ueal
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %0S
50 % - 75%
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
Basal decay
suspected but
not visible
suspected but
not visible
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
Tree #
Z817
£817
17817
S817
9817
L817
8817
6817
0617
1617
2617
£617
17617
N
T
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
,-i
°
,-i
TT
.i
,ti
N
TT
TT
rn
,
a
Decay
m
(v]
M
m
f7
N
(h
f]
N
m
,
tU
N
N
N
tied
Jo
azlS
h
N
Failure
probabi
lity
N
co
Observations
Mallet test solid at base but
there is a large opening and
cavity beginning at 5 ft
above ground and extending
at least to 25 ft. Three of 5
root flares show some
damage from wounding
and /or galls.
Tree has been cut back
previously and is less likely
to fail. Mallet test solid and
probe found no basal cavity.
one root flare has decayed
and internal cavity visible on
two sides of the lower trunk.
Crown failure risk due to
decay near fork.
Crown failure risk due to
decay near fork.
root flare decay has
iinitiated in se root flare.
One ft above this flare a
large gall has deteriorated
exposing a large trunk
wound that will continue to
decay. Crown failure risk due
to decay near fork.
Large galls above two root
flares are in advanced stage
of decay. Se root flare has
decayed and wound extends
from ground level 10 ft
above ground.
Small cavity adjacent to se
root flare. Solid heartwood
visible beyond 6 inches
deep. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
Trunk wound on south side
wound extends from ground
level 15ft above ground.
Trunk wound extends from
ground level 8 ft above
ground.
Trunk wound at base of tree
on east side. Large gall in
crown.
Small cavity on sw side. I
was able to penetrate with
the probe beyond decaying
gall to area beneath the
trunk.
Work2
PIJOM
N
m
N
O N
E >
N 0
� U
remove tree
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Concern3
VA
root flare
decay west
side
Concern2
crown decay -
appears small
hollow trunk
trunk wound
tall crown
UMOJD Ilel
tall crown
tall crown
uMOJD lle]
long lateral
branch
Concernl
"a w
trunk wour,
basal decay
crown decay
T
0
U
0
V
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
trunk wound
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
tall crown
ueal
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slle9
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%S Z>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%S Z>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%S Z>
Basal decay
C
OJ
C O_
O 4
C ,0
none
apparent
visible soft
spat
;uajedd
euou
.>
U
N
'
>
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
Tree #
a
U
V
9617
L617
8617
rn
O,
•a-
000
TOS
ZOS
509
17 0 S
SOS
90S
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
TT
TT
O.
N
rn
,o
co
,o
co
co
N
Decay
M
N
co
,
N
,
N
.-I
.-I
,
N
tied
Jo
az!
01
DI
DO
DI
D'.
DI
N
DI
DI
DI
N
Failure
probabi
lity
(1
I
N
I
.--I
Observations
Large basal cavity and trunk
wound and decaying root
flare and gall on opposite
side.
Large cavity in top of trunk
that broke off in a pevious
storm. Mallet test is
negative. Tree tructure is
ruined. Consider removing
this tree.
Decay precursors --
decaying galls and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree for basal decay.
A 3 ft wound at ground level
on north side of trunk has
basal decay. Resistograph
test indicates basal decay
extends at least 10 inches
into trunk. Mallet test is
negative.
Decay on north flare and
gall. Resistograph test
indicates flare decay is
substantial and extends
beneath tree. Carpenter ants
prevented second drilling.
Mallet test was positive.
Large cavity at the top of
trunk stub. There may be a
column of decay. But
Resistograph test indicates
there is no column of decay
at DBH level.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree
monitor tree and
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
Concern3
Concern2
trunk wound
codominant
crown
flares OK
1
f
Concernl
basal decay
basal decay
trunk decay
in upper
trunk at fork
high potential
for basal
decay
i
10
U
n C
m
oc S
tall crown
tall crown
long lateral
branches
long lateral
branches
T co
0 E
U 1n
p
C N
3 a
o a
U (0
ueai
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
to
N
0
o
: O
N
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
O
0,
0, N
slleD
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
1
%SZ>
Lr,
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
0
N
N
V
Basal decay
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
O
o
N
n
> 0
none
apparent
O
o
N
a
> IA
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
C
N
N to
o a
C CO
Tree #
LOS
90S
60S
OTS
yr
ZTS
co
N
bTS
STS
9TS
N
N
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
0O
W
N
ZT
00
N
ZT
.-i
a,
Decay
.--I
N
,
,
N
no
N
N
N
N
tied
Jo
az!
00
00
00
00
00
CO
DI
O
Failure
probabi
lity
.
DI
1
,
CO
DI
N
Observations
Small trunk wound just
above east flare. Initial
stages of decay. Mallet test
indicates tree may have
internal trunk decay.
Resistograph tests indicate
trunk flare is solid at 12 And
24 inches above ground and
trunk is solid at DBH.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall on west side
and termite frass -- are
present. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present.
Resistograph test indicates
apparent soft spot on south
side of trunk base is solid .
Positive mallet test. Internal
column of decay visible.
Some old borer activity. No
sawdust apparent at this
time. Mallet test positive at
DBH on north side.
Resistograph test at flare on
west side showed small
amount of decay. Other
flares appear solid.
Resistograph test indicates
this area is solid.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. Two of 5 root flares are
beginning to decay. Large
hanging branch over edhe of
street.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. three of 5 root flares
are beginning to decay.
Trunk wound on east side of
tree.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
C
C
.
C
C
o T
U >
J N
° a) -c
remove hanging
branch
Workl
V) C
r a
C
1 c
o
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
t/) C
n O
I
m O
)1
remove tree -
cavity
0 o) _ m
u c . N
o
° a E
o m m
. N
u c
0 0
° a E
Concern3
URGENT!!
Concern2
crown decay -
appears small
crown decay -
appears small
trunk wound
m
C 5
. 01 C
m m
_c _0
C
(0
C
_
E C
O
o 0
0 0
Concernl
>
`a
c
long lateral
branches
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
tall crown
C
E
u
Aeoep leseq
�O
w m 3 j
a m>: 0
o fl O
m
2 m
a m>
�� CO
ueai
s
c
V
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
It
i
a
c
E
N v
3- excessive
>20 degrees
a) a)
m 0
a) m
o °
E ON
N V
tn
a) a)
0
g
o - °
E ON
N V
slle9
Ln
V
V
%OS - %SZ
8
Ln
89
Lr,
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
8
C
j T
,,i
%SL<
0
N
N
V
0
N
N
V
Basal decay
C
N
a) (0
oa
C O
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
visible cavity
none
apparent
C
N
a) f0
oa
C O
visible cavity
O
V)
a)
.�
> V)
O
V1
a)
.�
> V)
Tree #
03
11)
6TS
OZS
TZS
ZZS
CO
N
11)
bZ5
N
11)
00
N
111
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
O,
co
I,
co
O,
TT
co
TT
2
O,
OT
Decay
N
N
,
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
to
N
N
N
tied
Jo
az!
N
N
N
Failure
probabi
lity
N
N
N
Observations
Few galls low but large one
ontrunk at 8 ft above
ground.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Initial
decay stage on west root
flare.
Initial stages of a cavity on
east root flare. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Initial stages of a cavity on
east root flare stub.
Resistograph test indicated
soft spot extends from 3.5
inches under trunk. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Three of 6 root flares are in
various stages of decay. A
wound /cavity on the east
side above the flare has
contrubuted to the decline of
the flare below. Stabilty is of
concern in narrow median.
Cavities found with probe on
west and sw side of tree.
Mallet test solid and probe
found no basal cavity.
However, there are soft
areas under old galls that
appear to be initial stages of
decay. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
There are 2 basal cavities
under trunk on north and
south sides.
Large galls are so numerous
around root crown that
using the probe or
Resistograph is difficult.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present.
Cavity on south side.
Cavity under sw root flare.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
inconclusive
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
monitor tree and
reduction
pruning -
moderate
retain tree and
monitor
retain tree and
monitor
Concern3
dry wood
termite frass
tall crown
dry wood
termite frass
dry wood
termite frass
Concern2
tall crown
crown decay -
moderate
AAeey
- A2Dep UMOJD
MOJD Ile]
o
dead
branches over
street
Concernl
crown decay -
moderate
crown decay -
moderate
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
m
N To
O
L fl (0
cn
LE 2 O
high potential
for basal
decay
i
O
0 0
n
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
N N
N
0
O
N
N V
I
n
N V
3- excessive
>20 degrees
N
> N
)
I
I O
N
M A
2- moderate
<20 degrees
ro
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
%SL - %0S
%SL - %OS
%OS - %SZ
% - %SZ
0
O
0
N
%SL - %OS
%SL<
% - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
0 0
•> a
>
U
O
visible cavity
,.
O 0
> a
visible cavity
-O a)
N
a >
f O
visible cavity
visible cavity
Tree #
LZS
8ZS
6ZS
0£S
N
N
N
££S
V
N
S£S
,O
M
LES
8£S
07
a
O
•
J
LL
O
a Q
o_ '
co
J N
U O
U . N
U
m
0
07
Q
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
OT
N
a,
a,
a,
a
a,
N
rl
Decay
co
.-I
N
N
N
N
N
co
co
tied
Jo
az!
co
Failure
probabi
lity
f7
Observations
Cavity on north side of tree.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size. One root flare out of 4
has beginning stages of
decay.
Heavy decay in broken trunk
stub. Side branch near stub
may easily break off.
Structure cannot be
repaired.
Heavy under growth of
sanseveria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of basal decay on
east side of trunk.
Resistograph test indicated
soft spot extends from 6.5
inches under trunk. Mallet
test is negative. Monitor this
tree.
Heavy under growth of
sanseveria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of basal decay on 3
sides of trunk. Mallet test is
negative.
Heavy under growth of
sanseveria plants makes
evaluation difficult.
Resistograph test indicated
soft spot extends from 4 to
7.5 inches under trunk.
Monitor this tree and reduce
crown size.
Heavy under growth of
sanseveria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Basal
cavity visible on north side.
Heavy under growth of
sanseveria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of decay on east side
(tension side) of trunk. Tree
is lifting street asphalt.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
co
C
.
C
C no
O N
U - 6
D O
N E
reduction pruning
- moderate
TREE REMOVED
FEBRUARY 2011
FOR EVALUATION
Workl
retain tree and
monitor
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree
N
t
c
12 .,7,
c
C
v
U
K
reduction
pruning - heavy
N
L
a
12 .—
m -
O U C
in
,7, O
, U
C
monitor tree and
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Concern3
Concern2
crown decay -
appears small
tall crown
co E
o
c no
u no
crown decay -
extensive
decay in
crown -
moderate
lean -
unstable
Concernl
basal decay
crown decay -
appears small
To
2 To
high potential
for basal
decay
To
C
O) To
O O
a T
o 10
CD U
basal decay
To
basal decay
north side
high potential
for basal
decay
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
a
s
a
c
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
slle9
%SL - °Lo0S
%SL - °Lo0S
od
%0S - °LoSZ
V
V
0
o
0
N
N
8
8
od
°LoSZ>
0
N
N
0
a
lf1
Basal decay
visible cavity
none
apparent
O
O
N
Z) N
> a
suspected but
not visible
O
In
N
Z) N
> a
visible cavity
O
O
N
Z) N
> a
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
Tree #
6ES
017s
a
ZbS
n
v
bbS
LO
v
917S
LbS
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
co
co
LO
i0
co
OT
N
TT
a,
a,
Decay
,
N
.-1
f7
, 1
.i
,
,
N
N
to
N
I
tied
Jo
azig
f7
Failure
probabi
lity
N
I
Observations
Heavy under growth of
sanseveria plants makes
evaluation difficult. Initial
stages of decay at ground
level on south side beneath
trunk wound. Remove center
leader leaving two shorter
laterals. Tree is lifting street
asphalt.
Top removed. Little foliage
left. Structure damaged in
storm.
Column of decay visible in
trunk cavities. One heavily
decayed root flare on south
side of trunk. Tree is lifting
street asphalt.
Basal cavity is on south side
of tree.
Galls higher on the trunk
may weaken trunk.
Tree is lifting street asphalt.
Tree is lifting street asphalt.
Tree is lifting street asphalt.
Top of trunk has been
removed after storm. Heavy
basal decay on east and
south sides.
One root flare decayed on
east side.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. here
appears to be decay under
gall and trunk on north side.
12 inches to solid wood. Or
a deep interflare area hidden
by gall? Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Work2
TREE REMOVED
FEBRUARY 2011
FOR EVALUATION
m
C
C
J
aa,
C •O
O
U
C O
N E
Workl
ti a
a L
o >
u1 co
111 OI w
N N
t C E
reduction
pruning - light
none
recommended at
this time
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - heavy -
to reduce lean
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning - heavy
N
L
a .
o -
U
U C
'V1 O
N
.
Concern3
trunk decay
at old
heading cut
20 ft. above
ground
crown decay -
appears
moderate
Concern2
mallet test
positive
tall crown
long lateral
branch
mallet test
positive
codominant
crown
Concernl
2 To
LE 42 la
long lateral
branches
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
tall crown
codominant
crown
tall crown
tall crown
basal decay
and column
of decay
high potential
for basal
decay
0
C
N —
O 10
u
a_o m
U
LE O D
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
u1
N N
N
N m
O 7
O
N
N V
slle9
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
0
N
N
0
O
Basal decay
O
O
N
•> a
> u1
none
apparent
visible cavity
;ods
43os alglsiA
visible cavity
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible soft
spot
S
n
N
N T)
.O
a >
QI
u1 C
Tree #
co
V
6bS
OSS
TSS
ZSS
£SS
bSS
SSS
9SS
LSS
9SS
rn
v1
0
•
J
LL
O
a Q
o_ '
J N
- O
U
U .(1)
a)
U
U
0
O
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
W
W
W
TT
N
N
N
N
W
N
W
OT
N
Decay
,--I
.i
.-I
N
,-I
,
,-I
,-I
,-I
N
N
N
N
N
N
fa
1
1
,--I
N
,
I
N
M
,--I
tied
Jo
azig
1
rn
rn
rn
EN
N
M
M
M
N
N
M
M
N
N
N
Failure
probabi
lity
1
1
,
,
,
I
,
N
,- I
Observations
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Initial stages of basal decay
present on east side wound.
Resistograph test was
negative. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
A large column of decay
opens from groundlevel to
about 10 ft.
Long branches are weakly
attached to trunk because of
decay. Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
remove ficus growing in
upper crown.
Small diameter dead branch
and small hanging branch
over edge of street.
Large gall near base off tree
is a high potential for basal
decay in the future.
One of codominant leaders is
leaning over the street.
Reduce significantly or
remove this leader.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
remove dead
branches
Workl
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
none
recommended at
this time
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - light
none
recommended at
this time
reduction
pruning - light
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
none
recommended at
this time
Concern3
crown decay -
appears
moderate
Concern2
tall crown
tall crown
high potential
for basal
decay
dead
branches over
street
crown decay -
appears small
crown decay -
appears small
long lateral
branch
crown decay -
appears small
Concernl
high potential
for basal
decay
high potential
for basal
decay
tall crown
trunk decay
E r0
al
none
apparent
codominant
crown
tall crown
none
apparent
long lateral
branches
codominant
crown
long lateral
branches
tall crown
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
crown decay -
appears small
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
CD
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
slle9
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
Basal decay
none
apparent
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
visible cavity
C
O)
N (0
C O.
C a
C CO
none
apparent
none
apparent
;uaaedd
euou
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
none
apparent
Tree #
09S
T9S
Z9S
E9S
v
yr
S9S
99S
L9S
99S
69S
OLS
TLS
ZLS
ELS
bLS
SLS
N
T
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
W
W
N
N
(ID
0
0
0
ZT
N
0
0
Decay
N
,
-
N
,
-
N
N
N
N
.ti
N
M
M
,
N
N
tied
Jo
az!
co
Cr)
Cr)
Cr)
Cr)
Failure
probabi
lity
.ti
N
CV
CA
-
N
N
Observations
Large gall around base on
south side creates conditions
for basal decay.
Resistograph could not be
used because of gall size snd
location. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Mallet test is negative.
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Initial
stages of cavity forming
below gall. Resistograph
tests indicate trunk is being
undercut by basal decay at
this point.
Main risk from lean. Decay
precursors -- decaying gall
and termite frass -- are
present. Initial stages of
cavity forming on east side
under large gall.
Resistograph test indicates
tree is solid at that location.
Reduce crown size..
Urgent - remove asap
Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Initial
stages of cavity forming on
east side under large gall.
Resistograpgh test was
negative. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Basal cavity on west side.
Work2
reduction pruning
- moderate
Cn
CL
0 T
U Co
J w
Co
Co
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
(0
�
°
C
E E
C Ey
reduction
pruning -
moderate
none
recommended at
this time
N C p
�-
a °
Co E
O j 2
n', ro
E
r0
C
a
m '
O .
Wm
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
E
-LJ r0
r a
a
Co
O .�
(D m
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Concern3
Concern2
long lateral
branch
long lateral
branch
2
C Co
3 E
o °
U i
T
a `U° a
a o a
0 - O Co
To
ro _c
c E
trunk decay
trunk decay
Concernl
tall crown
codominant
crown
23 To
tall crown
none
apparent
Co
C
Co_
o f
a-
U
O
T15
2 T
tall crown
basal decay
T15
2 T
crown decay -
appears small
basal decay
ueai
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
O
V) r
L N
0 N
Co
.-i - O
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
euou
slle9
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
0
0
0
N
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
none
apparent
none
apparent
n
U .■)
a 5
(D o
° C
none
apparent
none
apparent
J
n
U .■)
a 5
(D o
0 C
U 'V)
a5
(D o
0 C
none
apparent
visible cavity
UV)
a5
(D o
0 C
none
apparent
visible cavity
Tree #
9LS
LLS
W
N
V)
6LS
08S
W
V)
N
W
V)
£8S
b8S
CD)
W
V)
98S
L8S
m
O
a
O
a Q
o_ '
J N
Co
U O
U .a�
a)
U
U
Co
01 O
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
at
OT
at
co
W
OT
,-1
ZT
OT
TT
,-1
TT
at
Decay
N
N
N
.ti
,-1
N
N
co
co
-
N
N
co
N
CO
N
N
tied
Jo
az!
co
CO
CO
Failure
probabi
lity
co
N
Observations
Branch failure possible due
to decay in crown.
Basal cavity on south side.
Trunk wound is solid. Mallet
test negative
Last tree on south end of
median. Initial stages of
basal decay on south side of
trunk beneath gall.
Resistograph test indicates
wood is solid in this area.
Monitor this tree and reduce
crown size.
Two of 5 root flares are
damaged. Decay precursors
-- decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Basal cavity on east side and
decaying gall and flare on
west side.
There is a small but deep
basal cavity on the south
side of trunk and a larger
cavity /wound on the ne side.
Mallet test is positive.
Tree may be more unstable
due to pavement on east
side and significant lean to
west.
Cavity visibly extends about
halfway into base of trunk
from the east side.
There are deep cavities on
the east and west sides. The
probe can extend almost
halfway under the tree.
Three of 7 root flares have
decayed.
Wound on ne and sw root
flares. Small trunk wound on
west side between root
flares. Monitor this tree and
reduce crown size.
ZHaoM
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - heavy
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning - heavy -
to reduce lean
ti c
gt to
reduction
pruning - heavy -
to reduce lean
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning - heavy -
to reduce lean
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning - heavy
Concern3
c 03
2 a
u ro
dry wood
termite frass
mallet test
positive
Concern2
crown decay -
appears small
codominant
crown
ro
codominant
crown
root flares OK
tall crown
tall crown
Concernl
basal decay
crown decay -
extensive
basal decay
trunk wound
C
4) —
O
a_o m
U
O D
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
basal decay
trunk decay
tall crown
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay, hollow
trunk
ueai
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
tn
ITS U
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
%SZ>
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%SZ>
%SL - %OS
50% - 75%
%SZ>
Basal decay
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
visible cavity
none
apparent
y
U V1
-.
W O
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
none
apparent
visible cavity
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
none
apparent
Tree #
88S
68S
06S
T6S
N
at
LO
£6S
b6S
S65
96S
L6S
865
66S
008
T08
Oct. 12, 2011
Hazard
score
a,
TT
OT
a,
a,
N
.i
TT
0I
TT
ZT
TT
Decay
N
co
co
N
CO
N
-
co
CO
N
CO
CO
CO
10
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
CO
N
CO
N
tied
Jo
az!
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
co
Failure
probabi
lity
co
co
co
Observations
Small wounds on several
root flares. Monitor this tree
and reduce crown size.
Cavity on west side between
root flares and on se flare.
There is decay in root flares.
No cavity is visible but basal
decay may begin if it hasn't
already.
Three of 5 root flares have
wounds or decay. Monitor
this tree and reduce crown
size.
Probable root damage when
driveway was installed..
All root flares are wounded
to some degree but appear
solid for now. Monitor this
tree and reduce crown size.
Tree appears to be in good
condition. Possibly a younger
tree than the others on the
street. Small wounds on
street -side root flares but no
decay so far. Free of galls so
far too.
One heavily decayed root
flare and large gall on west
side. Decay precursors --
decaying gall and termite
frass -- are present on east
side. Fresh conks on
decaying gall.
Large basal cavities visible
on north and southsides.
Damaged east root flare but
Resistograph test indicates
wood is solid at fare and at 2
ft above ground
Basal cavities on north and
east sides.
Basal cavity on south side of
trunk.
Basal cavity on south side of
trunk.
Work2
Retain tree and
monitor
reduction pruning
- moderate
reduction pruning
- moderate
Workl
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
Resistograph test
positive - retain
tree and monitor
remove tree -
cavity
reduction
pruning -
moderate
reduction
pruning -
moderate
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
Resistograph test
negative - retain
tree
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
remove tree -
cavity
Concern3
crown decay -
appears
moderate
crown decay -
appears small
dry wood
termite frass
crown decay -
appears
moderate
mallet test
positive
Concern2
tall crown
tall crown
tall crown
conk visible -
fresh
tall crown
C
3
0
U
T3
cp ,a2
trunk wound
codominant
crown, mallet
test positive
crown decay -
appearsmode
rate
Concernl
high potential
for basal
decay
Aeoep leseq
high potential
for basal
decay
high potential
for basal
decay
Aeoep leseq
high potential
for basal
decay
C
co
C _
E C
0
0 0
0
U U
basal decay
high potential
for basal
decay
basal decay
basal decay
basal decay
ueai
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
1- slight 10
degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
N
C
O
C
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
3- excessive
>20 degrees
2- moderate
<20 degrees
slle9
%SZ>
%0S - %SZ
%SZ>
%OS - %SZ
%SL<
%SL - %OS
0
N
N
V
Lo
r.
%SL - %0S
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
%OS - %SZ
Basal decay
none
apparent
visible cavity
;ods
;dos e q!s!A
visible soft
spot
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
C
N
N co
o a
C (0
.]
m
U
N
.N
visible cavity
suspected but
not visible
visible cavity
visible cavity
visible cavity
Tree #
Z08
£08
1708
S08
908
L08
co
0
co
rn
0
m
0T8
TT8
ZT8
£19
1718
Tw
Oct. 12, 2011