C4O-Ref- NCAC - Citywide Lighting Conditions -G�ngora-lt\ MIAMI BEACH
OFFICE OF THE MAYOR AND COMMISSION MEMORANDUM
TO: Kathie Brooks, City Manager
FROMo Michael GOngora, Vice Mayor!~;;--
DATE: December 5, 2012
SUBJECT: Referral Item for December 5 Commission Meeting
Please place on the December Commission meeting consent agenda a referral to the
Neighborhoods Committee for a discussion item involving citywide lighting conditions.
Please find attached a Miami Beach Police report. If you have any questions please feel
free to contact my aide Diana Fontani at ext 6087.
MG/df
98
Agenda Item C lf {)
Date /cj.-/J -12
MIAMI BEACH
P ~L· IY·cE ~
CONFIDENTIAL SECURITY SURVEY
Citywide General Conditions Lighting Report
with Recommended Practice
Prepared by: NRO Julio Blanco, fCPP, CPTED Date: 11/02/2012
Goal:
The purpose of this report is to identify street lighting problems in all three districts and its direct
impact on crime and the fear of crime. The optimal use of Crime Prevention thru Environmental
Design (CPTED) will be the main focus of the survey as we strive for the reduction of crime, and
the fear of crime, by improving the built environment. The overall goal is safety, improvements
that leads to the increase use of the built environment (by a reduction in fear of) and an overall
reduction in crime that leads to a better quality oflife for citizens while using public space.
Grading Scale:
Area lighting conditions were rated from "A to F", with "A" being Excellent and "F" being a total
failure. Grades of C or below are considered considerable security risks, and need to be
addressed by the City of Miami Beach in order to ensure a safe environment. Points are deducted
on observed violations of CPTED and the below listed grading factors.
Grading Factors:
The light study is based on Crime Prevention Thru Environmental Design (CPTED) principles.
"CPTED Standard" refers to ideal/best/recommended standards for safe communities. As such
modem lighting principles will be considered to include, but not limited to:
• Light Source/Lamp Properties (LED being the CPTED Standard)
• Light Temperature (5000k to 6500k as CPTED Standard, see exhibit #1)
• Light Fixture/Lamp Design (Type/Height/Light Pollution/Placement considered)
• Illuminance and Distd{lut{gn ratio (concentration of light and how it distributed on the
~ '\ -sunace}
• Shadows and Glare (reduce effectiveness of lighting and lead to fear and/or inability to
see well)
• Landscape impacts to lighting (which may render lighting useless or reduce efficiency
~d distribution)
• Energy Conservation (an obligation to the environment and the city's costs of operation)
• Maintenance (Working conditions/free from obstructions considered)
• Design/Spacing (Are the fixtures properly designed and spaced as to not create dark/light
patterns)
99
Scope and Purpose:
This Recommended Practice (below) contains minimum industry best practices, but can be
exceeded. It should be used as a guide for security design reviews, capital improvement projects,
retrofit projects, new designs and grant submissions that enhance security of public space.
Recommended Practice Important considerations:
• Proper lighting may be one of the most cost-effective and universally accepted security measures any municipal entity
can use to improve its security and that of public space.
• Proper security lighting both deters criminal behavior and enhances safety, thereby reducing overall risk. Properly
designed and planned public lighting can create a sense of openness and security for citizens using public space.
• Proper lighting aids the ability to observe and monitor movements through the facilities and supports the fundamental
principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED).
• Throughout this Recommended Practice, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) safety lighting
standards and security industry lighting best practices were applied.
• Where OSHA foot-candle measurements for safety lighting were higher than security industry lighting measurements,
the OSHA measurements should be used.
• Where security industry lighting measurements were higher than OSHA safety lighting standards, the security
industry lighting measurements should be used.
Areas Graded:
All of Miami Beach public roads and right of ways, in all three districts (North, Middle and
South)
100
Conditions Re art
South District
1 "A" rated:
o None
o "B" rated:
o Washington Avenue Corridor-16th Street to 5th Street
o All of the South of 5th Neighborhood (SoFi)-presently under construction
"C" rated:
o Collins Avenue-5th Street to 17th Street
o Flamingo Neighborhood -5th to 11th Street/Lenox Ave to Drexel Ave
o Ocean Drive -5th to 15th Street
o 15th Street to 1 th Street-Alton Road to Washington Ave
o 11th Street to 17th Street-Euclid Ave to Washington Ave
o Drexel Avenue-11th to 14th Street
o Alton Road Corridor -5th to 17th Street
o Palm Hibiscus
o Star Island
o West Ave corridor
"D" rated:
o Collins Ave-17th to 23rd Street
o Washington Ave-16th Street to 1 th Street
o N. Michigan to Alton Road - 1 th Street to 15th Street
o Meridian Ave-11th Street to 15th Street
o 14th-Drexel Avenue to Pennsylvania Ave
"F" rated:
o City Center -Ballet/23 Street/Bass Museum Library
o 21st Street P LOT
o Palm View Historic District -17th Street to Dade Blvd and Meridian Ave to
Alton Road
o N Michigan -12th Street to 15th Street
o Espanola Way-Drexel to Pennsylvania Ave
o 10 St-West Avenue to Bay (street end)
o 13th and Collins Ave P LOT.
101
Middle District
-"A" rated:
o None
o "B" rated:
o Belle Isle Area
o Purdy Ave
o 20th Street by Publix
o Arthur Godfrey (41st Street)
"C" rated:
o Venetian Bridges
o Sunset Islands 1,2, and 4
o North Bay Road-51st Street to 63rd Street
o LaGorce Island
o Pinetree Drive -42nd Street to 63rd Street
o LaGorce Drive-51st Street to 63rd Street
o 52nd to 62nd Streets-Between La Gorce Drive and Pinetree Drive
o Allison Island
o 63rd Street corridor
o Collins Ave-43rd Street to 63rd Street
o Alton Road -52nd Street to 63rd Street
o Alton Road -19th Street to 36th Street
o Lakeview Drive
o Nautilus Area HOA-Nautilus Drive to N Meridian -42nd to 4ih Street
o St Patrick's Area-@ Garden Ave
"D" rated:
o 1700-1900 Blocks of Bay Dr and West Avenue
o LaGorce Park area @ 63rd Street
o Lakeview Drive Park area
o Lakeview Drive Neighborhood -49th Street to 51st Street
o N Bay Road -43rd Street to 48th Street
o 42nd Street to 46th Street-Chase Ave to Sheridan Ave
o Lower N Bay Road -20th Street to 3ih Street
o Flamingo Or/Lake Pancoast -25 1h Street to 40th Street
"F" rated:
o Venetian Islands -Single Family Residential areas
o Sunset Island 3
o N Bay Road to Alton Rd @ 52nd Street to 61 st Street
o Alton Road -42nd Street to 50th Street
o Miami Heart Area -4ih Ct
102
o Indian Creek Drive -42nd Street to 27th Street
o Chase Avenue-Alton Road to 34th Street
o Collins Avenue-42nd Street to 2ih Street
o Alton and Alton Area
o Bayshore Neighborhood -28th Street to 40th Street, W of Pinetree Dr
North District
:1 "A" rated:
o None
o "B" rated:
o Normandy SUD HOA-1100 to 1899 Bay Drive/Calais Drive
o Collins Avenue Business Corridor-72nd to 75th Collins Ave
o 80 St PLOT
"C" rated:
o Bay Drive West (south side)
o Bonita Drive
o 84th Street PLOT
o Harding Avenue Corridor 69th to 8ih Street
o 72nd Street P LOT
o Biscayne Beach HOA -Crespi/Hawthorne Ave 86th Street to 77th Street
o 64th PLOT
o Collins Avenue Business Corridor-65th to 71st Collins Ave
"D" rated:
o Stillwater HOA -Stillwater Drive
o Normandy Drive Corridor
o 71 Street Corridor
o North Shore/South Shore Drive
o Normandy Nord HOA -Calais Dr and Marseilles Dr
o Bay Drive West HOA (north side)
o Normandy Shores HOA -Fairway Dr
o North Shore Neighborhood 73rd to 87th Abbott Ave to Dickens Ave
o Parkview Isle
"F" rated:
o Normandy Fountain HOA
o Calais Drive -West of Trouville Esplanade
o 79th Street P LOT
o 83rd Street P LOT
o 73rd Dickens P LOT
103
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Qualification and Resources
1 . Lighting application and selection
1 .1 Application and selection
Lighting lamp application and selection is an important function of public lighting. Each type of lamp
has a different color characterization that affects human perceptions of color. Table 2 lists commonly
selected lamp types, recommended applications for their use, as well as their advantages and
disadvantages. Disposal should be in accordance with industry prescribed methods and local ordinances.
TABLE 2
Lamp Comparisons
lamp Type Applications
lncandescent1
• Ambient, task or accent
lighting
• Flood or spot lighting
Halogen (incandescent)1
• Ambient, task or accent
lighting
• Flood or spot lighting
Fluorescent
• Interior use
• Area lighting
Compact fluorescent
• Interior use
• Area lighting
Metal halide
• Areas or displays where
color identification is
critical
• Parking areas
High-pressure sodium
• Roadways, walkways
and parking areas
111
Advantages
• Instant "on"
• High CRI2
• Instant "on"
• High CRI
• Quick "on"
• Energy efficient
• Moderate/high CRI
• Long life
• Quick "on"
• Energy efficient
• Moderate/high CRI
• Long life
• Energy efficient
• Moderate/high CRI
• Long life
• Energy efficient
Disadvantages
• Not energy efficient
• Not energy efficient
• Lamp lumen output
depreciates with ambient
temperature change
• Lamp lumen output
depreciates with ambient
temperature change
• Slow "on" and restrike
time
• High initial cost
• Slow "on" and restrike
time
• High initial cost
• LowCRI
low-pressure sodium
Mercury vapor1
Inductively coupled
electrodeless
light-emitting diode
(LED)
• Roadways, walkways
and parking areas
• Area lighting where color
identification is not critical
• Long life
• Energy efficient
• Excellent acuity
• Area lighting where color • Long life
identification is not critical
• All interior and exterior • Long life
areas • Energy efficient
• High CRI
• All interior and exterior • Long life
areas • Energy efficient
• Moderate/high CRI
1. Lamps are being phased out due to federally regulated energy efficiency requirements.
2. Color Rendering Index (CRI)
1.2 Lamp properties
• Slow "on" and restrike
time
• Monochromatic
• LowCRI
• High initial cost
• Slow "on" and restrike
time
• Low CRI
• Not energy efficient
• Size oflamp
• Component heat control
• High initial cost
• Component heat control
• High initial cost
The capacities, efficiencies, restrike times and CRI are important factors in considering the type of lamp
that best fulfills the unique requirements of a transit environment. They should be reviewed and
considered along with other security lighting survey information and calculations to determine the best
values for an agency. Table 3 lists factors to consider for each of the commonly used lighting lamps. The
values given are approximate and can vary significantly depending on lamp type, wattage, manufacturer,
ballasting and operating conditions.
TABLE 3
Lamp Properties
Lamp Type Lamp Life Efficacy (output Restrike Time CRI (Color
(hours) lumens to input (minutes to full Rendering Index)
watts) output)1
lncandescent2 750 17 instant 100
Halogen 2,500 14 instant 100
{incandescent)z
Fluorescent 20,000-50,000 80-110 quick-on 75-90
Compact 10,000 80-90 quick-on 72-90
fluorescent
Metal halide 12,000-20,000 70-90 up to 15 65-90
High-pressure 24,000-40,000 80-110 1-2 22
sodium
Low-pressure 18,000 126 7-15 monochromatic
sodium
112
Mercury vaporz 24,000 45 3-7 45
Inductively coupled 100,000 75-80 instant 80
electrodeless
light-emitting 50,000 60-80 instant 80
diodes (LED)
1. "lnstanr means that the lamp will immediately be at full output. "Quick-on" means that the lamp will immediately start and very
quickly reach full rated output. The other listing times are the amount of time the lamp takes to restrike after being extinguished,
which includes some lamp cool down time. If already cool, these lamps will strike immediately but take a minute or several minutes
to reach full rated output.
2. Lamps are being phased out due to federally regulated energy efficiency requirements.
2. Lighting design and planning
2.1 Design basis
Effective public lighting design and planning includes performing a design basis to benchmark the
lighting system requirements. The elements of a design basis should include the following steps:
• Define the purpose of the lighting system.
• Identify areas requiring installation of or increased illumination.
• Determine the type(s) of public lighting to install in an area.
• Consider system expansion and value engineering options during any design and planning phases.
Other influencing factors to an effective design are light source color, illuminance, uniformity, glare and
shadow of the light source. Also, the presence of CCTV systems that will use the light source and the
effects of lighting on the surrounding community and area should be considered.
2.2 Light source color
The two factors that comprise light source are color temperature and color rendition, which affect mood
and environmental surroundings. The higher the color temperature of a lamp, the more closely it replicates
daylight. A basic guideline to estimate the perceived color of a source is that the higher the color
temperature, the more "cool" the source will appear (more blue/green in tint). The lower the color
temperature, the more "warm" the source will appear (more red/yellow in tint). In general, discharge
sources, which are considered "white" light sources such as fluorescent and metal halide, will have a color
temperature somewhere between 3000°K and 4500°K. Color temperature is an important factor in the
selection of light sources.
113
FIGURE 1
Color Temperature Comparison
Metal Halide Installation
Correlated color temperature: 3700"K
Color Rendering Index: -70
114
High-Pressure Sodium Installation
Correlated Color Temperature: 1900"K
Color Rendering Index -22
Exhibit #1
Temperature Source
Match flame
Candle flame, sunset/sunrise
Incandescent lamps
Soft White compact fluorescent lamps
Studio lamps, photofloods, etc.
1 Studio "CP" light
4,!00-4, !50 K Moonlight,-
5,000 K
5,000 K
Horizon daylight
tubular fluorescent lamps or Cool White/Daylight
compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
5,500-6,000 K Vertical daylight, electronic flash
6,500 K
5,500-
10,500 K
15,000-
:n,OOOK
Daylight, overcast
LCD or CRT screen
Clear blue poleward sky
These temperatures are merely characteristic;
considerable variation may be present
115
Color rendition is the ability of a lamp to accurately reproduce the colors seen in an object. It is
referred to as the Color Rendition Index (CRI) and measured from 0 to 100. The closer to 100 the
index number, the closer the lamp is to natural daylight. The qualities of color rendition
characteristics can be influenced by CRI and the spectral distribution of the lamp.
2.3 Illuminance
Illuminance is the concentration of light that falls on a surface. It is measured in foot-candles or
lux with a light meter on the horizontal and vertical planes. Horizontal illuminance does little to
aid the visibility of vertical objects, such as signs and keyholes, whereas vertical illuminance in
the appropriate lighting levels provides observers the ability to identify people and activities at a
distance, especially in enclosed facilities, such as parking garages.
2.4 Uniformity ratio
Uniformity is the even distribution of light on a surface. It is measured as a ratio in determining
uniformity of the minimum, average and maximum illuminance to an area. The ratios compare
average-to-minimum or maximum-to-minimum illuminance. The differences in uniformity ratios
aid the eye to view depth when scanning or viewing an area. Uniformity ratios may vary
depending upon their application and built environment. Unbalanced uniformity ratios may
present shadowing effects. In this Recommended Practice, the criteria are given in average values
and minimum values. The uniformity ratio for Eavg/Emin can, therefore, be found as the ratio of
those two values.
Lighting uniformity can provide balanced lighting of an area and reduce shadowing. For example,
a very uniform lighting environment can lack contrast, making the visibility of objects difficult by
allowing the foreground and background to blend with little to no contrast. A more non-uniform
scene provides greater opportunity that an object will be visible due to its contrast, either against
a bright or dark background. For security lighting, however, a non-uniform scene can provide
dark areas and shadows, which would allow for concealment. Therefore, the values listed attempt
walk the fme line between too much or too little non-uniformity and should be used for security
applications in the public environment.
2.5 Lighting distribution
Lighting distribution is the direct area that the light covers.
There are five types of lighting distribution patterns, shown in
Table 4. Each application may depend on various factors
determined during the design and planning phases of a project.
The selection of the distribution types should be determined by
lighting professionals based on size, shape, and location to be
illuminated.
116
TABLE 4
Lighting Distribution Types
Type
I
II
Ill
IV
v
2.6 Shadows
Distribution
Very narrow
Increasing width
Increasing width
Increasing width
Round
Application
Walkway, roadways
Walkways, roadways
Walkways, parking
areas
Walkways, roadway
Parking areas,
perimeter areas near
structures, entryways
Shadows reduce the effectiveness of lighting because they reduce lighting uniformity and the
contrasts from darkness to lightness. Shadows often impart a feeling of being unsafe, probably
because they offer areas of concealment for persons or animals.
The effect of shadows is also a concern from a visibility and safety standpoint within public
areas. The locations of luminaires and their optical design should be based on the need to
eliminate shadows on critical surfaces, such as platform edges and stair treads (see Figure 3)
FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4
Platform Edge Lighting Impact of Glare on Visibility
2.7 Glare
Glare is produced when the intensity of light in a direction on a surface is sufficiently greater than
the eye can adapt to. It can reduce the contrast of an object against its background, resulting in
difficulty for the eye to perceive depth accurately and to see well. Glare is may be hazardous for
senior citizens and people with weak or impaired vision.
117
2.8 Landscape impacts to lighting
Landscape selection should ensure that light distribution will not be obstructed by the foliage of
trees, shrubs or other vegetation as it matures or as seasons change. An example of the impact
that landscaping can have is shown in Figure 5. The images are of the same pedestrian location
during the winter and summer months. The presence of the leaves on the tree reduces the average
vertical illuminance by more than 60 percent. During hours of darkness, pole-mounted luminaires
should be clearly seen from a distance away from the pole of 2.5 to 3 times their height to ensure
area lighting coverage. If the line of sight to the luminaire cannot be clearly seen during the full
blossom of the canopy, the tree or shrub branches obscuring the view should be removed by
pruning. This action is also referred to as "limb up." Further, at least annually, trees, shrubs and
other vegetation should be pruned to prevent interference with light distribution patterns and to
eliminate shadows. Designs that include decorative landscaping in neighborhoods should be
planned with the full understanding of density, height and breadth of the landscape as it grows to
full maturity.
FIGURE 5
Impact of Vegetation on Lighting Systems
118
3. Energy and environmental considerations
3.1 Energy conservation
Energy consumption in parking lot or area lighting system depends on the lamp type, ballast,
luminaire; number of luminaires required and control strategy. Where incandescent and mercury
vapor lamps were used at a higher wattage and cost, high-pressure sodium, low-pressure sodium
or metal halide lamps may be installed with lower wattages and little reduction in illuminance.
Energy savings can also apply to internal applications. For example, compact fluorescent lamps
(CFLs) can replace incandescent lamps with lower wattages and little reduction in illuminance at
a cost savings. Therefore, older lighting installations replaced by highly efficient lighting systems
can translate to greater cost savings.
4. Security lighting survey
4.1 Approach
To ensure that the basic principles of public lighting lighting are understood and applied, a public
lighting survey should be performed on an annual basis, or when there are changes to the built
environment. First, municipalities should review their current security assessment results to
analyze identified threats and determine the potential hazards against people, operations and
assets. Then, municipalities should complete a design basis in order to do the following:
o Establish the purpose of the lighting system.
o Identify areas requiring installation of or increased illumination.
o Determine the type(s) of public space lighting to install in a specific area.
• Consider value engineering options during any design and planning phases.
Finally, the municipality should perform a comprehensive security lighting system survey that
includes lighting measurements and a review of operational procedures.
4.2 Lighting measurements and system maintenance/repairs
As a function of the public space lighting survey, lighting measurements should be taken and
analyzed, using Underwriters Laboratories certified equipment and proper manufacturers'
calibration, to determine the current lighting levels throughout the different transit property areas.
The status of scheduled maintenance and necessary repair of identified damages should be noted
as part of the survey. The measurements may be completed in foot-candles (fc) or lux (lx), but
should be recorded.
119
4.3 Security lighting survey procedures
Table 10 provides recommended procedures for completing a security lighting survey. To record
the results of a security lighting survey, an example of a lighting survey field report form is listed
in Appendix B.
TABLE10
Lighting Survey Procedures!
Procedures
Review lighting plans and drawings
Review lamp/light maintenance
Identify power source
Inspect luminaries and connections
Select equipment (light meter and compass)
Select a typical test time at night
Orient the property
Lay out the area
Determine height
Take reading at ground (primary)
Take reading at height (secondary)
Look for trouble
Note off-site conditions
Note other security systems
Purpose
To verify lighting designs and any system modifications.
To verify schedule of luminaries and lamp maintenance.
To identify primary and secondary power sources.
To identify frayed or wom wiring or damaged
connections.
To capture lighting calculations with a light meter
measuring device. To ensure light me-ter is functioning
and calibrated. To identify the cardinal directions (north,
south, east and west).
To avoid full or no moon conditions, snow on the ground,
overcast, stormy, or rainy nights. Survey should be
performed during hours of darkness.
To identify the cardinal directions (north, south, east and
west) and mark them on a plan or sketch.
To identify test points and determine spacing of
measurements between test points.
To identify primary and secondary measurement heights.
Capture and analyze lighting level at (ground) primary
height level (horizontal plane).
Capture and analyze lighting level at secondary height
level (1.5 meter-5 ft.) (vertical plane).
To note other site problems that may influence additional
threats to property.
Make notation of off-site conditions. Adjacent properties
may have installed high light levels or glare-intensive
sources, which may impact the visibility on the surveyed
site.
Make notation of type and location of security system
elements such as CCTV cameras, emergency
telephones, "blue light" stations, etc. and their general
configuration as it relates to the lighting system.
1. Lamp "bum-in" of a minimum of 100 hours per lamp should be performed before lighting measurements are taken to
ensure the most stable lumen output.
120
5. Inspection, maintenance and repairs
The optimum operational effectiveness of a lighting system can be limited by the performance or
nonperformance of inspections, maintenance and repairs. Maintenance for parking lot, pole-mounted
lighting and area lighting systems can be high because the mounting heights often require special
equipment to access the luminaires. Easily replaced bulbs, ballasts and other optical components can
reduce labor costs. Ease of maintenance is also a safety issue, because the less time a person works on
maintaining a lighting system, the less risk there is for an accident to occur. Group relamping rather than
spot relamping may also help to control maintenance costs.
A clean luminaire is essential for best performance. Poorly aligned, poorly fitted or damaged luminaire
components such as gaskets, housing covers, lenses, etc. can allow dirt or water to penetrate, which can
reduce illuminance and increase maintenance or operating costs over the life of the system.
Lighting system issues, maintenance and inspection of the systems should be performed at least monthly
(for instance, routine maintenance and cleaning of pole and or luminaries, lamp or ballast replacement,
etc.). However, ifthere is a history of vandalism or efforts to defeat the lighting system, then maintenance
and inspections should be performed more often. Security lighting systems repairs should be performed
without delay. For optimum security lighting system performance, follow manufacturers' recommended
best practices for inspection, maintenance, and repair.
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References
American National Standards Institute and Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,
Practice for Roadway Lighting, ANSIIIESNA RP-8-05, 2005.
American Public Transportation Association Recommended Practices: SS-SIS-RP-002-08: CCTV
Camera Coverage and Field of View Criteria/or Passenger Facilities SS-SEM-RP-004-08:
Security & Emergency Management Aspects of Special Event Service Nl A: Security Placement of
Bus Stops
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Guideline for Security Lighting for People,
Property, and Public Spaces, IESNA G-1-03, 2003. http://www.ies.org/shop/item-
detail.cfm?ID=G-1-03&storeid= 1
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Light Trespass: Research, Results, and
Recommendations, IESNA TM-11-00.
llluminating Engineering Society of North America, Lighting for Parking Facilities, IES RP-20-
98.
illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor
Luminaires, IESNA TM-15-07.
Lighting Research Center Glossary, http://www .lrc.rpi.eduleducation/learning/ glossary.asp.
Accessed May 4, 2008.
National Fire Protection Association, Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail
Systems, NFPA 130,2007.
National Lighting Product Information Program, Specifier Reports, Parking Lot and Area
Luminaries, Volume 9, Number 1, July 2004.
http://www .lightingresearch.org/programs!NLPIP /PDF NIEW I SRParking. pdf
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, Lighting Design Lab, Lighting Glossary,
http://www.lightingdesignlab.com/library/glossary.htm. Accessed May 6, 2008.
Transit Cooperative Research Program, Intrusion Detection for Public Transportation Facilities
Handbook, TCRP Report 86, Volume 4.
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_86v4.pdf
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Transit Security Design
Considerations, FTA-TRI-MA-26-7085-05, November 2004. http://transit-
safety.fta.dot.gov/security/Securitylnitiatives/ DesignConsiderations/CD/ftasesc.pdf
U.S. Army, Physical Security Manual, Chapter 5, Physical Security Lighting.
http://www .globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-19-30/ch5 .htm#pgfld-1 024523
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, "High-Intensity
Discharge Lighting,"
http://www .energysavers.gov/your _home/lighting_ daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic= 12080.
Accessed: May 5, 2008.
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Definitions
Ballast: A magnetic or electronic device used to control the starting and operation of discharge
lamps.
Brightness: The intensity of the sensation from which light is seen by the human eye.
Color rendition: The ability of a lamp to reproduce accurately the colors seen in an object.
Color Rendering Index (CRI): A measure from 0 to 100 of how closely a lamp renders colors
of objects compared to a standard source. Daylight is considered the standard source of light for
the purpose of this Recommended Practice. The higher the Color Rendering Index, the more
natural the appearance of the source and the richer colors appear.
Contrast: The relationship between the brightness of an object and its immediate background.
Correlated color temperature (CCT): The measure of the "warmth" or "coolness" of a light.
Efficacy: The ratio oflight output (in lumens) to input power (in watts), expressed as lumens per
watt.
Emergency communications device: Equipment and or technology installed at locations
open to the traveling public or passengers and intended to communicate the need for assistance,
help or another type of emergency or alarm to transportation staff or area frrst responders
(telephone, alarm button or panel, intelligent video device or other GPS or non-GPS
communications device).
Flare: A situation created when a light source overwhelms a CCTV system sensor, making the
image unusable.
Foot-candle (fc): A unit of measure of illuminance. One foot-candle is equal to llumen cast
per square foot of surface. 1 fc is equal to 10.764 lux.
Glare: A visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness.
High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting: An electric lamp that produces light directly from
an arc discharge under high pressure. Metal halide, high-pressure sodium, low-pressure sodium
and mercury vapor are examples of types of high-intensity discharge lamps.
Horizontal illuminance (Eh): The measure of brightness from a light source, usually
measured in foot-candles or lumens, through a horizontal position on a horizontal surface.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA): The recognized technical
authority on illumination.
Illuminance (E): The total amount of visible light landing on a surface from all directions above
the surface.
Lamp: Electrical light sources often referred to as bulbs.
Light-emitting diodes (LED): Diodes (electronic components that let electricity pass in only
one direction) that emit visible light when electricity is applied, much like a light bulb.
Light meter: Electrical device that measures light in foot-candles or lux.
Light trespass: Illumination cast to area where it is not wanted, such as an adjacent property.
Luminance: The luminous intensity of a surface in a given direction per unit area of that surface
as viewed from that direction; often incorrectly referred to as brightness.
Lumen: The quantity of luminous flux emitted within a unit solid angle by a point source with
one candela intensity in all directions.
lux (lx): The metric standard unit of measure for illuminance, lumens per square meter (lm/rm).
10.764 lx is equal to 1 foot-candle.
nonrevenue transit facility: A non-publicly accessible transit facility or the non-publicly
accessible portion of a mixed revenue/nonrevenue facility, i.e. operations control centers,
maintenance facilities, bus vehicle storage yards, rail vehicle storage yards, traction power
substations, communication rooms, train control rooms, emergency fan plants, elevator rooms,
passenger station ancillary rooms, and other similar facilities.
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Photo sensor: An electronic device used to automatically turn lights on and off based on the
amount of ambient light near the cell.
Sky glow: The result of natural or artificial light sources increasing the night sky brightness.
Sky glow varies greatly depending on weather conditions, the quantity of dust/particles in the air,
and the amount of light directed skyward. It is considered light pollution.
Time clock: An electronic device used to automatically tum lights on and off on a
predetennined schedule.
Revenue transit facility: A publicly accessible transit facility or the publicly accessible
portion of a mixed revenue/nonrevenue facility, i.e. passenger stations and terminals.
Transitional lighting: lllumination levels that gradually increase or decrease between brightly
illuminated and dark areas.
Uplight: Light directed upward from the source, whether from luminaries or reflected light from
the ground or other surfaces. Uplight can increase sky glow.
Uniformity ratio (UR): The maximum or average illuminance across an area. The uniformity
ratio may be expressed as a ratio of average to minimum, or it may be expressed as a ratio of
maximum to minimum level of illumination for a given area.
Vertical illuminance (Ev): The total amount of visible light landing on a vertical surface from
all directions.
Abbreviations and acronyms
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APT A American Public Transportation Association
CCT correlated color temperature
CCTV closed-circuit television
CFL compact fluorescent lamp
CPTED crime prevention through environmental design
CRI Color Rendering Index
E illuminance
Eh horizontal illuminance
Ev vertical illuminance
fc foot-candles
HID high-intensity discharge
IESNA llluminating Engineering Society of North America
LCS Luminaire Classification System
LED light-emitting diode
LPW lumens per watt
lx lux
NEC National Electric Code
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NLPIP National Lighting Product Information Program
OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Administration
TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program
UR uniformity ratio
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