LTC 369-2024 Draft Resilient Florida Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Public Comment PeriodMIAMI BEACH
OFFICE OF THE CITY MANAGER
NO.LTC#LETTER TO COMMISSION
TO:Honorable Mayor Steven Meiner and Members of the City Commission
o·(0.a.t.FROM:Eric Carpenter,City Manager Zy @fW>
DATE:August 27,2024
SUBJECT:Draft Resilient Florida Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Public Comment
Period
The purpose of this Letter to Commission is to provide notification of the public comment period
for the draft Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment update report.Funded by a Resilient
Florida grant,the public comment period is open through September 6",2024.The report is
available for review at www.MBRisingAbove.com/VA and comments can be emailed to
MBRisingAbove@miamibeachfl_gov.
The draft Vulnerability Assessment,developed by consultant AECOM,analyzes how sea level
rise may impact City of Miami Beach assets considering 2040 and 2070 NOAA projections.This
includes flooding from a combination of factors including sea level rise,groundwater,rainfall,and
storm surge.Assets evaluated include the City's critical facilities and infrastructure.While the
City has successfully been awarded more than $79 million in Resilient Florida grant funding to
date,assets considered for future grant applications must be defined in the Vulnerability
Assessment.
The Vulnerability Assessment is both quantitative and qualitative,including compound flooding
modeling and the community's social vulnerability.The City engaged over 160 community
members in the development of the assessment through eight virtual focus groups and in-person
workshops held at local community events in South Beach,Mid Beach,and North Beach.The
Assessment will be a valuable tool for the development of an Adaptation Plan to build resilience
to sea level rise and coastal flooding.The Adaptation Plan,also funded through a Resilient Florida
grant,will build on studies and plans such as the Neighborhood Project Prioritization,Blue-Green
Stormwater Infrastructure Concept Plan and Road Elevation Strategy (2020),and the Buoyant
City Study (2020),in addition to other sources.
If you have any questions regarding this project,please contact Amy Knowles,Chief Resilience
Officer at amyknowles@miamibeachfl.gov or Juanita Ballesteros,Sustainability and Resilience
Manager at JuanitaBallesteros@miamibeachfl.gov.
pl »u enk o w
Attachment:Draft Vulnerability Assessment
369-2024
C ity of Miami Beach
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability
Assessment Report
DRAFT
August 2024
MIAMI BEACH
RISING
ABOVE
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
This work was funded in part through a grant agreement from the Florida Department of
Environmental Protection's Office of Resilience and Coastal Protection Resilient Florida
Program.The views,statements,findings,conclusions,and recommendations expressed
herein are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the views of the State of
Florida or any of its subagencies.
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Key Terms i
l.Introduction 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Project Area and Setting 3
1.3 Community Perspectives of Sea Level Rise Hazards 4
1.4 Sea Level Rise Resilience Goals and Approach 6
1.5 Planning Context and Coordination 7
1.6 Report Organization 8
2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 9
2.1 Vulnerability Assessment Approach 9
2.2 Criti ca I Assets 11
2.3 Sea Level Rise Hazard Mapping 14
2.3.1 King Tide Flooding 15
2.3.2 Compound Flooding 19
2.3.3 Storm Tide (Storm Surge)Flooding 23
2.4 Vulnerability Assessment and Key Findings 24
2.5 Vulnerability Assessment Key Findings 26
2.5.1 North Beach Vulnerability 29
2.5.2 Mid Beach Vulnerability 34
2.5.3 South Beach Vulnerability 39
2.5.4 Key Takeaways 46
3.Next Steps 49
4.References 51
Appendices A-l
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
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City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Acronyms
CDC
DEM
FDEP
FEMA
GIS
IPCC
LIDAR
MHHW
NAVD88
NESDIS
NOAA
SWMMP
Center for Disease Control
Digital Elevation Model
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Geographic Information System
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
light detection and ranging
Mean Higher High Water
North American Vertical Datum of 1988
National Environmental Satellite,Data,and Information Service
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Stormwater Modeling and Master Plan
Key Terms
10-year rainfall (10-percent annual chance
rainfall):A rainfall event with a 10-percent
chance of being equaled or exceeded in any
given year.For this report,8.75-inches of rainfall
over a 24-hour period represents the 10-year
(10-percent annual chance)rainfall flooding
event as determined by the City of Miami Beach's
Stormwater Modeling and Master Plan.
100-year flood (1-percent annual chance flood):
A flood event with a l-percent chance of being
equaled or exceeded in any given year.For this
report,6.2-feet (NAVD88)above mean sea level
is used to represent the 100-year (1-percent
annual chance)storm tide (storm surge)flooding
event.
Adaptation:The process of adjustment to actual or
expected stressors in order to moderate effects
or exploit beneficial opportunities.
Adaptive Capacity:The potential or ability of an
asset,system,or community to adapt to the
effects or impacts of a stressor (e.g.,climate
change).
Asset:City owned or regionally significant
infrastructure within the City of Miami Beach
boundary as defined by the Resilient Florida
grant program (§.380.093,F.S.).
Assessment:
Assessment.
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability
City:The City of Miami Beach.
Compact:Southeast Florida Regional Climate
Change Compact
Compound Flooding:The combined effect of two or
more flood sources (e.g.,rainfall and king tide)
occurring simultaneously.
Consequence:The severity of community impacts
that would occur should the asset fail,incur
significant damage,or become unusable due to
flood exposure
Exposure:The presence of people,livelihoods,
ecosystems,infrastructure,or other assets in
places that could adversely affected.
Flood Scenarios:Term used to collectively refer to
the twenty-one modeled flooding conditions
used in the Vulnerability Assessment.Includes
the existing conditions,NOAA Intermediate
Low,NOAA Intermediate High,and NOAA High
projections for each flood type for 2040 and
2070
Flooding:Temporary occurrence of water levels
exceeding normally dry elevations;typically
associated with an episodic event,such as a
storm tide (storm surge)
••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Acronyms and Key Terms 1
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report [DRAFT
Groundwater Flooding:The ponding of water in
low-lying areas due to an elevated water table
raising water to the surface.
Inundation:The process of normally dry areas being
submerged.
King Tide:Higher than normal,but predictable,
seasonal tides that occur each year during a
new or full moon.
Mean Higher High Water:Average of the highest
of two high tides occurring each day over the
National Tidal Datum.
Resilience:Degree to which a system or asset
rebounds,recuperates,or recovers from
exposure to stressors.
Risk:Potential losses or impacts (consequences)that
could occur if an asset or system is inoperable
due to exposure.
Sea Level Rise:Refers to the increase in average
global sea levels,often due to melting glaciers
and thermal expansion.
Sensitivity:The likelihood an asset will fail,incur
significant damage,or become unusable due to
flood exposure.
Social Vulnerability:Refers to the demographic and
socioeconomic factors (such as poverty,lack of
access to transportation,and crowded housing)
that adversely affect communities that encounter
hazards and other community-level stressors.
Socially Vulnerable Neighborhood:A census tract
classified by the CDC's Social Vulnerability Index
as being in the Top-25%(quartile)of social
vulnerability.
Storm Tide:Temporary,short-term increase in sea
level above predicted astronomical tide levels
due to atmospheric pressure changes,wind,
and/or freshwater inflows.Also referred to as
storm surge.
Stressor:Events and trends,both climate-related
and not,that have an important effect on
an asset or system that can increase risk and
vulnerability.
Tidal Flood Days:The frequency of nuisance
flooding conditions (i.e.,frequent,minor flooding
during high tides)
Vulnerability:The predisposition of an asset or
system to be adversely affected by climate
change.It is typically defined by a combination
of exposure,sensitivity,and adaptive capacity.
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1.Introduction
1.1 Project Overview
The City of Miami Beach (City)has long been a leader in recognizing the threat posed by sea level rise and
taking proactive adaptation actions to establish a resilient City,ready for a changing future.The City has
been,and will continue to be,at the forefront of sea level rise impacts due to the relatively low elevations and
porous geology found in this region of Southeast Florida.Figure 1.1 conceptually illustrates the various sources
of flooding impacting the City and how future sea level rise will raise the baseline of flooding events.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l.In t r o d u c t io n
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
r=All Factor•.7
King Tide
StormSurge
Waves Rainfall
t1+#ER.--Sea Level RisingRiseGroundwater Rainfall
mSurge
Figure I.l:Representation of contributing flood scenarios in compound flooding.
In recent decades,the City has begun to face
the impacts of sea level rise.This has included
more frequent flooding of coastal roadways and
low-lying areas during king tide events and more
widespread ponding during heavy rainfall events.
These events cause travel disruptions,damage to
City infrastructure and private property,and during
extreme events,can pose threats to life and safety.
Future sea level rise is projected to increase flooding
scale and severity,as coastal floodwaters become
more likely to overtop current shoreline infrastructure
and elevated bay and ocean water levels further
decrease the effectiveness of the existing stormwater
drainage system.
To more comprehensively understand the risk that
future sea level rise poses,the City conducted this
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment (Assessment)
to identify the City-owned and regionally significant
assets most vulnerable to different flood sources
across a range of current and future sea level
conditions.The Assessment provides a means for the
City to identify and prioritize assets most vulnerable
to impacts of sea level rise.The Assessment highlights
key vulnerabilities that will inform the City's ongoing
adaptation planning efforts.
The objectives of the Assessment include:
•Identification and prioritization of critical City
assets at risk to current and future flood events;
•Identification of critical assets that serve the
City's most socially vulnerable communities;
•Engagement of the public and stakeholders and
incorporation of feedback into the Assessment
methodology and prioritization criteria and;
•Development of outreach materials to
communicate the findings of the Assessment to
City department leads and the public.
The Assessment was developed to be compliant with
Section 380.093 of the Florida Statute (§.380.093,
F.S.),which defines a coordinated statewide effort
organized through the Resilient Florida Program
to adapt communities to the risks associated with
increased precipitation,extreme weather,and sea
level rise.Completion of the Assessment meets the
requirements outlined $.3580.093,F.S.and allows
the City to remain eligible for funding assistance for
implementation projects that address specific flood
vulnerabilities identified in the Assessment.
2 1.Introduction ,•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
1.2 Project Area and Setting
Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and
Biscayne Bay to the west,the City is a narrow barrier
island and thus is vulnerable to flooding hazards from
all directions,including from groundwater underneath
the City.Ground elevations throughout the City are
relatively low,particularly on the west side where
elevations average only five feet above sea level.
Strong coastal flooding events,such as king tides
and storm tides (storm surges)from tropical storms,
can overtop low shorelines and create pathways
for floodwaters to other low-lying areas.Elevated
coastal water levels can also prevent stormwater
drainage at coastal outfalls,creating rainfall
ponding throughout the City during heavy rainfall
events,particularly on roadways or low-lying areas.
The City's porous limestone bedrock also allows king
tides to elevate groundwater to the surface,flooding
low-lying areas and impeding natural stormwater
infiltration.
The City is comprised of three regions:North Beach,
Mid Beach,and South Beach.Within these regions,
the City is divided into 14 major neighborhoods
(Figure 1.2).The findings of the Assessment will be
discussed in the context of these well-established
geographic areas to more easily communicate
results.
The City is heavily urbanized,which exacerbates
flood impacts.Buildings,roadways,and other
impervious surfaces impede stormwater drainage
and accelerate runoff to low-lying areas.The City
is reliant on its stormwater infrastructure to capture
and convey stormwater away from critical assets.
Much of the City's existing stormwater infrastructure
is projected to become overwhelmed by future
flooding conditions due to sea level rise which will
further worsen flooding impacts in the City.
In recent decades,the increasing frequency of
flooding has forced both the South Florida region
and the City specifically to evolve its relationship
with water.Beginning in 2010,the Southeast Florida
Regional Climate Change Compact (Compact)
was established to coordinate flooding mitigation
and adaptation activities across all counties in the
Southeast Florida region.The City continues to rely
on the Compact's work to influence sea level rise
planning efforts,including this Assessment.
Mid
Beach
N
AO 05 ]Mies'----'---'
Figure 1.2:Miami Beach regions and neighborhoods
In 2014,the Blue Ribbon Panel on Flooding and Sea
Level Rise was established by the City Commission
to provide localized planning recommendations and
ordinance updates to adapt the City's shorelines to
sea level rise.The City has utilized guidance from
these organizations to take several physical actions
to respond to sea level rise,including elevating
frequently flooded roadways such as Alton Road,
installing stormwater pump stations,and enacting
multiple,forward-planning initiatives such as
increasing seawall minimum height requirements.
Future adaptation strategies developed from
the findings of this Assessment will provide the
opportunity for the City to continually increase its sea
level rise resilience and preserve its culture and way
of life as a coastal city.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l.Introduction 3
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report DRAFT
1.3 Community Perspectives of Sea Level Rise Hazards
Figure 1.3:City staff discussing how the City floods with residents at a pop-up event.
Early in the Assessment process,the City engaged in
conversations with community members to integrate
local knowledge on flood hazards into the planning
process.Community engagement events included
a series of eight small focus group interviews with
residents and business owners and three pop-up
engagement workshops (Figure 1.3)that coincided
with ongoing community events.At each event,
participants were provided an opportunity to detail
how flooding events currently impact their life and
what assets or infrastructure they consider the
most valuable in their community.These community
engagement opportunities and conversations
influenced the Assessment by:
•Providing an understanding ot community flood
concerns,
•Identifying the populations most vulnerable to
flood hazards,
•Recording areas where flooding has been
worsening over time,and
•Identifying City assets highly valued by the
community.
4 l.Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
Public input informed asset vulnerability ratings in the Assessment and prioritization criteria for ongoing
infrastructure needs described in the accompanying Adaptation Plan.Key themes raised across all community
engagement events included:
Recognition of higher flood vulnerabilities
along Biscayne Bay:City infrastructure located
along the western Biscayne Bay shore experience
more flooding than those located near the eastern
dune areas.The increase in flood exposure is due
to two main factors:lower land elevations along
the Bay allow for more shoreline overtopping and
groundwater flooding and decrease the ability
for gravity-based stormwater systems to drain
efficiently.
•Importance of roadway access:Dependable
roadway access throughout the City,and to
the mainland via bridges and causeways,was
consistently identified as a vulnerability.Residents
and business owners frequently expressed concerns
about limited mobility and inaccessible roadways
during annual flood events,impeding their ability
to access homes,businesses,and basic amenities.
These events commonly produced frustrating
traffic congestion,which participants believe will
be exacerbated by sea level rise and increased
precipitation intensity in the future.
•Community facilities and public spaces are
already at risk:Residents identified several
community facilities and public spaces (e.g.,Scott
Rakow Youth Center,Flamingo Park,and Fisher
Park)that already experience flooding.Parks and
other outdoor spaces significantly contribute to
quality of life in highly urbanized Miami Beach
and serve as a social hub for many residents.
Several public schools (e.g.,Biscayne Elementary
and Nautilus Middle School)were also noted as
frequently flooded,which affects school pick up/
drop off.
•Concern over long-term real estate and
property value:Homeowners and business owners
expressed concern about the potential effect of
sea level rise on property values,insurance,and
local investment in the City.Many residents have
experienced sharp increases in insurance rates
in the last few years,and fear that they will be
forced to leave the City due to high property and
insurance costs even before the City becomes
unlivable due to the physical effects of sea level
rise (if no action is taken).
•Aging flood protection structures:The City's sea
level rise issues are compounded by a reliance on
an aging flood protection network.Large portions
of the City currently depend on a system of
seawalls and gravity-based stormwater drainage
infrastructure that was designed in the early to mid-
1900s without consideration of changing climate
conditions.Property owners noted that seawater
commonly seeps through cracks in their seawalls,
particularly during high tides.Many interviewees
also noted ponding water due to undersized and
aging stormwater inlets and pipes.
•Vulnerable populations are most at risk:
Community members noted that flooding
vulnerabilities are unequally distributed across
the City.Many hospitality and service industry
employees are more likely to rely on bus and non-
motorized forms of transportation,such as bicycles
and walking,to access jobs and City amenities,
and thus experience longer commute times during
flood events.Elderly residents also face higher
vulnerabilities as flooding and ponding water limit
mobility,increase the likelihood of flood-related
medical emergencies (e.g.,slip or fall),and can
increase social isolation.
•Need for coping mechanisms on an individual
scale:Many residents have already been forced
to adopt coping mechanisms to adapt to flooding
on a personal level.Examples include raising the
elevations of homes,docks,and private seawalls,
purchasing high-clearance vehicles to drive
through flooded streets,cleaning debris built up
around local storm drains,and carrying flip-flops or
rubber boots in the summer to commute on flooded
sidewalks.
The public engagement events assisted the City
in identifying additional assets to include in the
Assessment that were highly valued by the community.
The experiences and impacts voiced by the
community align with the key vulnerabilities identified
by the Assessment,and key themes captured through
community engagement are integrated throughout
the Assessment.A more detailed description of
the community engagement process is provided in
Appendix A.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1.Introduction 5
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report /DRAFT
1.4 Sea Level Rise Resilience Goals and Approach
This Assessment represents the City's latest step forward in achieving its flood resilience vision.Assessment
findings will lead to better protection of the City's critical infrastructure from future sea level rise,alleviate
travel disruptions during heavy rainfall events,and ensure that community valued assets are safeguarded into
the future.
The City established the following goals specific to
this approach:
•Increase the resilience of the City to immediate
and long-term sea level rise challenges.
•Protect and enhance City infrastructure,natural
resources,and the overall quality of life for all.
•Prioritize adaptation strategies for locations
that align with communities that may experience
inequitable impacts of sea level rise.
This Assessment is the first phase in this approach
(Figure 1.4).In Phase 1,the City's critical assets
were assessed for vulnerability to current and future
flooding.The Assessment resulted in a list of key
assets and areas most vulnerable to sea level rise.
The key vulnerabilities informed the development of
several adaptation pathways to reduce asset risk
and community impacts from flooding in the City's
Adaptation Plan (Phase 2).The City will use the
findings from this plan and the pathways developed
in the Adaptation Plan to design policies and projects
that address the key vulnerabilities identified (for
example,through annual grant applications to the
Resilient Florida program or other sources of state
and federal funding)(Phase 3).
Resilient Florida Planning Grants
Resilient Florida
Implementation Grants---
---ldentifying key areas and assets at risk Developing strategies to reduce risk
Phase 3:
Strategy
Implementation
Implementing strategies (design,
construction,policy adoption]
Figure ].4:Vulnerability Assessment and adaptation planning process.
6 l.Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
1.5 Planning Context and Coordination
This Assessment is positioned within a broader history of City plans and projects focused on addressing sea
level rise impacts.The findings from this Assessment and the accompanying Adaptation Plan will add to and
progress these ongoing initiatives.While climate change considerations are embedded in many City plans
and projects,the following plans are the primary documents that guide the City's vulnerability and adaptation
planning process:
•Stormwater Modeling and Master Plan
{SWMMP,2024):The SWMMP conducted a
comprehensive assessment of the City's existing
stormwater drainage infrastructure and water
management features to identify capacity,
water quality,and potential flooding issues.The
SWMMP modeled the anticipated flood impacts
from the interaction of a 10-year,24-hour rain
event and varying levels of sea level rise through
2060.The SWMMP model incorporated recently
completed stormwater projects and proposed
stormwater pumps to determine their impact on
flooding issues.The SWMMP provides incremental
adaptation actions in critical areas,which can be
adapted to changing future changing conditions
and are designed to be implemented over 10
years.The findings from this Assessment can
be incorporated into the planning and design
of these initial adaptation actions to reduce
stormwater flooding risk to highly vulnerable
assets in the identified critical areas.
•Neighborhood Project Prioritization Report
(Jacobs 2020a):This report evaluated and
prioritized the City's future capital infrastructure
projects based on the projected flood risk,
threats to public safety,and the need to maintain
key City services.The recommendations include
incentivizing nature-based solutions into project
design to address water quality issues and
improve floodplain management.The findings
from this report and the Assessment can be
utilized cooperatively to identify adaptation
pathways that incorporate green infrastructure
aspects into projects to protect key City assets
from future sea level rise.
•Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment
Guidebook {Guidebook,2017):The City's 2017
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment provided
an initial prioritization of assets for adaptation
planning and identified key vulnerable assets
within each City department.This Assessment
builds upon the Guidebook by identifying
vulnerable critical assets,refining the vulnerability
assessment methodology,and placing a stronger
emphasis on the incorporation of public input.
The updated Assessment also maintains the City's
compliance with Section 3580.095 of the Florida
Statute ($.380.093,F.S.),and allows the City to
apply for implementation funds based on the
findings.
A list of additional complementary City initiatives
and their relevance to the Assessment is included in
Appendix B.
,,••,.......•..•••..•..........•...•..•....•..•..•..•....•....••......••..•....•••..••..........••••••••..•••1.Introduction 7
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
1.6 Report Organization
This report describes the approach to complete the
Assessment and key findings.The report is organized
as follows:
•Section 1.Introduction:project overview,
project area and setting,community
perspectives,resilience goals and approach,
planning context and coordination,and report
organization.
•Section 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability
Assessment:vulnerability assessment approach,
critical assets,sea level rise hazard mapping,
and key vulnerability findings.
•Section 3.Next Steps:summary of Assessment
purpose and the City's planned use of key
findings.
Section 2 of the report is intended to serve as an
overview summary of the Assessment methodology
and findings.Appendices provide more technical
details on the methodology for each Section 2
subsection.The Appendix structure is as follows:
•Appendix A:Stakeholder Engagement
•Appendix B:Gap Analysis
•Appendix C:Asset Inventory
•Appendix D:Review Sea Level Rise Science and
Flood Hazard Mapping
•Appendix E:Vulnerability Assessment
•Appendix F:Asset Exposure Matrix and Flooding
Severity Maps
8 l.Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·
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av»in
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2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment
2.1 Vulnerability Assessment Approach
Climate vulnerability assessments provide a systematic approach to evaluate a community's risk to future
climate conditions.This Assessment provides information about the potential timing,extent,and consequence
of future flooding events influenced by sea level rise.The objective of the Assessment is to identify the City
assets most vulnerable to future flooding scenarios,so that these assets can be prioritized for future adaptation
actions.The findings of this Assessment informed the development of the City's Adaptation Plan that includes
strategies to integrate sea level rise adaptation into City planning,design,and operations.
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report /DRAFT
The approach for this Assessment began with
extensive community engagement (Appendix A)
to gather stakeholder perspectives on current
flooding impacts and highly valued assets.The City
then collected information on critical City assets
and regionally significant assets (Appendix C)and
identified which are projected to be exposed to
future flooding conditions (Appendices D &E).In
addition to general flood exposure,the Assessment
also considered an asset's function and importance
to the community to evaluate its relative sea level
rise vulnerability (Appendix E).For each asset,
vulnerability was determined by evaluating the
following measures:
Exposure -"How many flooding scenarios
impact the asset?"Exposure is associated with
the number of scenarios under which an asset
would be flooded.
•Sensitivity -"What are the impacts and
potential damage to the asset if it is
flooded?"Sensitivity is associated with the
likelihood an asset will fail,incur significant
damage,or become unusable for any duration of
time due to flood exposure.
•Consequence -"What are the community
impacts if the asset fails?"Consequence
is associated with the severity of community
impacts that would occur should the asset fail,
incur significant damage,or become unusable.
A scoring methodology (more information in
Section 2.4 and Appendix E)was developed to
quantify each of these three vulnerability criteria.
Scores for each were summed to establish a total
vulnerability score for each asset (Figure 2.1).
Assets were then organized into a list ranked by
total vulnerability scores to establish the City's most
vulnerable assets.These assets had the highest
combined exposure,sensitivity,and consequence
scores.
Additional information for each of the principal
steps in this approach are provided in Sections 2.2
and 2.5.Section 2.4 provides the key vulnerability
findings from the Assessment.
Exposure +Sensitivity +Consequence --Total Vulnerability Score
Figure 2.l:Vulnerability Assessment methodology.
])'}ea level Hise /ulnerability SSessments·+·······+·································+·+·································«·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
2.2 Critical Assets
An important first step in understanding an asset's flood vulnerability is accurately capturing the asset's
location and characteristics.This information is necessary to analyze the asset's exposure to current and
future flood scenarios,and sensitivity to and consequences of flooding.Completing this analysis required the
compilation and organization of relevant City asset datasets from previous vulnerability assessments and from
other City departments and partners (see Appendix B for more information on data sources and gap analysis).
This inventory was also supplemented by assets identified during the community engagement events.
The final asset inventory included nearly 60,000 City-owned and regionally significant assets.Inventoried assets
were classified into four categories1 based on asset function and the managing entity responsible for their
maintenance.A more detailed description,including the full list of inventoried assets within each category,
and supporting data sources are described in Appendix C.
-2-}a«et tat±±;a:
$
_
Source:Adobe Stock Photo.
Figure 2.2:Alton Road,South Beach.
Figure 2.3:Aerial image of the Venetian Islands,
showing bridge connections.
Below are descriptions of the four categories:
Transportation Assets and Evacuation
Routes The City's transportation network
links residents and visitors with community
facilities,jobs,recreation,and neighborhoods.
It also provides critical connection points to the
mainland and evacuation routes.Evaluated
assets in this category include roadways,
evacuation routes,bridges,marinas,and bus
stops.Transportation assets include those owned
by the City,Miami-Dade County,and the Florida
Department of Transportation.
Critical Infrastructure The City is responsible
for the preservation of public welfare and
providing basic services for residents and
visitors.To accomplish this goal,the City relies
on a network of utility infrastructure,including
wastewater,electrical,stormwater,potable
water,and communication assets.Critical
infrastructure included in the Assessment
represent a combination of individual assets
owned and maintained by the City,private
telecommunication companies,and Florida
Power and Light.This asset category also
includes disaster debris management sites,which
provide a temporary staging area for post-storm
debris collection and removal.
The four categories align with the requirements established by the Resilient Florida grant program (s.380.093 F.S.).
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
Source:Google Mops.
Figure 2.4:West Ave Substation,showing infrastructure elevated to protect against flooding.
•Critical Community and Emergency
Facilities The City includes numerous public
facilities that provide community services
promoting the safety,health,and well-being of
residents and visitors.These include public safety
facilities,such as fire stations,law enforcement,
hospitals,City administrative buildings,schools,
libraries,affordable housing areas,and
community centers.
Source:Miami Herold.
•Historical,Cultural,and Natural Resources
There are numerous public sites that are
significant to the City's social livelihood and
multicultural community.This includes the City's
park system which was repeatedly noted by
residents to increase their quality of life in the
City during the community engagement events.
Environmental resources,such as the coastal
dune system,also enhance local ecosystems and
provide natural resilience to flood hazard events.
Resources evaluated in the assessment include
parks,natural shorelines,historical sites,art,and
cultural points of interest.
p
a
Source:Miami Herold.
Figure 2.5:Fire Station #1.Figure 2.6:Police Headquarters.
12 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment •···•··········••••···••·••··•··••·····••••••••••·•··•••••••••••••··••·•·····•·•••·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Source:Adobe Stock Photo.
Figure 2.7:Flamingo Park
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
2.3 Sea Level Rise Hazard Mapping
As sea levels rise,flood extents are projected to
increase for both expected events,such as annual
high tides and heavy rainfall events,as well as for
unexpected events,such as coastal storms (e.g.,
hurricanes).As flooding extents increase due to
rising sea levels,so too will the number of impacted
City assets.To understand the potential worsening
impacts,the City created a series of flood hazard
maps that could be compared to the locations of
inventoried assets.Each map considered one primary
flood source (king tide,compound flooding,and
coastal storms)and included the potential flooding
extent based on existing water levels or several
future water levels due to continued sea level rise.
Three sea level rise scenarios and associated sea
level rise amounts were selected to estimate the
extent of future flooding at select future dates
(Figure 2.8).The years 2040 and 2070 were chosen
because they represent a near-and long-term
planning horizon,respectively.Two of the sea level
12
rise scenarios (NOAA 2017 Intermediate Low and
NOAA 2017 Intermediate High)were selected to
comply with the Resilient Florida program2.The City
included a third scenario (NOAA 2017 High),which
represents a more rapid rise in future sea level,as a
more extreme scenario that can potentially be used
for developing adaptation strategies for critical
infrastructure (e.g.,emergency facilities)3.
The following subsections further describe the three
considered flood sources and how rising sea levels
will worsen flooding impacts for each.Each section
includes an example flood hazard map with the 2040
NOAA Intermediate High scenario (l foot of sea level
rise)to detail the increase in flood extents compared
to existing conditions.More detailed information
and documentation of the methodology used to
create the mapped flood hazard layers and a full set
of maps showing the progression of flooding from
existing conditions to 2070 for each flood source is
provided in Appendix D.
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10
.'
8
Year NOAA NOAA NOAA
Int Low Int High High---·.......
2040 0.3 1.0 1.3
2070 0.9 2.9 4.1
6
50-Year Planning Horizon
4
•
2
0
--------•••--------------
."9 .a----------...------~~---------
2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Year
2080 2090 2100 2110 2120
Note:A 0.4-foot offset was applied to the NOAA projections to adjust the baseline year from 2000 to 2020.This is based on Compact guidance that
states 0.3 feet of sea level rise occurred from 2000 to 20l7,which extrapolates to 0.4 feet from 2000 to 2020.
Figure 2.8:NOAA Sea level rise scenarios considered in the Vulnerability Assessment.
Sea level rise values are in feet {NAVDBB).
http://www.leg.stote.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?Aop_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL9300-0399/0380/Sections/0380.093.html
The use of the NOAA High Curve is also recommended by the Unified Sea Level Rise tor this purpose:(https://southeasttloridoclimatecompact.org/initiative/regionally-
unified-sea-level-rise-projection/]
14 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment •••••••••··••·•·····•••··•·•······••·••••·····•·•••············•··•··••·•••·•••••··
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
2.3.1 King Tide Flooding
King tides in the City occur annually in late fall and
generate the highest regularly occurring tides each
year and may persist for several days.During king
tide events,elevated coastal waters can overtop
low-lying shorelines and can also cause groundwater
King Tide Inundation
<1 ...
1-2 ))u.2-3 £
3-4
4-5
>5
Shoreline Overtopping
to emerge on the ground surface,flooding low-
lying inland areas.Sea level rise will further elevate
coastal water levels during these annual events.This
will allow tidal waters to more frequently overtop
shoreline areas and flood low-lying coastal areas.
Figure 2.9:High tide
(king tide of 1.8 ft (NAVO,88}}
flooding map example and
I.0 ft of sea level rise
(2040 NOAA Intermediate
High scenario].
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Baseline (i.e.,existing)king tide flooding extent was
determined from the City's median annual king tide
water elevation from 1994 to 2020 (1.8-feet NAVD88)
determined by tidal elevation data at the National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's
(NOAA)Virginia Key Tide Gauge.Future high tide
flood extents were created by adding the projected
sea level rise amounts (Figure 2.8)to baseline king
tide conditions.King tide flooding in 2040 (baseline
king tide conditions+1.0 ft of sea level rise)is shown
in Figure 2.9.Depths of flooding are shown in blue
shades,with darker shades indicating deeper depths.
Groundwater flooding areas are shown in purple and
shoreline areas projected to be overtopped in this
scenario are yellow.
In the 2040 Intermediate High scenario,king tide
flooding is primarily concentrated along the west
side of the City adjacent to Biscayne Bay and canals.
This is similar to existing king tide flooding patterns
but is more extensive.In this scenario,tidal water
levels overtop many of the City's existing public
and privately-owned seawalls,providing a pathway
for coastal flooding to move inland and impact
properties and infrastructure.Throughout most of the
City,flood depths do not exceed 1 foot.However,
several low-lying streets (e.g.,Alton Rd,North Bay Rd,
Crespi Blvd,and 5th St)may have flood depths of
up to 2 feet.Groundwater flooding areas are less
prominent than during the existing king tide scenario
as these previously disconnected areas are now
flooded by king tide.Groundwater flooding is still
the main source of flooding projected for southern
portions of the Ocean Front neighborhood.
Additional areas of interest exposed to the 2040
Intermediate High scenario are further described
by City region and neighborhood below.The letter
before each description is paired to a text box on the
map (Figure 2.9)identifying the area of interest.
North Beach
•[A]The most extensive flooding and shorelines
projected to be overtopped occur in Normandy
Isles and Normandy Shores.Many low-lying
roadways in these neighborhoods could be
exposed to flooding,but depths are not
anticipated to be greater than one foot.
•(Bl Overtopping of the Tatum Waterway could
cause flooding as far west as Hawthorne Ave.in
the Biscayne Point neighborhood and as far east
as Harding Ave.in the North Shore neighborhood.
Streets and property in the northwest area of
the La Goree neighborhood are also exposed to
flooding.
•[C]Groundwater flooding is concentrated in
Biscayne Point,North Shore,and the northern
areas of the La Goree neighborhood.
Mid Beach
•[D]The majority of the king tide (+l foot of sea
level rise)flooding extent is anticipated to be
concentrated on the west side of Mid Beach.
•[E]Nearly all roadways within the Nautilus
neighborhood north of Mt.Sinai Hospital are
exposed to flooding.The Bay Shore neighborhood
is projected to experience flooding along much
of Royal Palm Ave.The northern two Sunset
Islands (Sunset Islands I and 11)are also exposed
to flooding,especially along the low-lying
roadways.
•[F]Collins Ave between 26th St.and W 4lst St
are exposed to groundwater flooding.Roads
within the Sunset Harbor neighborhood that
have not been elevated and the roadways of the
southern-most Sunset Island (Sunset Island IV)are
also projected to be impacted by groundwater
flooding.
South Beach
•[G]The western half of South Beach has the most
exposure to expansive king tide flooding due to
its uniform low elevation.
•[H]Once king tides overtop shoreline areas in
this scenario,flooding is projected to impact
most of the West Ave neighborhood.This is
also projected to flood many of the roadways
in the western portion of the Flamingo and
Lummus neighborhood,extending as far east as
Pennsylvania Ave.The deepest areas of flooding
(depths of 1-2 feet)occur in the southern portion
of the Flamingo and Lummus neighborhood.Belle
Isle and the western half of Palm Island are also
exposed to flooding from king tide water levels
overtopping the shoreline.
•[I]Groundwater flooding areas include the
Venetian Islands,Palm Island,and the South Shore
area bounded by Alton Rd.,Washington Ave.,and
1st St.
Although flooding due to king tides is temporary,it
can last for several hours before and after peak high
tide cycles and occur over a period of several days,
causing sustained flooding if floodwaters are unable
to drain between successive high tides.This may
result in depths and extents that exceed mapped
projections.
16 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ••·••··•······•·•··•·····••••··••··••••••••,•••••••••••••••••••••••••···••••••··•···
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Tidal Flood Days
In addition to mapping king tide flood extents,
the City also examined the frequency of existing
nuisance flooding conditions (i.e.,frequent,minor
flooding during high tides)and how this frequency
may change due to future sea level rise.
An hourly record of historical tidal observations
from the Virginia Key tide station was used to
reflect existing and future (2040,2070)water
level conditions for the NOAA Intermediate
Low,Intermediate High,and High sea level rise
projections.Future tidal levels were estimated
by adding the sea level rise amounts for each
scenario to the existing king tide baseline (+1.8 ft
NAVD88)and were overlaid onto Citywide ground
elevations.The average number of days that areas
may be tidally flooded was calculated for each
of the 2040 and 2070 scenarios (Figure 2.8).The
number of average annual tidal flood days was
classified by frequency (Table 2.1).
Figure 2.11 shows an example Tidal Flood Days
map considering the 2040 NOAA Intermediate
High scenario (baseline king tide conditions +1.0
ft of sea level rise).Areas with the most frequent
tidal flooding days are located along the City's
western shoreline adjacent to Biscayne Bay.These
areas are also reflective of the baseline king
tide tidal flooding map and were noted in the
community engagement events to be commonly
impacted by high tide flooding already.
The most frequent 'high'and 'very high'risk tidal
flood days are concentrated along low-lying
roadways,including the majority of Alton Rd.
throughout the Flamingo and Lummus and Bay
Shore neighborhoods and the southern portion of
Collins Ave.in the Ocean Front neighborhood.
Multiple residential roads in the Bay Shore,La
Goree,and West Ave and Bay Rd.neighborhoods,
and three of the City's golf courses are projected
to see tidal flooding over 52 times per year.The
narrow eastern edge of the city,which has the
highest local ground elevations,is not affected by
tidal flood days under this scenario.
Table 2.1:Frequency classification for
Tidal Flood Days.
Tidal Flood
Day Frequency
<52 days
peryear
(High)
Description
Tidal flooding occurs more
than once a week.
Tidal flooding impacts
occurs multiple times per
month.
<12 days
peryear
(Moderate)
Tidal flooding occurs almost
once a month,likely during
high tide events.
Tidal flooding in these areas
is rare and may only occur
during the highest of high
tide events (king tides).
Figure 2.10:King Tide Flooding.
Tidal observations were obtained from the Virgina Key tide station
(NOAA #8723214)
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
Annual Occurrences
of Tidal Flooding
hin
-
>cu>52 pays 8?
<52 Days '5&
<12pays jz
a ».lz I
Figure 2.1l:Example 2040 Tidal Flood Days flood map {NOAA 2040 Intermediate High scenario}.
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City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
2.3.2 Compound Flooding
Compound flooding refers to a flooding event
caused by two or more flood sources happening at
the same time (e.g.,a heavy rainfall event during a
king tide).Compound flood events increase the flood
extents and depths beyond what would be expected
for a single flood source.High-intensity rain events
can generate runoff that exceeds the City's existing
stormwater network capacity,leading to flooding of
low-lying areas.Intense rainfall flooding is further
worsened during a king tide,as elevated coastal
water levels restrict stormwater discharge at coastal
outfalls (Figure 2.12).In some areas,high tides can
also backf low into the stormwater system and reduce
storage capacity of the stormwater pipe network or
flow to the ground surface through storm drains.This
results in rainfall ponding in areas where stormwater
infrastructure is unable to drain runoff efficiently.
In this Assessment,the existing compound flooding
event was represented by the simultaneous
occurrence of a 10-year5,24-hour rainfall event
(8.75 inches6)and a king tide.Future compound flood
extents were considered by adding projected sea
level rise amounts (Figure 2.8)to existing king tide
water levels but maintained the same rainfall event
for all scenarios.The compound flooding extent for
the 2040 NOAA Intermediate High scenario (l0-year,
24-hour rainfall event +1.8 ft king tide +1.0 ft of sea
level rise)is shown in Figure 2.13.
King tide extents (shown in blue shades)and
groundwater ponding areas (purple)will match those
found in Figure 2.9 as the coastal flood source (i.e.,
2040 NOAA Intermediate High king tide)is the same.
The pink areas represent the increased flood extent
due to rainfall ponding.
Precipitation
Land
Elevation
Rainfall Ponding
Stormwater Basin Area
Figure 2.12:Conceptual diagram of compound flooding.
Stormwater Pipe
King Tide
+SLR
•The lO-year rainfall event has a lO percent chance ot occurring in any given year
The total Design Storm rainfall event is 8.75-mnches,which was derived by multiplying the South Florida Water Management District
published value f 7.00-inches for the Miami Beach area multiplied by a factor of safety of 1.25 (CDM Smith,2017).
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 19
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
King Tide Inundation
<1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
tiIllu.
.Er
la.)o>5
Shoreline Overtopping
Groundwater Flooding
Rainfall Flooding Extent
Figure 2.13:Compound flooding map example with a I0-year,24-hour rainfall event (8.75 inches),
king tide of 18 ft (NAVD,88),and 10 ft of sea level rise (2040 NOAA Intermediate High Sea Level Rise).
20 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment •·······•·••••·••••••···•••••••·•••········••••···••••·••·••·••••··•·••····•···••··
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Additional areas of interest exposed to the 2040 scenario are further described by City region below.The
letter before each description is paired to a text box on the map (Figure 2.13)identifying the area of interest.
North Beach
•[A]Compound flooding impacts are the most
extensive in the Biscayne Point neighborhood
along Daytonia Rd.,Cleveland Rd.,and Stillwater
Dr.Although this neighborhood is projected to
experience limited flooding during high tide
conditions,the combination of rainfall and high
tide inhibits efficient stormwater drainage,
flooding low-lying streets.
•(B]In the North Shore neighborhood,the addition
of rainfall increases the flooding extent to the
east,roughly doubling the projected flooded
area compared to king tide flooding alone.The
expanded flooding extent would affect important
north-south connector roadways such as Dickens
Ave.and Harding Ave.
•[C]The Normandy Isles neighborhood is projected
to experience a greater increase in flood extents
due to additional rainfall ponding on Normandy
Shores,which is likely caused by more impervious
surfaces and development on Normandy Isles.
Mid Beach
•[D]The addition of rainfall flooding more than
doubles king tide-only flood extents in the La
Goree neighborhood,affecting large areas of the
La Goree Golf Course and La Gorce Dr.,which is
a major connector roadway on the island.
•[E]Rainfall flooding also expands flood
extents in the eastern Nautilus and Bay Shore
neighborhoods.All major roads in these
neighborhoods,including the full length of
Pine Tree Dr.,are exposed to flooding with the
addition of rainfall flooding.
South Beach
•[F]The addition of rainfall ponding to king tide
extents increases the areas exposed to flooding
to include the South Pointe neighborhood
and several major roadways,including South
Pointe Dr.and 2nd St.
•[G]Rainfall ponding expands flood extents
to include the eastern areas of the Flamingo
and Lummus neighborhood,affecting at least
a portion of every major roadway in these
neighborhoods.
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
Storm Tide Inundation
<1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
>5
Shoreline Overtopping
tIllLu.
.E
Figure 2.14:100-year (/-percent annual chance}storm tide (surge}flood map example at 6.2-feet
above mean sea level with I-foot of sea level rise {2040 NOAA Intermediate High scenario}.
22 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
2.3.3 Storm Tide (Storm Surge)Flooding
Storm tide (or storm surge)flooding is caused by
the high onshore wind speeds and low atmospheric
pressure of large tropical storms and hurricanes,
which temporarily elevate coastal water levels.Due
to the City's low elevation and flat topography,even
small increases in water levels during coastal storms
can allow storm tide (storm surge)flooding to overtop
shoreline protections and spread far inland,creating
significant flooding impacts to the City's roadways
and other coastal infrastructure.
The baseline (i.e.,existing)storm tide (storm surge]
flooding extent is represented by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)7 1-percent
annual chance (i.e.,100-year)coastal water
elevation8 (6.2 feet NAVD88).Future storm tide (storm
surge)flood extents were considered by adding
projected sea level rise amounts (Figure 2.8)to the
baseline existing 1-percent annual chance coastal
water elevation.Coastal storm flooding for the year
2040 (baseline 1-percent annual chance coastal
water elevation +1.0 ft of sea level rise)is shown
in Figure 2.14.Depths of flooding are shown in
shades of blue,with darker shades indicating deeper
flooding.Shoreline areas projected to be overtopped
are shown in yellow.
Under this scenario,storm tide (storm surge)water
levels overtop most shoreline areas and widespread
flooding occurs across the entire City,except for
small portions of the eastern ridge where land
elevations are the highest.Similar to the high tide
flood maps (Figure 2.9),the bay side of the City
experiences the deepest flood depths due to the
lower relative elevation in this area of the City.
Additional areas of interest exposed to this future
scenario are further described by City region below.
The letter before each description is paired to a text
box on the map (Figure 2.14)identifying the area of
interest.
North Beach
•[A]Shorelines adjacent to Biscayne Bay and the
canals are overtopped during this event,resulting
in extensive flooding in all neighborhoods of
North Beach.The Biscayne Point,Normandy Isles,
and Normandy Shores neighborhoods experience
large areas of deep floodwaters (>5 ft).
•[B]North Shore's eastern shoreline is largely
protected by the high elevations of the coastal
dune system.However,most of the neighborhood
is still affected by flooding from the west.
Mid Beach
•[C]All shorelines adjacent to Biscayne Bay
and the canals are overtopped with expansive
flooding of the entire area,except for the Mt.
Sinai Hospital complex.The western areas of the
La Goree,Nautilus,and Bay Shore neighborhoods
experience the greatest flood depths (>5 feet).
•[D]The Ocean Front neighborhood is partially
protected due to the higher elevation of the
coastal dune system.While flooding is still present
through this narrow coastal neighborhood,flood
depths are projected to be slightly lower.
South Beach
•[E]Similar to North and Mid Beach,shorelines
along Biscayne Bay and the canals are
overtopped in this scenario,resulting in
widespread flooding across all South Beach
neighborhoods.Flood depths are the deepest
(>5 feet)in the Flamingo and Lummus,West Ave.
and Bay Rd.,and South Pointe neighborhoods.
Flooding depths of four-to-five feet may extend
as far inland as Washington Ave.
•[F]Shoreline overtopping and extensive flooding
is also projected for the Venetian Islands and the
Star,Palm,and Hibiscus Island neighborhoods.
•[G]Only a narrow area on the east side of the
City Center,Flamingo and Lummus,and South
Pointe neighborhoods are projected to avoid
flooding.
The duration of flooding due to a coastal storm
event was not modeled as part of this mapping
approach.Flood depths associated with an extreme
coastal storm can cause flooding that persists for
several hours to a week.These storms are also often
associated with strong winds that generate large
waves,which could cause shoreline erosion and more
extensive and deeper flooding than indicated on the
maps.
FEMA South Florida Flood Insurance Study Reoort
The l-percent annual chance coastal storm elevation has a l-percent chance of occurring in any year.This projected flood level does not include the effect ot waves
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report /DRAFT
2.4 Vulnerability Assessment and Key Findings
With the critical assets identified and flooding scenarios mapped,the next step was to analyze the overlap
between the two data sources to evaluate each asset's vulnerability to future sea level rise.As outlined in
Section 2.1 and shown in Figure 2.1,a scoring methodology was developed to quantify the relative vulnerability
of the City's assets and allow for comparison among assets.The three primary measures of this methodology
were:exposure,sensitivity,and consequence.Additional information,including how scores were captured for
each,is provided below.
Flood Exposure
Exposure scores were established by summing the
number of flood scenarios that would impact an
asset.If a modeled flood scenario extent overlapped
with an asset's location,the asset was considered
exposed and would receive a point (l)for that
scenario.As there were three flood sources (king
tide,compound flooding,storm tide (storm surge))
modeled for seven sea level rise scenarios9 ,exposure
scores ranged from 0-21.An asset projected to be
exposed to all flood scenarios would receive an
exposure score of 21.
Sensitivity and Consequence
While an asset's exposure measure was determined
quantitatively,the sensitivity and consequence
measures were evaluated and scored based on
qualitative classifications.For sensitivity,an asset
was classified and scored based on the likelihood
that it would fail,incur significant damage,or
become unusable due to flood exposure.Assets more
likely to be sensitive when exposed to floodwaters
received higher scores.The classifications were
rated:Not Sensitive,Low,Moderate,or High.
Sensitivity scores were based on a maximum score of
21 to maintain equality with the exposure measure.
Scoring classifications?are shown in Table 2.2.
For consequence,an asset was classified based on
the severity of community impacts that would occur
should the asset fail,incur significant damage,or
become unusable due to flood exposure.Assets
more likely to generate significant,widespread
community impacts due to their failure received
higher scores.No assets were determined to have
Table 2.2:Sensitivity classifications and scoring used
in the Vulnerability Assessment.
Classification Score
Not Sensitive 0
Low 7
Moderate
Classification Score
14
High 21
Table 2.3:Consequence classifications and scoring
used in the Vulnerability Assessment.
Within a
Socially Vulnerable
Neighborhood
Low 7
Moderate 14 +l
High 21
'No Consequence'of failure,so consequence
classifications could be:Low,Moderate or High.
Consequence scores were also based on a maximum
score of 21 (Table 2.3),however an asset received
an additional point if it was located within a socially
vulnerable neighborhood (Figure 2.15).
The seven sea level rise scenarios tor each flood source were:Easting conditions,the NOAA 2040 Intermediate (Int.)Low,2040 It.High,2040 High,
and 2070 Int,Low Int.High,and High scenarios.
•Most assets were scored based on the sensitivity and consequence classification applied at the Asset lype (e.g.,Stormwoater Pump Stations),
as individual asset information was not available for all assets (See Append E.for additional information)
24 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Neighborhoods
Socially
Vulnerable
Neighborhoods
Socially Vulnerable Neighborhoods utilize Center for
Disease Control's Social Vulnerability Index information.
Figure 2.15:Miami Beach Socially Vulnerable Neighborhoods.
••·••·••••·••···••••••••••••••••••··•·••···••··••••••••••••••··••··•·•••···•·····2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 25
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
Socially vulnerable neighborhoods were identified as
the City census tracts in the Top 25%of the Center
for Disease Control's Social Vulnerability Index
(SVI).These census tracts have larger populations
of the elderly,children,individuals with a disability,
lower-income families,residents without access
to a personal vehicle,or other demographic and
household characteristics that make it harder for
these individuals to properly prepare for and recover
from natural hazard events,such as flooding (CDC,
2020).
During the stakeholder engagement events (see
Appendix A),several participants noted that
socially vulnerable populations are already being
disproportionately impacted by current flooding
events.Impacts mentioned included a higher risk of
injury for elderly residents,increased social isolation
for these individuals,and longer commute times for
those who lack personal vehicles and are dependent
on public transportation.The additional point added
to the consequence score of assets in the socially
vulnerable neighborhoods provides the City an
opportunity to identify assets that serve the City's
most disadvantaged residents and account for the
increased impacts to these communities should the
asset fail.
Vulnerability Score
Scores for each of the Assessment measures
(exposure,sensitivity,and consequence)were then
totaled per asset to determine an asset-specific
vulnerability score.Vulnerability scores could range
from '7'to '64'and assets were ranked by their
associated score from highest to lowest.The assets
with higher scores indicated a greater vulnerability
to future sea level rise and represent the City's
key vulnerabilities to this hazard.(For additional
information on the Assessment methodology and
scoring,see Appendix E).The following section
provides an overview of these key vulnerabilities,
including the most vulnerable City assets throughout
different areas of the City.
2.5 Vulnerability Assessment Key Findings
The Assessment resulted in a ranked list of the nearly
60,000 considered assets based on vulnerability
scores.The assets with the highest vulnerability
scores were wastewater pipelines located in socially
vulnerable neighborhood areas.Older wastewater
pipelines,particularly those installed more than 70
years ago,received high sensitivity and consequence
classifications and scores due to their older age and
critical service provided to the City's residents and
businesses.The distributed nature of these assets
also led to many wastewater pipeline segments in
low-lying areas to be exposed to most,if not all,of
the considered flooding scenarios.The high scores
received across all Assessment measures resulted in
these wastewater pipeline segments receiving the
highest vulnerability scores among City assets and
representing the only assets to receive the maximum
possible vulnerability score of 64.The two assets
with the lowest vulnerability scores of 14 were two
minor roadways (Pennsylvania Ct.and Alton Rd/I-195
onramp)with no projected exposure to any of the
considered flood scenarios.
Identifying the most vulnerable assets is useful for the
City to prioritize adaptation measures that address
these key vulnerabilities.However,the sheer number
of assets throughout Miami Beach considered in the
Assessment can make it difficult to determine and
discuss vulnerabilities beyond those at the top of the
list.Therefore,additional Assessment findings have
been organized based on Asset Type and geographic
location to more easily understand the City's most
vulnerable assets and areas.The following sections
provide the key findings of the Assessment in the
context of this organization.More information on
each is provided below.
26 2.Seo Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment •·•····••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Asset Subcategories
The City's asset inventory includes a mix of single
location assets (e.g.,buildings,pumps),distributed
infrastructure assets (e.g.,roadways,pipelines),
and site-based assets (e.g.,parks).The dimensional
differences (i.e.,location vs.length vs.area)make it
difficult to describe flooding exposure,and therefore
vulnerability,collectively.Assessment findings in
this section are organized based on like-footprints
(i.e.,location vs.length vs.area)and findings are
referred to in the context of three generalized asset
subcategories:'Structures &Facilities'for single
location assets,'Roadways &Pipelines'for distributed
infrastructure assets,and 'Natural Resources'for
site-based assets.Table 2.4 provides a crosswalk
of which Asset Types are included in each of these
subcategories.
Table 2.4:Crosswalk of Asset Types in each Vulnerability Assessment Subcategory
FDEPAsset Asset Subcategory Asset Types IncludedCategory
Critical Structures &Facilities •Wastewater Lift Stations •Stormwater Pump Stations
Infrastructure •Electrical Substations •Telecommunication Towers
•Potable Water Pump Stations •Disaster Debris Management
•Potable Water Storage Tanks Sites
Roadways &Pipelines •Wastewater Pipelines •Drinking Water Pipelines
Critical Structures &Facilities Schools •Hospitals
Community •Colleges and Universities •Law Enforcement Facilitiesand
Emergency •Community Centers •Local Government Facilities
Facilities •Emergency Operations •Logistical Staging Areas
Centers •Affordable Public Housing
•Fire Stations •State Government Facilities
Natural,Structures &Facilities •Historical and Cultural Assets
Cultural,and
Historical Natural Resources •Parks •Living Shorelines
Resources
Transportation Structures &Facilities •Bridges •Marinas
Assets and •Bus StopEvacuation
Routes Roadways &Pipelines •Major Roadways
••••••·•···•·••·••·•·•··••·••••••••·•·••••·••·••··••·••·•·••••··•••··•••··•••·•••2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 27
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
City Subregions
Additionally,due to the number of assets considered
in the Vulnerability Assessment,key vulnerabilities
will be discussed geographically based on the City's
three main regions (i.e.,North,Mid,and South Beach)
and at a subregional (i.e.,neighborhood)scale.
The neighborhoods contained in each subregion
are shown in Table 2.5 (Refer to Figure 1.2 for
neighborhood locations).
Table 2.5:City subregions and neighborhoods used to describe Vulnerability Assessment findings
City Region City Subregion Neighborhood(s)Included
A Biscayne Point
North Beach B Normandy Shores
Normandy Isles
C North Shore
A La Goree
Mid Beach B Nautilus
Bay Shore
C Ocean Front
A South Venetian Islands
Star-Palm-Hibiscus Islands
South Beach West Ave &Bay Road
B City Center
Flamingo &Lummus
C South Pointe
The following discussion of key vulnerabilities will first
be framed by introducing each City region with a
high-level overview of the assets located there and
where the assets with higher vulnerability scores are
located.Following this,the specific assets with higher
vulnerability in each subregion will be provided.
Higher vulnerability assets are those with scores in
the highest quantile of vulnerability scores (Refer
to Appendix E.7 for additional information).Each
subsection will conclude with the key vulnerabilities
of each City region.City-wide key takeaways will be
provided at the end of this section.
28 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment •••••·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••-
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report [DRAFT
2.5.1 North Beach Vulnerability
The North Beach region includes areas north of
W 63rd St to the City's northern border,known
as the North Shore neighborhood,and the island
neighborhoods of Normandy Isles,Normandy Shores,
and Biscayne Point to the west.For ease in discussing
the key findings of the Vulnerability Assessment,
these areas of North Beach have been divided into
three subregions based on neighborhood boundaries
(Table 2.5)and are shown in Figure 2.16.
Sta¥Florida,Maxar
Figure 2.16:North Beach subregions and neighborhoods for Vulnerability Assessment.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 29
Sea level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
North Beach Higher Vulnerability Assets
North Beach includes 118 (22%)of the City's Structures
&Facilities,154 miles (24%)of the City/'s Pipelines &
Roadways and 16 (33%)of the City's Natural Resources.
The region has the largest number of community
centers and affordable public housing in the City.The
largest socially vulnerable neighborhood areas are
also in North Beach and represent the entire Normandy
Isles neighborhood and nearly all of the North Shore
neighborhood.Figure 2.17 shows the locations of
North Beach assets with higher vulnerability".
North Beach Higher Vulnerability*Assets
Structures &Facilities Pipelines &Roadways
•Higher Vulnerability Higher Vulnerability
SVI Natural Resources
Socially Vulnerable
Neighborhoods
El Higher Vulnerability
Higher Vulnerability indicates assets
that are in the top quantile of
vulnerability scores
t
3
:,.-
%
"s2 soe.
Socially Vulnerable Neighborhoods utilize Center for
Disease Control's Social Vulnerability Index informati
Figure 2.17:Map of higher vulnerability assets in North Beach.
Higher vulnerability assets were those in the top 55 of vulnerability scores for Structures &Facilities and Natural Resources subcategories,
but the top 10%of vulnerability scores for Pipelines &Roadways due to the number ot pipeline and roadway feature segments
30 2.Seo Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
In addition to having the most assets for the region,the
North Shore neighborhood also has the highest proportion of
higher vulnerability assets,except for Pipelines &Roadways
(Table 2.6).Table 2.7 through Table 2.9 provide the higher
vulnerability assets within each North Beach subregion.The
North Beach Structures &Facilities that are characterized
to have higher vulnerability are primarily located in areas
adjacent to the Biscayne Bay canals of the North Shore and
Biscayne Point neighborhoods.
All segments of higher vulnerability Pipelines &Roadways
are represented by wastewater pipelines because of the
higher sensitivity and consequence classifications for these
assets relative to drinking water pipelines and roadways.
Al]of the higher vulnerability wastewater pipeline sections
were installed over 70 years ago.These are primarily located
along roadways that are parallel to Biscayne Bay or canal
shorelines.However,there are also higher vulnerability
wastewater pipelines further inland from the shoreline in both
the North Shore and Normandy Shores and Normandy Isles
neighborhoods.
All North Beach higher vulnerability Natural Resources areas
are in socially vulnerable neighborhoods and are all located
on or only one street away from Biscayne Bay or a canal
shoreline.
North Beach Assets with
Highest Vulnerability Scores
EE[pl Structure &Facility:
flkl]storr»oner Porn stenon
#23 located at 86th St.and
Hawthorne Ave.in Biscayne Point
(Score -6l).
rr Pipeline &Roadway:l!Wastewater pipelines
'located at the end of Bay Dr.
in the Normandy Isles neighborhood
(64).
Natural Resource:
North Shore Park and Youth
Center in the North Shore
neighborhood (55).
Table 2.6:City subregions and neighborhoods used to describe Vulnerability Assessment findings.
B
A (Normandy Shores C
(Biscayne Point)+Normandy Isles)(North Shore)TotalzStructures&Facilities 9 sites 6 sites 11 sites 26 sites-
lfr Pipelines &Roadways 2miles 11 miles 10 miles 22 miles
o0o
<°Natural Resources 1 area 2 areas 4 areas 7 areas
Higher vulnerability assets were those in the top 33%of vulnerability scores for Structures &Facilities and Natural Resources subcategories,
but the top l0 of vulnerability scores for Pipelines &Roadways due to the number ot pipeline and roadway feature segments.
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 3]
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
Table 2.7:North Beach Subregion A (Biscayne Point)higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Type
Affordable Public Housing
Bridges
Bus Stop
Natural Resources
Stormwater Pump Stations
Wastewater Pump Stations
Wastewater Pipelines
Asset Name/
Mileage
Madeleine Village Apartments l
Madeleine Village Apartments 5
Madeleine Village Apartments 4
SST61308
85th ST &Crespi Blvd
Stillwater Park
#23
#30
PS 24
1.5 miles
Vulnerability Score
(max =64)
40.5
41
40.5
47
41
48
6l
51
53
64
Due to the number of higher vulnerability assets for this Asset Iype,only the highest score is shown.
Table 2.8:North Beach subregion B (Normandy Shores and Normandy Isles}higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Type Asset Name/Vulnerability Score
Mileage (max =64)
Bus Stop 71st &Rue Notre Dame 41
Fairway Park Pavilion 48CommunityCenters
Coral House Senior Center 44
Fairway Park 48
Natural Resources
Normandy Shores Park 48
PS 22 54
Wastewater Pump Stations
PS 21 49
Water Pump Station Normandy Isle 57
Wastewater Pipelines l]miles 64
Due to the number of higher vulnerability assets for this Asset Iype,only the highest score is shown.
32 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ••..•..••....••..........•..•••••••••••..••••..•......••••..••••..••........•..••-
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report [DRAFT
Table 2.9:North Beach Subregion C (North Shore}higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Name/
Mileage
Vulnerability Score
(max =64)Asset Type
Affordable Public Housing
Bridge
Bus Stops
Electrical Substations
Fire Station
Law Enforcement Facility
Natural Resources
School
Wastewater Pump Stations
Water Pump Station
Wastewater Pipelines
Lottie Apartments
SST61313
85th St &Byron Ave
Harding Ave Substation North
Harding Ave Substation
#4
Sailport/Police Substation
Brittany Bay Park
North Beach Oceanside Park
North Shore Park and Youth Center
Tatum Park
Biscayne Elementary
PS 19
PS 23
PS 29
75th Street
9 miles
40.5
47
42
60
54
45.5
41
48
52
55
48
so
52
55
so
54
64
D ue to the num be r of hig he r vulne rab ility assets fo r this A sset Type,only the highest score is show n.
~North Beach Key Vulnerabilities
•North Beach assets with higher vulnerability
scores are primarily located near canal
shorelines,such as those along Crespi Blvd.
in the Biscayne Point neighborhood and the
Tatum Waterway Dr.and Indian Creek Dr.
roadways in the North Shore neighborhood.
At these locations,these assets are projected
to be impacted by king tide flooding when
sea levels rise by one foot (2040 NOAA
Intermediate High scenario).
•Many North Beach critical assets,such as
electrical substations,water pump stations,
stormwater pump stations and wastewater
pump stations,are highly vulnerable to future
sea level rise.Without adaptation measures,
sea level rise impacts to these assets could
make it challenging for them to continue
providing service to residents.
•North Beach has the largest proportion of
higher vulnerability wastewater pipelines
in the City.All of these pipeline segments
were installed over 70 years ago (or have an
unknown age)and are primarily located in
socially vulnerable neighborhood areas.
•The North Beach region includes the largest
socially vulnerable neighborhood areas
and the greatest number of assets within
these neighborhoods,primarily in the North
Shore neighborhood.More than half of the
community centers in North Beach are in
socially vulnerable areas,including the Coral
House Senior Center which is classified with
higher vulnerability.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 35
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
2.5.2 Mid Beach Vulnerability
The City's Mid Beach region includes areas north
of Dade Blvd.and south of W 63rd St.and is
comprised of the La Goree,Nautilus,Bay Shore and
Ocean Front neighborhoods.To more easily discuss
Assessment findings,the neighborhoods have been
organized into the subregions shown in Table 2.5 and
Figure 2.18.
Figure 2.18:Mid Beach subregions and neighborhoods for Vulnerability Assessment.
34 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
Mid Beach Assets
The Mid Beach region includes 199 (38%)of the
City's total Structures &Facilities,26l miles (41%)of
all Pipelines &Roadways and 16 (335%)of the Miami
Beach's Natural Resource areas.This region includes
both City emergency operations centers,Mt.Sinai
Hospital and three fire stations.The region also
includes the greatest number of bridges among the
three regions,connecting the multiple neighborhoods.
Socially vulnerable neighborhood areas are limited to
the southern Ocean Front neighborhood.Figure 2.19
shows the locations of Mid Beach assets with higher
vulnerability".
Mid Beach Higher Vulnerability Assets
Structures &Facilities Pipelines &Roadways
@Higher Vulnerability Higher Vulnerability
SVI Natural Resources
Socially Vulnerable
Neighborhoods
El Higher Vulnerability
Higher Vulnerability indicates assets
that are in the top quantile of
vulnerability scores.
NA la3
-ii
Socially Vulnerable Neighborhoods utilize Center for
Disease Control's Soci al Vulnerability Index information
Figure 2.19:Map of higher vulnerability assets in Mid Beach.
Higher vulnera bility assets w ere those in the top 55 of vulnerability scores fo r Structures &Facilities and Natura l Resources subcategories,
but the top IO of vulnera bility scores tor Pipelines &Roadw ays due to the num ber of pipeline and roadw ay feature segm ents.
••···········••·•·•·••·•••·······•···••••••••••••••·•···•·•······•········•••···•2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 35
Sea level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
The Nautilus and Bay Shore subregion includes both the
greatest number of Mid Beach assets and the largest number
of those with higher vulnerability in the Mid Beach region.
The La Goree and Ocean Front neighborhoods have the
fewest higher vulnerability assets among City subregions
(Table 2.10).In Subregion B,the higher vulnerability
Structures &Facilities are generally spread throughout the
neighborhoods,including inland away from Biscayne Bay or
canal shorelines.
As with North Beach,all higher vulnerability Pipelines &
Roadways are represented by wastewater pipelines due to
the higher sensitivity and consequence scores.All of these
wastewater pipeline sections were installed over 70 years
ago.These segments of wastewater pipelines are distributed
throughout Mid Beach's neighborhoods,but most segments
are located near Biscayne Bay or canal shorelines.
Four of the five Mid Beach's Natural Resource areas classified
to have higher vulnerability are in the southern Nautilus or
Bayshore neighborhood.
Table 2.10:Number of higher vulnerability assets per
Mid Beach subregion.
Mid Beach Assets with Highest
Vulnerability Scores
Eg[pl structure &Facility:llill "o sormwoater pump stanons
(#11,#13)located in the Nautilus
neighborhood and one (#22)located in Bay
Shore (Score =62).
fr Pipeline &Roadway:
l Wastewater pipelines located inlitheOceanFrontsociallyvulnerable
neighborhood area (63).
Natural Resource:
Scott Rakow Youth Center Grounds
and Park Area in Bay Shore (55).
This specifically refers to the greenspaces
and larger footprint of the Scott Rakow
grounds.It currently includes portions of
what will be Bayshore Park.
A B C
(La Goree)(Nautilus+Bay Shore)(Ocean Front)Total
sf Structures &Facilities 7 sites 46 sites 13 sites 66 sites-r Pipelines &Roadways <lmile 4 miles l mile 5 miles
o00 Natural Resources 1 area 4 areas 0 areas 5 areas£°
Higher vulnerability assets were those in the top 33%of vulnerability scores for Structures &Facilities and Natural Resources subcategories,
but the top 10%of vulnerability scores for Pipelines &Roadways due to the number of pipeline and roadway feature segments.
Tables 2.ll through 2.13 provide the higher vulnerability assets within each Mid Beach subregion.
Table 2.1l:Mid Beach Subregion A (La Gorce)higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Name/
Mileage
SST61319
Vulnerability Score
(max =64)
49
Asset Type
Bridges
Community Centers
Natural Resources
Wastewater Pump Stations
Wastewater Pipelines
SST61320
SST61348
La Goree Park Pavilion
Fisher Park Pavilion
La Goree Park
PS18
PS 15
<l mile
44
49
47
47
41
49
53
63
'}ea level kise /u[nerabiity SSeSsmen[···+························+········································+········
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Table 2.12:Mid Beach subregion B (Nautilus and Bay Shore]higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Type
Bridges
$ST61326
SST61328
SST61329
Asset Name/
Mileage
$ST61330
SST61335
Vulnerability Score
(max =64)
51
Bus Stop
Community Centers
Electrical Substations
Hospital
Law Enforcement Facilities
Schools
17th St.&Lennox Ave.
Scott Rakow Center
Jewish Learning Center
West Ave.Substation
W 40th St.Substation
Mt.Sinai Hospital Buildings
Marine Patrol Building
Miami Beach Senior High School
Nautilus Middle School
North Beach Elementary School
42
45
47
6l
59
50
41.5
44
49
48
Stormwater Pump Stations
#l
#2
#2A
#3
#8
#9
#10
m1
#12
#13
#14
#17
#18
#19
#20
#21
#22
#24
#43
#44
62
Natural Resources
Wastewater Pump Stations
Water Pump Station
Wastewater Pipelines
Scott Rakow Youth Center Grounds
and Park Area
Bay Shore Park
Polo Park
20th St.Pocket Park
PS 14
PS 13
PS 28
4lst St.
25th St.
4 miles
55
49
48
42
51
53
53
60
51
63
Due to the number of higher vulnerability assets for this Asset Iype,only the highest score is shown.
•••••·•••····•••••·••····••·•·••·•••·•••···••••···•••··•••·•···•···•··••······•••2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment 37
Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Table 2.13:Mid Beach Subregion C (Ocean Front)higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Type
Bridge
Bus Stops
Electrical Substations
Fire Station
Stormwater Pump Stations
Wastewater Pump Station
Wastewater Pipelines
Asset Name/Vulnerability Score
Mileage (max -64)
SST61324 54
$ST61329 43
Collins Ave &38th St.42
Collins Ave &29th St.42
Collins Ave &27th St.42
Collins Ave &41st St.42
Collins Ave &35th St.43
Collins Ave &41st St.42
Collins Ave Substation 53
#3 41.5
#29 6l
#50 59
PS 27 53
l mile 63
[fe]Mid Beach Key Vulnerabilities
•Mid Beach assets with higher vulnerability are
primarily located in the southern part of the
region,in the Nautilus,Bay Shore,and Ocean
Front neighborhoods.These assets are roughly
split between being located near the shoreline
and more inland.
•All of Mid Beach's emergency response
facilities are considered to have higher
vulnerability including Mt.Sinai Hospital,Fire
Station #3,and the marine patrol building.
•Several of the bridges connecting the
neighborhoods in this region are classified
with higher vulnerability.Should these
assets become inaccessible due to flooding,
residents and commuters may become
stranded.
•The City's most vulnerable bus stop locations
are in the socially vulnerable neighborhood
area in Ocean Front.These bus stops are
projected to be exposed to groundwater
flooding under existing conditions and all
future sea level rise scenarios as well.
•Mid Beach has the largest number of Pipelines
&Roadway mileage in the City but has
half of the higher vulnerability mileage of
North Beach.Similar to North Beach,all the
wastewater pipelines with higher vulnerability
were installed over 70 years ago.The Mid
Beach segments are more distributed than in
North Beach,however there are several in the
Ocean Front socially vulnerable neighborhood
area.
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City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
2.5.3 South Beach Vulnerability
The South Beach region of the City is comprised
of areas south of Dade Blvd to South Pointe,
which includes the City Center,West Ave &Bay
Road,Flamingo and Lummus,and South Pointe
neighborhoods.This region also includes the western
island neighborhoods of the South Venetian Islands
and the Star-Palm-Hibiscus Islands.The South
Beach neighborhoods have been organized into the
subregions shown in Table 2.5 and Figure 2.20 to
describe the findings of the Assessment for this area
of the City.
Figure 2.20:South Beach subregions and neighborhoods for Vulnerability Assessment.
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
South Beach Assets
South Beach includes the largest proportion of
the City's Structures &Facilities with 213 (40%),
220 (35%)miles of Pipelines &Roadways,and
16 (33%)Natural Resource areas.The main police
headquarters,Fire Station #l,the Convention
Center and most local government buildings are
located in South Beach.The region also includes
the greatest number of stormwater and wastewater
pumps stations.South Beach's socially vulnerable
neighborhood areas are primarily located in the
north and south of the Flamingo and Lummus
neighborhoods.Figure 2.21 shows the locations of
assets with higher vulnerability in South Beach.
Structures &Facilities
@Higher Vulnerability
SVI
Socially Vulnerable
Neighborhoods
Higher Vulnerabilithatareinth,,"Y indicates assets
voicer a.$12,""e s
Pipelines &Roadways
Higher Vulnerability
Natural Resources
Higher Vulnerability
oss co"?2g"";g"woos cos'erability In&e,",
ISouthBeachHigherVulnerability*Assets
Figure 2.2l:Map of higher vulnerability assets in South Beach.
"Higher vulnerability assets were those in the top 5%of vulnerability scores for Structures &Facilities and Natural Resources subcategories,
bout the top 10 of vulnerability scores for Pipelines &Roadways due to the number of pipeline and roadway feature segments
40 2.Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Table 2.14 provides an additional breakdown of where these
higher vulnerability assets are in each South Beach subregion.
Subregion A includes the greatest number (37)of higher
vulnerability Structures &Facilities,of which l are bridges
connecting the island neighborhoods.Subregion B also
has a large proportion of South Beach's higher vulnerability
Structures &Facilities and the greatest percentage of Pipelines
&Roadways and Natural Resource areas.
Similar to the other two City regions,all of South Beach's
higher vulnerability Pipelines &Roadways are wastewater
pipeline segments due to the high sensitivity and consequence
classifications for the Asset Type.These pipeline segments are
located in the West Ave.and Bay Rd.neighborhood and the
northern socially vulnerable neighborhood area of the Flamingo
and Lummus neighborhood.
Flamingo Park is the most vulnerable Natural Resource area in
South Beach and the City.The South Beach region includes
five of the Natural Resource areas with the highest vulnerability
scores in the City.None of these natural resource areas are
located within South Beach's socially vulnerable neighborhood
areas.
South Beach Assets with
Highest Vulnerability Scores
•
Structure &Facility:
Stormwater pump station
(#33)located at the end of
Bay Rd.in the West Ave.and Bay Rd.
neighborhood (Score =65)
rr Pipeline &Roadway:7:Wastewater pipelines located
'in the West Ave.&Bay Rd.
neighborhood and the socially vulnerable
neighborhood area of the Flamingo and
Lummus neighborhood (63).
oOo Natural Resource:
0 I O Flamingo Park in the
b>Flamingo and Lummus
neighborhood (56).
Table 2.14:Number of higher vulnerability assets per South Beach subregion.
a Structures &Facilities
l[Pipelines &Roadways
A 8
(South Venetian (West Ave.&
Islands+Bay Rd+
Star-Palm-Hibiscus City Center +C
Islands)Flamingo &Lummus)(South Pointe)Total
37 sites 33 sites 6 sites 76 sites
<l mile 5 miles <l mile 5miles
Natural Resources 2 areas areas 0 areas 5 areas
Higher vulnerability assets were those in the top 3%of vulnerability scores for Structures &Facilities and Natural Resources subcategories,
but the top 10%of vulnerability scores for Pipelines &Roadways due to the number of pipeline and roadway feature segments.
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Sea level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report /DRAFT
Tables 2.15 through 2.17 provide an overview of the higher vulnerability (i.e.,highest quantile)assets within
each South Beach subregion.
Table 2.15:South Beach Subregion A (South Venetian Islands +Star-Palm-Hibiscus Islands}
higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Type
Bridges
SST61341
SST61342
$ST61343°
SST61344
SST61345
SST61346
Asset Name/
Mileage
SST61347
SST61350
SST61351
SST61352
SST61353
SST61354
Vulnerability Score
(max =64)
56
Bus Stop
Electrical Substations
Natural Resources
Stormwater Pump Stations
Wastewater Pump Stations
Water Pump Stations
Wastewater Pipelines
Venetian Way &E Island Ave
Venetian Way &W Island Ave
MacArthur Causeway Substation
Belle Isle Park
Palm Island Park
#5 #39#34 #40#35 #41#36 #42#37
PS 2 PS 7
PS 4 PS 8
PS 5 PS 1O
PS 6 PS 30
Belle Isle
Terminal Isle
<1 mile
42
42
58
42
43
61
61
62
49
63
Due to the number of higher vulnerability assets for this Asset Type,only the highest score is shown.
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City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Table 2.16:South Beach subregion B (West Ave.&Bay Rd+City Center+Flamingo &Lummus}
higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Type Asset Name/
Mileage
Vulnerability Score
(max =64)
Affordable Public Housing Neptune Apartments 50
Bridges SST61332 58
Bus Stops
5th St.&Lenox Ave.
6th St &Alton Rd.
14th St &Alton Rd.
10th St.&Alton Rd.
17th St.&Lenox Ave.
14th St.&Alton Rd.
16th St.&Michigan Ave.
5th St.&Michigan Ave.
43
Miami Beach Police Athletic League Facility 43
Community Centers South Shore Community Center 50
Flamingo Park Tennis Center 43
Electrical Substation Liberty Ave Substation 56
Fire Station #1 49
Historical and
Cultural Resources Colony Theatre 42
Law Enforcement Facilities Police Station HO 46
Flamingo Park 56
Natural Resources Miami Beach Soundscape 51
Canopy Park 49
Schools
Fienberg Fisher Adult School 49
Fienberg Fisher Elementary School 50
Stormwater Pump Stations
#4 #28
#6 #31
#15 #32
#25 #335°
#26 #45
#27 #48
PS 11
PS 1
5 miles
63
59
Wastewater Pump Stations -----------
51
Wastewater Pipelines 63
Due to the number of higher vulnerability assets for this Asset Iype,only the highest score is shown.
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Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Table 2.17:South Beach Subregion C (South Pointe)higher vulnerability assets.
Asset Type
Bus Stops
Community Center
School
Stormwater Pump Stations
Wastewater Pump Stations
Wastewater Pipelines
Asset Name/
Mileage
5th St.&Lenox Ave.
5th St.&Michigan Ave.
South Shore Branch Library
South Pointe Elementary
#16
PS 31
<l mile
Vulnerability Score
(max =64)
42
43
47
50
59
53
63
Due to the number of higher vulnerability assets for this Asset Type,only the highest score is shown.
~South Beach Key Vulnerabilities
•The South Beach Structures &Facilities
classified with higher vulnerability are primarily
located in two areas.The first is on the
island neighborhoods of subregion A,where
nearly all bridges connecting the islands,
nine stormwater pump stations and eight
wastewater pump stations are considered
to have higher vulnerability.The second
area is from the Biscayne Bay shoreline in
the West Ave.and Bay Rd.neighborhood to
Meridian Ave.An additional l stormwater
pump stations are considered to have higher
vulnerability in this area.
•The subregion B neighborhoods include
several critical emergency facilities that
are classified to have higher vulnerability,
including Fire Station #l,the police station
headquarters,and the Convention Center
which serves as a logistical staging
area during emergencies.The roadways
surrounding these facilities are also projected
to be flooded during higher sea level rise
events which would complicate emergency
response operations.
•Twelve of the City's 48 stormwater pump
stations are in subregion Band are classified
to have higher vulnerability.Should these
assets be damaged due to flood exposure,
low-lying areas of South Beach are likely to be
inundated with deeper floodwaters as current
stormwater infrastructure may not be able to
compensate for the increased volumes.
•There are several higher vulnerability
wastewater pipelines located in the socially
vulnerable neighborhood areas.Like the other
two regions,all these segments were installed
over 70 years ago.
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City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
Asset Group Profiles
The City recognizes the impacts from a failed asset are rarely contained to that single asset and the
services it provides.Individual assets are one piece of a larger infrastructure system.For example,if
one City stormwater pump station were to fail due to flood exposure,this could generate increased
runoff conditions for adjacent stormwater pump stations,which may be unable to drain the increased
volume.This could result in increased flooding impacts in areas larger than the area of the damaged
stormwater pump drainage basin.Similar examples can be used to describe how flooding impacts to
certain facilities (e.g.,emergency response facilities,community centers,etc.)could result in unexpected
impacts to related infrastructure.
To more comprehensively understand and visualize these infrastructure relationships,the City further
organized the asset subcategories (Table 2.4)into 10 Assets Groups.The Asset Groups consist of closely
related asset types that share similar functions or services.For example,the Emergency Facilities Asset
Group includes the City's emergency response structures (e.g.fire stations,police stations,hospitals)and
important recovery facilities,such as debris and logistical staging areas).
Table 2.18 provides an overview of the 10 Asset Groups and a description of the assets included.
The Asset Groups provide a refined assessment of the vulnerability of City-wide infrastructure
systems.The organization of this information also allows for easier communication of system
vulnerabilities to the public and City staff who may be responsible for the assets (e.g.,the Department
of Public Works).The Asset Group findings have been developed into profiles that provide additional
details of the sea level rise vulnerability for assets within each group.These profiles can be found in
Appendix E.7.
Table 2.78:Asset G roups and description of assets incl uded.
Asset Group Description of Assets Included
Community
Centers
Critical
Buildings
Drinking
Water
Electrical &
Communication
Emergency
Facilities
Natural
Resources
Public
Transportation
Roads and
Bridges
Stormwater
Wastewater
Includes assets that provide important community services,including recreational
activities,extracurricular programs,and housing to City residents.
Includes assets that provide access services that are critical to daily function in
the City,including places of business,schools,and local government offices.
Includes assets responsible for the distribution and supply of drinking water to
the City's residents and businesses.
Includes electrical substations necessary for dependable electricity production
for residents and businesses and communication towers.
Includes emergency response and recovery facilities critical to ensuring access
to medical care and protecting residents and businesses from risk and damages.
Includes natural areas,such as parks,that serve as recreational spaces and
community event spaces.
Includes the public transportation network of bus stops and trolley stops.
Includes the major transportation assets that enable the daily transport of people
and goods throughout the City
Includes the stormwater pump stations necessary for the efficient movement of
runoff from critical assets.
Includes the infrastructure assets responsible for the proper removal,
conveyance,and disposal of wastewater
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Seo Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report I DRAFT
2.5.4 Key Takeaways
The Assessment conducted in this report allowed
the City to identify and prioritize critical assets and
infrastructure based on the projected impacts from
future sea level rise.The City leveraged datasets from
previous reports and City departments to develop an
asset inventory of nearly 60,000 individual assets.The
City also conducted several community engagement
events in the early stages of the project to identify
the assets most valued by residents and capture
the flooding issues that are already impacting the
community.
With this information,the City developed a scoring
methodology to compare vulnerability among the
considered assets.Flood maps were created to
determine the projected flood exposure for each
asset to seven sea level rise scenarios.To obtain a
vulnerability score for each asset,the City determined
each asset's sensitivity to flooding and the community
consequences if the asset failed due to flooding.
The Assessment resulted in a list of assets based on
these vulnerability scores.Assets were organized
into asset subcategories and asset group profiles
to more effectively communicate the key findings of
the Assessment,including where the most vulnerable
assets are in the City.
These key findings are provided below:
•The City assets with higher vulnerability scores
are often located near Biscayne Bay shorelines,
particularly in South Beach in the West Ave.and
Bay Rd.neighborhood.In North Beach,several
of the higher vulnerability assets are located
along the canal shorelines.These assets may be
located near low-lying sections of shoreline or
seawall that are projected to be more frequently
overtopped due to future sea level rise.City
assets located behind the eastern coastal dune
area have relatively lower vulnerability than those
in the western part of the City.
•The assets with the highest vulnerability scores
are wastewater pipelines that were installed
more than 70 years ago.This older infrastructure
is often located in low-lying areas projected
to be exposed to most sea level rise flooding
scenarios.These sections of wastewater pipelines
were also found in several of the City's most
socially vulnerable neighborhood areas.
•Future sea level rise is projected to extend king
tide flooding inland,generally following along
roadways which are expected to serve as flood
pathways.Sea level rise will also increase the
extent of rainfall ponding areas during compound
events in numerous City areas that currently do
not tend to flood.As nearly the whole City is
projected to be impacted during a storm tide
(storm surge)event at current conditions,the
flooded area will not increase significantly.
However,storm tide (storm surge)flood depths
will increase,likely exacerbating impacts to
assets.
•Forty-two of the City's 48 stormwater pump
stations are considered to have a higher
vulnerability to future sea level rise.The City
has taken several measures to assess the risk
to this infrastructure,including the detailed
analysis included in the SWMMP.The results of
this assessment encourage continued efforts to
adapt these critical flooding mitigation assets to
future sea level conditions.
•The City's primary emergency response facilities
(e.g.,police station headquarters,Fire Station #1,
Mt.Sinai hospital,and the Convention Center)
are considered to have higher vulnerability.
Previous efforts by the City,including road
raisings and the elevation of critical equipment,
have sought to mitigate flooding impacts at and
near these facilities.This Assessment highlights
the importance of continuing to develop
adaptation measures to protect these critical
facilities.
•The City's bridges connect the individual island
neighborhoods of Miami Beach and the City to
the mainland.The bridges also serve as primary
evacuation routes during emergency events.
More than half (24 of 47)of the City's bridges
and nine-of-ten connecting the South Venetian
lslands are classified to have higher vulnerability.
Several of the City's community centers and
affordable public housing assets are considered
to have higher vulnerability,particularly in North
Beach.Many are also located in the City's socially
vulnerable neighborhood areas.Adaptation
measures should be pursued to mitigate flooding
impacts to these assets so that they may continue
to provide services and resources to the City's
disadvantaged populations.
46 2.Seo Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.....................................................
City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report ]DRAFT
•Anecdotal stories and experiences shared during
community engagement activities aligned with
the vulnerabilities and flood extents mapped in
this study.These include:
-Residents recognize higher flood
vulnerabilities along Biscayne Bay.
-Roadways are critical for daily travel,but
several low-lying streets are already facing
flooding impacts under existing conditions.
-The City's parks and community centers are
highly valued community assets,but several,
including Flamingo Park and the Scott Rakow
Youth Center,currently face frequent flooding
impacts.
-The City's aging flood protection structures
(e.g.,wastewater pipelines)should be
replaced in order for the infrastructure to be
designed for a higher sea level future.
-The City's most vulnerable populations and
neighborhoods are already withstanding sea
level rise impacts and these are expected to
worsen without proactive action.
By 2070,sea levels are projected to be high
enough that nearly the entire City is expected to
face some impacts from any of the three flooding
sources assessed.However,these projections
and assumptions are based on the City's current
infrastructure and do not consider future City actions
to mitigate flood impacts.The takeaways from this
Assessment provide the City with a starting point
for efficient adaptation efforts by highlighting
which assets are currently the most vulnerable to
sea level rise.Moreover,the ranking of vulnerability
scores allows the City to identify the order in which
to prioritize addressing assets before sea level rise
impacts may cause them to fail.
This Assessment also highlights that there are regional
and neighborhood differences in terms of the City's
sea level rise vulnerability.For example,an additional
foot of sea level rise by 2040 (NOAA Intermediate
High scenario)is projected to produce relatively more
extensive king tide flooding in South Beach than in
North or Mid Beach.The City regions also include
multiple types of critical assets and systems that will
respond in different ways to more frequent flooding
events.Addressing the potential impacts to these
assets will therefore need more than one approach.
Improving resilience City-wide,both now and into
the future,will require a collection of adaptation
strategies that can be applied to the varying flooding
risks of numerous asset types located in every part
of the City.As a step towards this goal,the key
vulnerabilities identified by this Assessment have
provided a foundation for developing the adaptation
pathways outlined in the Adaptation Plan.The goal
of these pathways is to integrate the findings of this
Assessment into future City planning initiatives and
infrastructure projects in order to reduce the City's
vulnerability to future sea level rise and maintain the
City's leadership in enacting forward-thinking climate
adaptation actions.
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3 .Next S teps
The objective of this Assessment was to identify the City's assets and infrastructure that are most vulnerable to
current and future flooding events.The Assessment considered an asset's exposure to flooding as well as the
asset's flooding sensitivity and consequence to community to determine a vulnerability score.The Assessment
resulted in a list of assets ranked by this vulnerability score.This list reflects City assets that are most at risk to
future flooding due to sea level rise.
With these findings,and associated Asset Group Vulnerability Profiles,the City is well equipped to communicate
to residents and other City departments the magnitude,extent,and severity of flooding impacts the City could
expect from future sea level rise.The list of prioritized assets allows the City to pursue project funding for
implementation,from sources such as the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP)Resilient
Florida grant program,to develop targeted adaptation measures for identified flood susceptibilities across
the City.These key vulnerability findings also served as the foundation for the adaptation pathways developed
in the Adaptation Plan.The adaptation pathways incorporated City asset vulnerability information to develop
place-based strategies that can evolve with changing conditions,such as future sea levels.
Finally,this Assessment represents the latest in the City's ongoing effort to understand,communicate,and
prepare for a future influenced by climate change.The sea level rise vulnerabilities identified in this report fit
into the City's resilience vision and this Assessment builds on the work of many previous City plan and initiatives.
The vulnerabilities identified here expand the assets considered in the City's 20l7 Vulnerability Assessment
(Guidebook,2017)and refine the methodology to improve how assets can be prioritized by the City.These
findings also can be used in coordination with findings and actions outlined in other recent City plans,such as
the SWMMP and Neighborhood Project Prioritization Plan.Additionally,the Vulnerability Assessment findings
can inform future updates to the City's Local Hazard Mitigation Strategy,which describes the overall City
approach to hazard protection and allows the City to maintain eligibility to receive pre-disaster mitigation
grant funds from FEMA.
The completion of this Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment provides the City and the State of Florida a
comprehensive resource evaluating the vulnerability of its most critical assets to flooding and sea level rise.
This Assessment will help guide the City's future planning and project efforts as it continues to adapt to the
immense challenge of sea level rise.
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I
4 .Refere n ces
AEC OM .(2017).Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment
Guidebook.Prepared for the City of Miami Beach.
AEC OM .(2019).Stormwater Facilities Plan.Prepared for
the City of Miami Beach.
AEC OM .{2022).Stormwater Needs Analysis -Technical
Memorandum of Capital Plan Cost Development.
AEC OM .{2024).Stormwater Modeling and Master Plan
Update.Prepared for the City of Miami Beach.
Center fo r Disease C ontrol (C DC ).(2020).CDC/ATSDR
Social Vulnerability Index.Retrieved from https://www.
atsdr.cdc.gov /placeandhealth/svi/index.html
C OM Sm ith.(2017).Stormwater Master Plan Update.
Prepared for the City of Miami Beach.
City of M iam i Beach.(2017).Ordinance 2017-30039.
Retrieved from http://docmgmt.miamibeachfl.gov/
WebLink/DocView.aspx?dbid=0&id-=212033&page=l&or=l
C om pact.2020 Southeast Florida Regional Clim ate
C hange Sea Level Rise W ork G roup.(2020).Unified
Sea Level Rise Projections.Southeast Florida Regional
Climate Chane Compact Climate Leadership.Retrieved
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content /uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-
Guidance-Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf
h
Domingues,R.,Goni,G.,Baringer,M .,&Volkov,D.
{2018).What caused the accelerated sea level changes
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Federal Emergency M anagem ent Agency {FEM A).
(2021).FEMA Flood Map Service Center.Retrieved from
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Federal Geodetic Data Comm ittee (FGDC).1998.
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Florida Department of Environm ental Protection.
(202la).Florida Senate Bill 1954 (Florida Statute 380.093).
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billsummaries/2021/html/2327#:7:text=The%20bill%20
creates%3A,projects%20to%20adapt%20critical%20
assets.
Florida Department of Environm ental Protection.
(2021b).Florida Senate Bill 178 (Florida Statute 161.551).
Retrieved from https://www.flrules.org/gateway/
ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=62S-7
ICF.{2020).The Business Case for the City of Miami
Beach Stormwater Resilience Program.Prepared for
the City of Miami Beach.Retrieved from https://www.
mbrisi ng above.com /wp-content /uploads /TASK-8-miami-
beach-business-case-a na lysis-4pager_DRAFT.pdf
D
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Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
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Tignor,S.K.Allen,J.Boschung,A.Nauels,Y.Xia,V.Bex
and P.M.Midgley (eds.)].Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA,1535
pp.
Jacobs.(2020a).Neighborhood Project Prioritization-
Methodology and Results.Prepared for the City of Miami
Beach.Retrieved from https://www.miamibeachfl.gov/
wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Neighborhood-Project-
Prioritization.pdf
Jacobs.(2020b).Road Elevation Strategy and
Recommended Sea Level Rise/Tidal Flood Adaptation
Projects.Prepared for the City of Miami Beach.Retrieved
from https://www.mbrisingabove.com/wp-content/
uploads/Road-Elevation-Strategy.pdf
Marcy,D.,Brooks,W.,Draganov,K.,Hadley,B.,Haynes,
C.,Herold,N.,...&Waters,K.(2011).New mapping tool
and techniques for visualizing sea level rise and coastal
flooding impacts.In Solutions to Coastal Disasters 20ll
(pp.474-490).
NOAA/NESDIS/STAR.Sea Level Rise.Retrieved
from https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/
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increase%2C%20sea,climate%20models%200f%20
global%20warming.
Shulman+Associates.(2020).Buoyant City Historic
District Resiliency &Adaptation Guidelines.Prepared for
the City of Miami Beach.Retrieved from https://www.
miamibeachfl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2020-
0309-BUOYANT-CITY-FINAL-DRAFT.pdf
Sweet,W.V.,Kopp,R.E.,Weaver,C.P.,Obeysekera,
J.,Horton,R.M.,Thieler,E.R.,&Zervas,C.
(2017}.Global and regional sea level rise scenarios for the
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