Resolution 2025-33715 RESOLUTION NO. 202533715
A RESOLUTION OF THE MAYOR AND CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF
MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA, ACCEPTING THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH SEA
LEVEL RISE VULNERABILITYASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION PLAN.
WHEREAS, the City of Miami Beach ("City") has long been a leader in recognizing the
threat posed by sea level rise and taking proactive actions to establish a resilient city prepared
for future changes; and
WHEREAS, due to its relatively low elevation and porous geology, the City is at the
forefroni of experiencing the impacts of sea level rise, particularly in Southeast Fiorida; and
WHEREAS, the City has already begun to experience the impacts of sea level rise,
including more frequent flooding of coastal roadways and low-lying areas during king tide events
and more widespread ponding during heavy rainfall events; and
WHEREAS, these flooding events can cause damage to City infrastructure and private
property, travel disruptions, and pose significant threats to life and safety; and
WHEREAS,future sea level rise is prqected to increase the scale and severity of flooding,
as coastal floodwaters become more likely to overtop existing shoreline infrastructure, and
elevated water levels further reduce the effectiveness of the City's stormwater drainage systems;
and
WHEREAS, to better understand the risks posed by future sea level rise, the City has
conducted the Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment ("Assessment"), identifying City-owned
and regionally significant assets most vulnerable to various flood sources across a range of
current and future condifions; and
WHEREAS, the Assessment provides critical insights to help the City prioritize assets
most vulnerable to sea level rise, supporting ongoing adaptation planning efforts; and
WHEREAS, the objectives of the Assessment include identifying and prioritizing critical
City assets at risk from future flood events, ensuring protection of critical assets serving the Citys
most socially vulnerable communities, and engaging the public and stakeholders in the process;
and
WHEREAS, the Assessment is compliant with Section 380.093, Florida Statutes, which
defines a coordinated statewide effortthrough the Resilient Florida Program to adapt communities
to increased risks from sea level rise, extreme weather, and precipitation; and
WHEREAS, completion of the Assessment ensures that the City remains eligible for
funding assistance for projects addressing specific flood vulnerabilities identifed in the
Assessment; and
WHEREAS, the City is heavily urbanized, with buildings, roadways, and impervious
surfaces contributing to stormwater drainage issues, a problem projected to worsen as future sea
level rise challenges the capacity of the City's stormwater infrastructure; and
WHEREAS, the City, in partnership with regional efforts such as the Southeast Florida
Regional Climate Change Compact and its own Blue Ribbon Panel on Flooding and Sea Level
Rise, has already implemented actions such as elevating roadways, installing stormwater pumps,
and increasing seawall minimum heights to respond to sea level rise; and
WHEREAS, in 2020, the Mayor and City Commission adopted Resolution No. 2020-
31315, adopting the 2019 update of the Unified Sea Level Rise Projection, Southeast Florida and
further directing the City of Miami Beach to utilize the updated regionally consistent sea level rise
projections for planning, design and construction purposes. Sea level rise experts projec[ an
estimated increase in sea level of approximately 10 to 17 inches by 2040; 21 to 40 inches by
2070; and 40 to 92 inches by 2120; and
WHEREAS, the Neighborhood Resilience Projects Advisory Committee met on
September 18, 2024, and passed a motion supporting the existing work on sea level rise
vulnerability and continued development of the City's Adaptation Plan; and
WHEREAS, on October 30, 2024, the Mayor and City Commission adopted Resolution
No. 2024-33332, accepting the Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan
and supporting the continued development of an Adaptation Plan that focuses on evolving
conditions, providing a flexible and innovative approach to planning for the future; and
WHEREAS, the findings of the Assessment informed the development of the Citys
Adaptation Plan that includes strategies to integrate sea level rise adaptation into City planning,
design, and operations; and
WHEREAS, the City has several existing policies, studles, and plans that detail flood
protection strategies. However, the full implementation of these strategies may take decades,
leaving many areas of the City at risk. To address gaps, the City's Sea Level Rise Adaptation
Plan identifies additional and supplemeMal strategies to provide flood protection through the end
of the century.; and
WHEREAS, the full report of the City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability
Assessment and Adaptation Plan is available at www.mbrisingabove.com/va.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT DULY RESOLVED BY THE MAYOR AND CITY
COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA, that the Mayor and City
Commission hereby accept the Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan
and support the continuing efforts to establish monitoring systems and the continued work to
implement the recommendations provided by the Adaptation Plan.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this aSday of �Nh2. , 2025.
ATTEST: �J�
// /
lUN 3 0 2�25 �
� teven Meiner, Mayor
� a . Granado, City Clerk =�PM�B.�acti., APPROVED AS TO
.'��' . . FORM&LANGUAGE
REGIS BARBOU ;� , '`: a,FoaExEcurioN
; iiycoaP o�aiE? ;
(Sponsored by Commission Laura Dominguez) ',.,39 r , ,;�:
'R��_?6-' (, 1/7�2.�Z f_'
2 Clty ttomey Data
Rasolutions-C7 F
MIAMI BEACH
COMMISSION MEMORANDUM
TO�. Honorable Mayor and Members of the Ciry Commission
FROM: Enc Carpenter, Ciry Manager
DATE: June 25, 2025
TITLE: A RESOLUTION OF THE MAYOR AND CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITV OF
MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA, ACCEPTING THE GTV OF MIAMI BEACH SEA LEVEL
RISE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION PLAN.
RECOMMENDATION
The Administration recommends Ihat the Mayor and Ciry Commission adopt the Sea Level Rise
Adaptation Plan fundetl by[he Resilient Flonda Grent Program for planning purposes.
BACKGROUNDIHISTORY
On September 20, 2024, a Letter to Commission was issued, LTC #418-2024, (Ariachment A)
detailing Ihe motion made by the Neighborhood Resilience Projects Advisory Committee
(NRPAC)on September 18, 2024,supporting Ihe continued development of the drak Vulnerability
Assessment and Adaptation Plan.
On October 30, 2024, Resolulion No. 202433332(Attachment B)was adopted by the Mayor and
City Commission ot the Ciry of Miami Beach, accepting the City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise
Vulnerebiliry Assessment and Adaptation Plan and supporling the continued development of an
adaptation plan focused on changing conditions, offenng a more fiexible and innovative approach
compared to traditional planning. The item was sponsored by Commissioner Laura Dominguez.
On February 3, 2025, [he Mayor and City Commission approved item C4 5, a referral to the Land
Use and Sustainability Committee to present and discuss �he draft Sea Level Rise Adaptation
Plan funded by the Resilient Florida Grant Program (Attachment C). The item was sponsored by
Commissioner Laura Dominguez.
On Apnl 15, 2025. [he Land Use and Sustainability Committee heard Item 15 "Discussion to
Present and Discuss the Draft Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan Funded by the Resilient Florida
Grant Pmgram". The drafl Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan item was moved to [he full Ciry
Commission �or consideration (Atlachment D). The i[em is sponsored by Commissioner Laura
Dominguez.
ANALYSIS
The City of Miami Beach continues to be a leadei in building resilience in adapting to the impacts
of climate change and sea level rise. As a low-lying city surrounded by water, Miami 8each is
increasingly vulnerable to Flooding including intensifying coastal storm surges, more frequent and
intense rainfall events, and higher annual king lides,which are worsened by lhe addition ot nsing
sea levels. The unique porous limestone allows groundwater to push through the subsuAace and
flood interior parts of the ciry during high coastal water level conditions such as King Tides.
The city was awarded a $454,000 Resilient Florida Grant to develop a Sea Level Rise
Vulnerabiliry Assessment and Adaptation Plan.The frst phase of the project was lhe Vulnerability
435
Assessment, which was adopted by the Mayor and City Commission October 30, 2024,
Resolution No. 2024-33332. The Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment identified and
prioritized over 67,000 assets vulnerable to flooding. Assets were evaluated using the best
available data and stormwater modeling techniques to assess exposure to flooding scenarios
through 2W0, sensitivity to Floodwaters, and the community consequences o�their failure. Assets
that ranked highly across these three categories were considered highly vulnerable to sea level
nse. The city will use Ihe Flndings to pursue largeted project funding ro address the identified
vulnerabilities over[ime.
The second phase of the grant is the Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan, which outlines a
comprehensive, forwartl-thinking, and flexible framework to safeguard the cilys inhastructure,
protect its residents, and maintain its position as a global destination for visitors. This long-term
plan features a phased framework of sUategies to provide flood protection through 2100. An
adaptation plan differs from traditional planning in that it provides a flexible framework to iespond
to changing conditions, rather than a traditional, static plan with fxed assumptions.
The ciry is a pioneer in incremental adaptation and has already carried out plans and projects for
sea level nse adaptation. This Adaptation Plan builds on the city's broader resilience framework
and integrates ongoing plans and initia[ives to align adaptation eRorts with existing flood
management, land use, and neighborhood impmvement efforts. Integration with ezisting plans
also promotes the adoption of long-term resilience considerations into individual plan upda[es
based on evolving climate conditions. The goal of the Adaptation Plan is to develop a holistic,
coordinated path to flood resilience [hat addresses the wmplex, interconnected nature of sea
level rise hazards, which often require a flexible and phased approach to adapt.
The draft Adaptation Plan identifies a range of adaptation options depending on changing
wnditions and decision points. The proposed strategies for flood protection fall inm the following
lhemes:
. Keeping water out: refers to techniques used to prevent or limit water from entenng
specific areas.
• Living with watar. tocuses on coexisting with water by using floodable designs rether
than trying to completely prevent water from entering an area.
. Nature-based protection: uses natural ecosystems and processes to reduce the
impacts of Flooding.
. Strategic relocation: refers to the planned reloca�ion of specifc facilities or assets that
are at risk to flooding or the modifcation of existing land uses to avoid infrastructure
damage.
. Plans and policies: refers to modifications in city plans, design criteria, or ordinances to
provide an enhanced level of flood pmteclion.
The proposed slrategies are organized into phased "pathways" that look at Iheir potential
lifespans based on NOAA sea level nse projecfions over time. These "pathways" analyze the
City's current main Hootl pmtection slrategy for a given category, look ahead to determine when
that strategy may no longer be viable, and present other possible options.
Community engagement through workshops and focus groups has helped shape Ihe plan by
captunng flooding concems and community prionties. S[aff conducted engagement at Hispanic
Heritage Festival, Culture Crawl, and Chess Challenge. Staff provided lwo presentations to the
Miami Beach Chamber Board, and the following Ciry of Miami Beach Committees: Sustainabiliry
Committee, Neighborhood Resilience Projects Ativisory Committee, and the FEMA Pmgram for
Public Information Committee. Additionally, eight focus groups were held for residents in each
area of the city(Norih, Mid and South)with outreach to the business wmmunity and local subject
matter experts. Staff also collaborated with ezpeAs from both Florida Intemational University(FIU)
and Universiry of Miami (UM). 7he Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan presenlation was shared with
the broader communiry at a public meeting on February 20, 2025, and the report was available
436
for public comment until March 21, 2025. The documents are available online by visiting
www.mbrisingabove.com/va. The Adaptation Plan will be submitted to ihe State for their review
before the grant deadline of March 30, 2026.
This initiative is part of[he competitive Resilienl Florida Grant Program which has awarded the
Ciry of Miami Beach $80.6 million in funding for resilience projects. The Sea Level Rise
Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan positions Ihe city to sewre additional grant funding
!or/uture resilience prqects.
FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
The City's budget process will be utilized b fund selected strafegies over time.
Does this Ordinance reouire a Business Imoact Estimale?
(FOR ORDINANCES ONLY)
If applieable,the Business Impact Estimate(BIE)was published on:
See BIE at: https�/lwww miamibeachfl qovlcitV-halllciN-clerklmeetinq•naticesl
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The draft Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan was funded 6y a $454,0000 Resilient Florida Grant.
The ciry provided a $100,000 match for compound flood modeling for the plan.
CONCLUSION
The City of Miami Beach continues to be a leader in building resilience and adapting to the impacts
of climate change and sea level rise. The cily was awarded a $454,000 Resilient Flontla Grant
to develop a Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plaa The Adaptation
Plan outlines a comprehensive, forward-thinking, and flexible framework to safeguard the city's
infrastructure and protect its residents. This long-term plan features a phased framework of
strategies to reduce fiood risk.The Adaptation Plan will be submitted [o Ihe Sfate for lheir review
before the granl deadline of March 30, 2026.
Aoolicable Area
Cifywide
Is this a "Residents Ripht to Know" item. Is this item related to a G.O. Bond
oursuant to Citv Code Section ]-174 Proiect7
No No
Was this Aaenda Item init'allv reauested bv a lobbvist which as defined in Code Sec. 2-461
includes a o�ncioal enqaaed i� lo6bvinst? No
If so, specify the name of lobbyist(s) and pnncipal(s)'.
Deoartment
Environment antl Sustainability
437
S onsor s
Commissioner Laura Dominguez
CwsDonsorlsl
Condensed Title
Accept ReGAdopt the Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan. (Dominguez) EN
Previous Action IFor Ciri Clerk Use Onlvl
438
pou�alpn Emelopa 10:BDFE611L-158'/�E1695.46-]5AFE619DFFF
N11����11 BEACH
OFFICE OF iHE QTY MANAGER
�rc a aie-2oza LETTER TO COMMISSION
io: Honorable Mayor Steven Meiner and Members of the City Commission
.e�w.aw
FrtoM: Rafael E. Grenado, City Clerk�..C.i � �„��(a
M�x+.
naes�oeresE.cr
onTe September 20, 2024
SVBJEa�. NeighborhooE Resiliance Projects Advisory Committee Motion
The puryose of [his Letter to Commission is to provide lhe mo�ion made at the Neighborhood
Resilience Projec[s Advisory Committee meeting heM on Sep[ember 18, 2024.
Attachment: Neighborhootl Resilience Projects Advisory Committee moNon.
MH/AK
CH .Lc
439
Oaoleqn EnwbpelO:6OFE8ttC-I58IdEt695A615NFEM90FFF
, . . Neighborhood ResiOence ProJech Advisory CommiHee
i'
CommNlee Membns
R � ,J � � � -' Clare MCCord, Chair
/� 1) �.l \ / I Amy Knowles.Lloison
r � i � � vt
Members:
Clare McCord (Chairvpresent), Curl Dyer(Vice-Chair preseny,Alon Alezander(virtuap, Julie
Basner(presenQ, Kann Matos(present), Ron Starkman (present), Galen Treuer(present)
To�. Honorable Mayor Staven Meiner and Mambers of ihe City Commission
FaoM�. Clare McCor4 Neighborhood Resilience ProjecGS Advisory Committee Chai�
DATE'. SeplBmher 20, 2024
SUBJECr. Neighborhood Rasilience ProjecLs Advisory Committee motion regarding the
Ciry of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerabiliry Assessmant antl Adap�ation
Plan update
The Neighhorhood Resilience Projects Advisory Cammittee (NRPAC)met on September
18, 2024 antl passed the following motion:
On September 18, 2024,Ne Neighbahood Resilience Projects Advisory Committee was
presen[ed lhe City's Sea Lavel Rise Vulnerability Assessment report and Adapta[ion Plan.
The Committee enthusiastically supports Ihis work and Ihe continued devalopment of an
Adaptation Plan focused on changing wnditions, which is a more flexible and innovative
approach than traditional planning.
Motian passed: 6-0
Sincerely,
�w
Cm�o�m�
Clare McCord
Chair, Neigh6orhood Resilience Projects Advisory Committee Chair
44�
{
RESOLUTION NO. 2024-33332
A RESOLUTION OF THE MAYOR AND CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF
MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA, ACCEPTING THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH SEA
LEVEL RISE W LNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION PLAN,AND
SUPPORTING THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADAPTATION PLAN,
POCUSED ON CHANGING CONDITIONS,WHICH IS A MORE FLEXIBIE AND
INNOVATIVE APPROACH THAN TRADITIONAL PLANNING.
WHEREAS,the City of Miami Beach("City')has long been a leader in recognizing
the threat posed by sea level rise and taking proactive actions to establish a resilient city
prepared for future changes; and
WHEREAS, due to its relatively bw elevation and porous geology, the City is at
the foretront of experiencing the impads of sea level rise, particularly in Southeast
Florida; and
WHEREAS,the City has already begun to experience the impacts of sea level rise,
including more frequent flooding of coastal roadways and low-lying areas during king tide
events and more widespread ponding during heavy rainfall events; and
WHEREAS, these flooding events cause travel disruptions, damage to City
infres[rudure and private property, and during exVeme events, can pose sign'rficant
threats to life and safety; and
WHEREAS, future sea level rise is projected to increase the scale and severity of
flooding, as coastal floodwaters become more likely to overtop existing shoreline
infrastructure, and elevated water levels further reduce the effectiveness of the City's
stormwater drainage systems; and
WHEREAS, to better understand the risks posed by future sea level rise, the City
has conduc[ed the Sea level Rise Vulnerability Assessment('Assessment"), identifying
City-owned and regionally signifirant assets most vulne2ble to various flood sourczs
across a range of current and future conditions; and
WHEREAS, the AssessmeM provides critical insights to help the Cily priorRize
assets most vulnereble to sea level rise, supporting ongoing adaptation planning efforts;
and
WHEREAS, the objectives ot the Assessment include identifying and prioritizing
critical City asseSs at risk from future flood events, ensuring protection of critical assets
serving the City's most socially wlnerable communities, and engaging the public and
stakeFwlders in the pmcess; and
WHEREAS, the Assessment is compliant with Section 380.093, Flonda Statutes,
which defines a coordinated statewide effort through the Resilient Florida Program to
adapt communities lo increased nsks trom sea level nse, extreme weather, and
precipitation; and
441
WHEREAS, completion of the Assessment ensures that the City remains eligible
for funding assistance for projects addressing specific flood vulnerabilities ident'fiied in the
Assessment; and
WHEREAS, the City is heavity urbanized, wRh buildings, roadways, and
impervious surfaces contributing to stormwater drainage issues, a problem projected to
worsen as future sea level rise challenges the capacity of the City's stortnwater
infrastructure; and
WHEREAS, the City, in partnership with regional efforts such as the Southeast
Florida Regional Climate Change Compac[ and its own Blue Ribbon Panel on Flooding
and Sea Level Rise, has already implemented actions such as elevating roadways,
installing stormwater pumps, and increasing seawall minimum heights to respond to sea
level rise; and
WHEREAS,the findings of the Assessment intortned the development of the Citys
Adaptation Plan that includes stratagies to integrate sea level rise adaptation into City
planning, design, and operations; and
WHEREAS, future adaptation strategies, guided by the findings of this
Assessment, will further enhance the City's resilience and safeguard its cultural and
historical sign�cance as a coastal city; and
WHEREAS, [he full report of the City of Miami Beach Sea Level Rise Vulnerability
Assessment and Adaptation Plan is available at www mbrisinaabove com/va; and
WHEREAS, the Neighborhood Resllience Pmjeds Advisory Committee met on
September 18, 2024 and passed a motion supporting the existing vrork on sea level rise
vulnerability and continued development of ihe City's Adaptation Plan.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE MAYOR AND CITY
COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA,that the City hereby accepts
the Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan and suppoAs the
continued development of an Adaptation Plan that focuses on evolving conditions,
providing a flexible and innovative approach to planning for the future.
PASSED AND ADOPTED as of the �day of 202y.
ATTEST: G� �^^w�—
� Steven Meiner, Mayor
NOV O 5 2QQ( ,_ ��p•:� APPROVF�ASTO
:;\?M . j'9c,4�„' FORM 8 LANGUAGE
Rafael E. Grenado, City Clerk `" �, •�•.. . aFOFi ExECUTioN
w+� . ,
���yyCommiysjonarLaureDanin9ueZ u �v��,or�iE� " �
i
^' � n �o�il�Z.c'L4--
..i2�, �
AIWmeY
442
Rasolutions -C7 AD
- MIAMI BEACH �
COMMISSION MEMORANDUM
TO: � Honorable Mayor and Members of the City Commission
FROM: Ciry Atromey Ricardo J. Dopico
DATE: October 30, 2024
TITLE: A RESOLUTION OF THE MAYOR AND CITY COMMISSION OF TFiE CITY OF
MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA, ACCEPTMG THE CIN OF MIAMI BEACH SEA LEVEL
RISE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION PLAN, AND
SUPPORTING THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADAPTATION PLAN
FOCUSED ON CHANGING CONDITIONS, WHICH IS A MORE FLEXIBLE AND
INNOVATIVE APPROACH THAN TRADITIONAL PLANNING.
RECOMMENDATION
BACKGROUNDIHISTORY
ANALYSIS
The atlached Resolution was prepared at the request of Ne sponsor, Commissioner Laure
Dominguez.
FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
WA
Does this Ordinance reauire a Business Imoact Estimata7
(fOR ORDINANCES ONLY)
If applieable,the Business Impad Estimate (BIE)was published on:
See BIE at https'Ifwv�miam'beachfl qov/citwhall/cih-clerl�l�tinq-notices! , �
FINANCIAL INFORMATION . . .
CONCLUSION
Aoolicable Area
Citywide
Page 732 of 2497
443
Is this a "Resitlents RiaM to Know" itam. Is this Hem relMad to a G.O. Bond
pursuant to Ckv Code Section 2-17? Proiect7 .
No No
Waa this Aaenda Item initiallv reauested bv a lobbvist which as definatl in Cotle Sec. 2d81.
ineludes a nrincioal enaaoed in IobWina? No
If so, speciry the name of lobbyist(s)and principal(s):
Deoartment
City Attomey
Soonsor(s1
Commissioner Lau2 Dominguez
Co3pOfl5of�5)
Candensetl TiNe
. Accept Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plaa (Dominguez) CA
d ( � . . d � . . d S �
Page 733 of 2497
4�
Committee Referrals -C4 T
MIAMI BEACH
COMMISSION MEMORANDUM
TO: Honorable Mayor and Members of the City Commission
FROM�. Edc Carpenter, City Manager
DATE February 3, 2025
TITLE: REFERRAL TO THE LAND USE AND SUSTAINABILITY COMMITTEE TO
PRESENT ANO DISCUSS THE DRAFT SEA LEVEL RISE ADAPTATION PLAN
FUNDED BY THE RESILIENT FLORIDA GR4NT PROGRAM.
RECOMMENDATION
The Adminis[ration rewmmends the Mayor and City Commission refer this item to the Land Use
and Sustainability Committee.
BACKGROUNDIHISTORY
On September 20, 2024, Letter to Commission was issued, LTC # 4/8-2024, (Attachment A)
detailing the motion made by The Neighborhood Resilience Projecis Advisory Committee
(NRPAC)on September 18, 2024, regarding the draft Vulnerabiliry Assessment and Adaptation
Plan.
On October 30th, 2024, Resolution No. 2024-33332 (Attachment B) was adopted by lhe Mayor
and City Commission o(the City of Miami Beach, accepting the City of Miami Beach Sea Level
Rise Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan antl supporting the continued development
of an adaptation plan fowsed on changing conditions, oflenng a more flezible and innovative
approach compared to lraditional planning.
ANALYSIS
The Ciry was awarded a Resilient Florida grant to develop a Sea Level Rise Vulnerabiliry
Assessment and Adaptation Plan. As a low-lying city surrounded by water, Miami Beach is
increasingly vulnerable to flooding and the impacts of climate change, inclutling intensifying
wastal storm surges, more frequent and intense rainfall events, and higher annual king tides,
which are all worsened by the addition of nsing sea levels. The urgency of the issue is
compounded 6y the Citys unique porous limestone geologic setting that allows gmundwater lo
push through the surface and flood intedor parts of Ihe City dunng high coastal water level
conditions such as King Tides.
The draft plan outlines a comprehensive, forward-ihinking, and Flexible tramework to sa(eguard
the City's infrastructure, protect its residen(s, and maintain ils position as a global deslination for
visitors. This plan huilds on the results of fhe City's Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment,
which identifed the most vulnerable infrastruclure and facilities to be prioiitized for flood protection
based on their projected timing of flood exposure, potential for asset damage, antl downstream
impacts to the communiry.
The Adapta[ion Plan is also part of the Cily's broader resilience framework. It integrates ongoing
City plans and initiatives to align adaptation efforts with existing Aood management, land use,and
445
neighborhood improvement eftoAs. Integretion with existing City plans also promotes Ihe adoption
of long-term resilience considerations into individual plan updates based on evoNing climate
conditions. The goal o( the Adaplation Plan is to develop a holislic, coordinatetl path to Flood
resilience thal addresses the wmplex, inteiconnected nature of sea level rise hazards, which
oken require a flexible and phased approach to adapt.
Community engagement through workshops and focus groups has helped shape the plan
by captunng hooding concems and community priorities. This initiative is part of the
Resilient Florida Grant program,which supports both current efforts and positions the City
to secure additional fundin9 for future resilience projects. The draft Sea Level Rise
Adaptation Plan will be shared with the community at a meeting scheduled for February
20, 2024.
FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
N/A
Does this Ordinance reauire a Business Imoact Estimate?
(FOR ORDINANCES ONLY)
If applieable,the Business Impact Estimate (BIE)was published on:
See BIE at: https�llwww miami6eachfl aovlci[v-hall/ciN-clerk/meetinq-notices/
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
CONCLUSION
The Administration recommends lhe Mayor and Ciry Commission refer this ilem to the Land Use
and Sustainability Commiriee.
Aoolicable Area
Citywide
Is this a "Residents RiCht to Know" item, Is this item related to a G.O. Bond
pursuant to C'N Cotle Sect on 2•17? Proiect?
Yes No
Was this Aaenda Item initiallv reuuested bv a lobbvist which as deTned in Code Sea 2d81
includes a orincioal enqaaed in lobbvino� No
If so, specify the name of lobbyist(s)and principal(s):
Deoartment
Environment and Sustainability
Soonsorlsl
446
Commissioner Laura Dominguez
Co-soonsor(sl
Condensed Title
Ref: LUSC - Present and Discuss Sea Level Rise Adaptation Plan. (Dominguez) EN
Previous Action(For Ciri Clerk Use Onlvl
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Sea Level Rise
Adaptation Plan BEA��{
Risir� �J
,�� 2025 A=COM A B O V F
Prepared for:
Ciry of Miami Beach
Prepared by:
AECOM
2 Alhomb.a Plom
Coral Gables, FL 33134
accom.com
This work was funded in part ihrough o grant agreement from the Rorida Department of Envimnmental
Proteciion's Of4ice of Resilience and Coastal Protection ResiLeM Rorida Program. The views, statemenrs,
findings,condu5ons, and recommendations expressed herein are ihose of the outhor�s) and do not necessarily
reflect ihe views of ihe State of Flonda or any of i-s subagencies.
4�'.
,�:
Copyright �O 2025 by AECOM
All rights reserved. No part of ihis copyrighted work moy be reproduced, distnbuted, or xonsm�itted �in ony fo.m
or by any means wirhout the priot written permission of AECOM.
449
Tabie of Contents
Executive Summo �
ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Rising Waters, R��sing Chollenges and Possibllitles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
PnontiT.n9 What's A1-Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Citywlde Sea Level Rise Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Multiple Paths to Achieve Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NexiSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�. �nTfOC�uC�1011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��
2. VulnerabiliTy Assessment Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Assessment Methodology . . . . . . � � � � � � � � � - � � � � � " " " " ' -15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Key Assessme�iFindivgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3. Adaptation STrategy Identification and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Review of Exis'ing City Plans and Ini��iatives - � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � " ' � - " " " " ' 18
Suppleme�tal Simiegy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluatlon Cr,teria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.Adaptation Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Interpreting Adaptation Pathway Diagmms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
AdaplationThemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AdaPtation Pathway Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
BayProni Flood Pmtection Adoptation Pothway Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Starmwoter Flood ProteclionSirafegy Summory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roadway Flood Protect��on Paihway Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Crifical Facilities Flood Protection Pathway Summary . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Criflcal Infrasiructure Flood Profecflon Pathway Summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � - " " " " " 103
. . . . . . . . . .
Oceanside Flood Proiecrion Pathway Summary . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " " " " " " 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S. NexlSfeps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lao
pppendiees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Apoend��xA - InifiolSlrategyLlst . . . � � � � � � � � � � " " - " ' - " " " " " " 143
AOPendiz 3- Final Strategy l.�ist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Si
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendiz C - Evaluation Criteria a�d Scoriag Me+hodology � � � � - � � � � - � � � � � - - ' - 157
Apoendin D - Evaluated Strategies Swring 3rwkdown . . . . . . . _ . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
prof*Miaml Beoch's Sea Level Rise Adap!ation Plan - Publ�c Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �62
450
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Executive Summary
Risi�g Waters, Rising Challenges and Possibilities
The City of Miom�� Beach (Gy) �s working to reduce flaod risk thmugh mcrementolly adap'Ing to saa levei
rise. The City's setting on a law barrier islond with porous limestone bedrock mokes the area vulne�able �o
flood�ng during heavy rainfol� evenis, annual king tides, wave a�ertopp��g dunng windy days ond storm wrge.
and periods of high groundwater cond'ilrons. As seo level risas, flooding due io thesa focfors will eztend £urther
inland. ��creosingly affecting Ciry �n�mstrucrure and 4acilities. Miami Beach worked with consultont AECOM
to perform o Sea level Rise Wlnem6iLty Assessment (Assessmeni) ihrough the Resil��ent Florida gron� program
to idont{fy ond priorifize ov�r 67,000 aaa�h v�„Inerabie ro flooding through 2070 bosed on 2017 NOAA sea
levelrise pro�ections.
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Prioritizing What's At-Risk
ihe 4ssessment evoluated a range ol asset types that support rhe commun�ty and pro��ide essent�ol senices.
�ncl�dmg odding F.ighly valued asse+s �den*ified by input from ove� 150 City residents. Util�zing best availo6le
daia and mode�� sio�mwoter mode0ng techniques, vulnerobility wos assessed based on assefs exposure fo
floodmg scenarios through 2070,sensinvity fo floodwaters. ond ihe potenhal communrty consequences o4lhair
fa�lure. Findingn 6om fhe awaam�M will bs uaod fo larget improvem�nta and purnus gmnt fundiny to
addrsu Ihe ideMified floed wlnerabilitis�and roduce tha Cify'a ri�k.
' � • O
.
� Y�_�. � � Whaf is a Seo lev�l Ri�e
� �, . � Vulnerabllify Mwumant?
� * � � A process of evaluahng ihe
s�ructuml and social osseh
�� likely ot risk to future flooding
due ro sea level rise.
452
Citywide Sea Level Rise Vulnerabilities
• The �iming and e�tent of future flood'ing -�mpocts will vary across ihe Cry's regians based on relarivc ground
elevations and current flood protection infrosnucture in place.
• Asseis wiih aigher vulnerability ore generally locafed adjacent to canal shorelines, wdh The west ("Bay")
side of ihe Clty at the greotest nsk of flooding due to fhe low elevation of mostly primtely-owred seawalls.
• The City's beach and coastal dune system provides a na!ural buffer from most ocean wave impocis, but
exaeme coastal storms, such as the effecis felt by Hurricane lon and Helene on ihe Flarida West Coast,
could flood cerfoin areas of the City by up to 5 feat, even w�ihout additionol sea level rise.
• The water and wastewater plpeline network contalns severol oreas wiih pipel�ines i�ot are over 70 years
old, �hat are more suscept�ible ro corrosion or moy contain smoll cracks ihot can be inf�lhated by elevated
groundwarer.
• With I-4001 of sea level rise (with the year 2020 as o baseline�, over half of ihe C�ity's madways ore
projec�ed fo experie�ce flood�ng dunng heavy rainfall eveMs thot coincide with k�mg +ides, po+ennally
restric�ing tmf4ic a�d limitlng mobility w-�.}hin ihe Gty.
• By 2060, a 25-year, 24-hour romfoll event com6ined wirh a k'�ng tide could couse flood�ing at four
emergency �esponre focilities, Indudirg Mt Slnoi, Police Station HQ Sailpott Subsiatian, and fire Siaflon
bL 9y 2070 fhis number Increases to Indude t4e ma�ority of emergency responre facllities aross ihe CHy.
Multiple Paths to Achieve Adaptation
?he Assessment findings highlight ihe inc•easing flood risks facng the City and ihe need for odapfafion
sirateg,os thot prmlde long-term resiLence (or resldenls and In4rosiructure. The Clty nas seveml exisii�g
pollcies, s•„dies, a�d plans �hot detaJ Flood protec�ian sirategies. However, fne f�ll Implercenta•ion of ihese
strategies may take decades, leav��ng mony areas of ihe City af risk. To address gaps, fhe City's Sea Lavel
Riee Adapfation Plan (Adapfation Plan� identifiea addifional and :upplemantal afrategiea to provide
flood proteetion through 11�e and of the eenfury.
The proposed stmieg�es are organized by geog�aphic area or asset �
type ond Indude key ��mplementahor details, scch os a strotegy
timeline ond cr'�hcal considero!ions for seccessful implementa`ion.
The Adaptation Plan also identif�ies addrtional metrics beyo�d sea Whe}is a S�a Lwd Riae
level rise amounis rhat can be used to help guide ihe i��inafion or Adaptafion Man?
phasing out of simtegies based observed levels of {lood pro!ect�on q simtegic planning document
effectiveness. Lostly, to support futum declsion-making, ihe ihat estoblishes a pmcess
strotegiea were summarixed using aiz adaptatian pulhway to impl¢ment octions that
diagrama, which p�ovldes a dec��sion ree plonn ng �ramework to minimize future flood impacis.
guide tra�slfons be'weer sirategies as wndTlons evolve. This
flazible approaeh providas a:tructured,yet adaptable roadmap
fo inform major flood profaetion investmenta.
453
Next Steps
The V�Inera6llty Assessment and Adap-at�ion Plan work ir rondem to Idenhfy the C�}y's grow.ng sea level nso-
driven flood ��sks and doc�menr targeted strateg�es ta oddress both near- ond long-terr flood p�oiectior
gaps ',n evist��.ng efforts. `he organization of the strotegies Into adaptation pafhways providee deeision-
maken with a phasad implementation plan that ean be adjualed io ehanging environmental eonditiona
to beHer aupport fi�a CiTy'a naa lavel riee adaptation proeass.
The City can foster successful implementotion of ihe Adoptation Plan by:
• CorFlnuing inter-departmenfal coord�,no+��on to dlscuss stategies, potentiol metrics, ond a monitor�ng plon
ihat will sene as a tool to prov�de consis*en� long-te�m flood pmtectlon of CNy ossets.
• Integrating adap+afian s*mtegies ��nto new iterotions of ihe Ciry's ezisting plonning and vision��ng documents
as they ore updafed �o avoid projected 41ood impacts of future projecis.
• Establish'ing ongo�ng moniforing pragrams to+mck observed impacis and inform flaod-pro•ection decis�on-
mokmg and �invesimenis.
• Identifying 4unding sources to implemert prioritized flood stmtegles for neor- and long-term plo�ning
ho�izons.
• Contioaing fo engage w�.tF the communi'y os parr of ine decision moking process to arde�stand how
41ood��ng Impac�s '^e q�olrry of I�fe �or �eslae�ts ary how ��nf•as+�uctu�e �mprwer^c�is have acreosed
obscrved Ilood r�.
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— _�=I RISP AdOpipfio9 Pti'!I
�.. .. . . . . .. ....... . . . . . .. . �......................�
� , Bayfront Flood Protection Strategies
�
v _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _
`he Pollowl�g a�esenis a list of s}rategy op'ions 'or the City to consider ove. `ime as sea level rise changes
flood conditiors. 'he ��mplementabon timing of listed st�ateg�es will be dependent an the mta of future sea
level nse and observed �inoars. Please refer'o ihe full Sea Level Rise Adap•otion Plan for more informafio�.
ghaNyy Nanr sd Dreripliaw ileedll�adt AdiwMd
Elevate Scawalls ro Cur.r�.� Ordlnm�r�- /1 �
Modrfy ensnrg ou6hc o�d p•varely ow^cd seowai s �o camply wrh t�e �,j w�
e.is�ing seawa'il ord��orce �S./ �ee� NAV�88)- �� � _
Temporary Seawall flood Ba riers � ^
Install deployable 41ood banie.s(e.g.,Tlger Dams)along low-lying seawalls - 1 � � (��yy �
to provide short-term flood pmtectbn while longer-term solutions are 6e�i�g �� �
designed or constmcted . . ._
Inaloll Canal Tide Gates � � � �� � � � ^
Closable�Ide gates could be mstalled a' rhe opemngs of ihe Coli��ns Canal ` , � �
ro provide flood pmteceon br pmpenies along Poe canol ond raduce�he ��� � .�
n�mber of seawalk reqmnng hlgher elevahon.
Updata Seawoll Ordinance �
Revise the exisnng seawall ordioance b reflect hhe lotesf sea level �ise �
omoun's ond fufure projections b p�ovide continuous=1ood pro�ecnon � �
ihmugb ihe and ol ihe century.
Elevale Seowalls ta Updated Ordinance ^ �
Modlfy eristing publlc and prlwfely owned seowal;s ro comply wi�h ihe �.�/ �
updo�ed seawall ord�inance. ` .
Add living Shoreline ro Seowa�is � � �
To protect seawalls from local scouri�g wh�ile also enhancing ihe ecologiwl �
conditions oi+he Bay,a liviny shoreline coald 6e addeo to ihe seaward s�de �
of seawall structures.
Restore Nafwal Shoralinec �
frequently flooded propenies thar are cost-proFm�itive•o mama��,� rould ^ '^IY
be resbred -a coastal we9ands,ollowing fhe shorellne to re!urn m a N '�,_ M
nof��rol sta�e of 5ro�sitional wetland habitof behveen tFe oulN ond nateml � `�'
emnonment. ___ . .
ExpandWaferfro�t5e16aekforincreasadReailienee �
Evpanding waterfront sei6acks Involves mv��sing land use regulafions�or � �
shorellne-adjacenf development fo reduce-he risk of property damage due � � W
to Floodin9. . . ... _ .
S�miegy Theme:
Keeping Waler Ouf. NaturrBased ilood Protection, Sfrategic Relo<ation, Plons and Policies
Rooa F�.oza�ds:
p /� � !w` �
RingTitle Waves Rainfall Smrm Rising
Surge Groundwa�er
455
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� Oceanside Protection Strategies
` ____ __ _ .
7he following presents a list o4 strotegy options far the Clty to consider over time as sea level rise chonges
flood cond�*�ons. TFe �mplementat or r,m�ing of listed strotegies will be dependent on ihe mte af future sca
level rise ond observed i^poc's. Plmse �a'e.�o ihe full Sea Leval Rlse Adap�atlor Plo� for mo-e Inlormahon.
8lrisbyy Ilam�aJ DMoriplbn qeod ilmard�Addr�wd
ConlinucRoutincB�a�hR„�o�il.h�n�n� � /�
Malntaln beccF w otl-bosec or �ne �odoied CNSM•e�o��s�me��sc�edule � '�
fo reple�s�ercdea sa�o. y
DunaEnhancemant �
Increase the he�ght and width o{dune feawres and fomly with natural ( �
elementsta pravide a� �ncreased notural bu4#erforinlond mlms!ructure � .�.
and asse�s.
Redesign Public Access � �
Alte�the�rodlnonal oecess poth ongle or iretall wolkover stmcNres iha• (
span over ihe Cly's dune system, allowing for pobllc beach occess w��le r� � W
mlmm�aing poteNlal flood po�hways and negative dune Impo^.ts.
._ ._ ._ ._ ..__ _._ ._. ._- - _ ___ __- _
Hybrid D�ne Systems ^
ReinForce d�nes w�iF ormor'�ng materiols 6ehlnd or under the dune leatures � �:
as a f nol hne o4 d¢ie�se'o prevent sForellne retrea'Impacis to inlond � .r
�n4ms�mcture and ossets.
_.___. ._.. . . ___ — . __. . . __
Re magine Caaafal Araaa � ��
Re .ag�ne Fow fhe coasfal 6eochf oni is utJ�¢ed Including scal�ng back or ( ��
el�iminat�ng development 'm favor a(expanded recreananal oppo��nitles � .�.
and enhonced na�umispaces.
__ __ _
Expand Olfsharo Wave AHenuarion �
C�eate a �etwor4 of oE{shore shuctures,sucn as arnficial reefs or �
6rea4waters,+o obwro wave ene�gy and �educe emson Impac�s ar the �
shoraline. _.
Sirafegy Theme:
Keeping Water OW, Nature-Based Flood Protoction, Simtegie Relocotion
Flood Hamrds:
p � � � �
King TiEe Waves Rainlall Slorm Rising
Surge Gmundwaier
456
Critical Infrastrucfure Flood Protection Strategies
. _ __ _
'he follow�ng oresents a list of sirategy options for iFe City ta consldei over time os sea level rise changes
llood condlhons. The mplementoTon Lming of Ilsted strotegies w�ill be dependent on ihe rote af future sea
level rise and observea i�pac's. Please -e`er b 'be �oll Seo Level Rlse Adap'afion Plon ?or To�e infcrmot�o�.
ghaNgy Me�nw and pMaipliow P�eod Nmad�AdbMrd
ImplumcN ancn� N�:;ybb.,.ncad I�,�p,n�cm..�ni P,njects
Cavy out �n�ws��.ci„�e r-p�o�emem pmjec's,sac� as �eo�ocmg og�ng
iros'mctme and p��pe•Ines, wr�,cn we e pra�r �ea of �ne ne�ghborhood � � � �
scole. W
_ .—. _. _. ___. _ ._
Update Neigh6or600d Prioritization Plan for future sea lavel rice
The Neighbomood ?rlo�itizotlon Plon will Ilkely need`0 6e revised ove�time � � A �p
fo reflec!evolv:ny envvonmental cond�nons due to sea level rise and t�e ��w��+w� N��
shifY.ng Implementation landscape. ��
Implemant lutare Neighborhood Improvemenl Projeces �
An �pdoreo Neighbo�hood Priora¢oflon Plan would "acdlmie ihe ^ � A �jsi
�mplementa+ion of Neighborhood Improvement Projecis fhot consider the ��`/ �A� �W��
potential pmject lmpacts from futwe sea level rise ihrough the erd of the
W �
tentu7. . . . __ _ _
_. — ._. _ ._ ___. .
Flaodproof Gritical Infrasrructure
Apply dry(e.y.,waterproaf covenngs,seolanis)and wet�loodpmof'.ng � � !�\ �
�e.g..Iload resistanf materials,odding sump pomps)techniques to c.�t�cal ��� W
�- W ...;^
nfms�ructure in flood prone areas of the Clty to reduce or prevent flood
damage. _ . .
_ . . .._ .___—__.. .___._
Elevafo Criticol Infrastrucfura
Bevom crdaal nfmstmcture componenrs�o be above pro�ectea �lood `^, /�(��
levels to reduce 'he risk o( flood damoge. M �.-:�_ � � �
Relocate FrequenNy Flooded Critical Infmatrvcture � �
Auass the feasib�ilrty of �ebwnng key mfrostructme from flood-prone �
areas�o e�hance rasil.ence, particulo.ly wFen axlst:ng Floodpmo#�.ng and � '„�,� � � �
elevot�on srmtegies are no��easible or eRective. � W "
Strotegy Theme:
Keoping Wate� Ouf, Siratagie Reloeafion, Vlans and Policies
Flooc Hma•ds'.
p � � � �
King Title Waves Rainfall Smrm Pising
Surge Gmundwater
457
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............................_
�'/ Roadway Flood Protection Strategies
� / _ _ _ ____ ..
Ihe following p�esen�s a list of strotegy options for the C�ity to consder over time as seo level dse changes
flood cord��'��ons. TFc mplementat�.o� Y,m�ing of listed strategies will be dependent on the rc�e of �uture sea
level r se crd observetl i^.pac's. Please -e'er 'o �he full Seo Level Rise Adaptation Pla� fo� mo�e inforrrohon.
8ha�py Ilanw and DraeipNon Floed f{mab ArkiwM�
Inoomenlal R.,�.Jwuy EI�-.��.n-.n {��
Coord�ra'e �he eievoeo^ o� o�rorriced �oadwoys w�rF o��er nlrosfmc�ure � � � �yy�
pro�ects besed on ��a recommeoaat�o�s of �^e Road ele�anon S'rategy to i`. .+„ .�,.
reduce potennal flood risks o4 crnlcal occess routes . ._ _
_ _- _. ... _.- -_ _— __ . . -- . __ _.
Temporory Roadway F�ood Barriers ^
Deploy temporary 41ood barners alo�g cnhcal �oadways ihat frequently - 1 �
FI
flood to safeguard evacuaflon rou+es and essentiol access poi�'s dw�ng �. �
flood evenrs.
Update Road Elevafion Shotegy
ReJise�he Ropd Elevanon $+ro�egy to pnoririze*he most vulnemble � � � �
�oadways In reed af elewfion oased on larest sea level rise obse�va�'ons i+ .�.
ond end ol century pmjections.
. . _ __. . . . _ ..
Implemenl Updated Road Elavalion Sfralegy
Conrirae ihe mordlnoted elevaflon of select roadways wi�h other ^ � A �
n4mstmcture projects as speci4�ed in the revised Road Elevation Strategy!o �./ �A'�
reduce potemlal flood risks of critical occess roufes through the end o41�e ^� "' r'
centu7. _ _ _ . . _ ..
___ _ _. ._-- __ _ ..— .
Tranaition fo Slormwaler Slree�a
Desgnoto spec�Rc low-lyi�g roadways ro �ntenf�onolly accum�lole � � �
floodwafer dur�ng heo.y m��.�foll,ollowing ihem to xne as sformwater fr� .�.
�etenf��.on a�eas and reduce w��desp�ead Ilooding �isks elsewhere. _ _
Repurpose RigMsof-Way . ^
Transit on iFe use of cerfain rigMs-of-way,�nclud�ng rhe removal of roadway �.,/ � � �
Infrosimc�me,to moi�to�n mobllity and reduce maintemnce comm�itments. `�' `
SlmfegyTheme:
Keeping Water Ovt, Living with Wofeq Strotegie Relocafion. Plans and Policics
Flood Hazards.
p /.� � � mn
Ring Title Waves Rainfall Storm Nising
Surge Gwuntlwater
458
':'� Critical Facilities Flood Protection Strategies
■
�
'he following presenis a list of sbategy op+ions {or the CRy to consider over time as sea level rise changes
flood conditions. The �mplementat�,or r�m�ing of listed strategies will be depe�dent on ihe rate of future sca
level nse ond observea i�=pac's. Please �r'c. 'o the 4ull Sea Level Rise Adop'oho� Plar 'o� r-a�e informaLon.
g�h�.� Flead Il�ar�AddrwMd
Cor+G����to floodp.ml C/�r���.ol F�.-Iln�,�-.
Gonunue 'o mplema�� wet orory 400ao�oc� ��g r^eawres 'o� taclr.as �o � � � �
reauce Fo�e�*�ol flood dar�ages. _ W .
Temporury Facility Perimetar Flood Walls
6ec1 tampo�ory flood walls amund cnticol focdlfies durin9 F•gh water � �
evenis to p�avide short-term protection ogo�ns�flooding ond safegw�d :�. W
essentiolservmes.
Include SLR in Finished Floor Elevafion for Criticol Fa<ilities ^ � � /� �
Estobllsh bullding design cn�e�ia�or C��ry'oc�i6Tes ihat eueed federol ond �/ ( �A`�
state m�inimum standards and conside�p�o ected sea level rise. " W_ _
Elevata Exisling Crifieal Faeilif(es � � � A �
Elewre simc!ures a6ove projected (lood eleva%oes using s�ructwal 4'.II or � �A'�
.�.'^^��.. v
p�l��.ngs. `^' .�. �..-.
_ . __ - . _._— . .. . . ... .. __ . .. _ .._ _. ___ - --
Repurpose FrequenHy Flooded Crifical Facilifisa ^
Ramove or relocate faclLties�hat are Requently 4looded and cannor ba ` , � � � �
feaubly elevoted or floodproofed 10 repuroose rhe spate for sto�mwote� �`�� .�.
marvgemenr or.ecreation.
Strafegy Theme:
Keeping Water Out, Living with Water, Strategie Raloeation, P�ans and Policies
Fiooa Ilazards:
p � � � �
�
King Title Waves Rainfall Storm Rising
Surge Gmuntlwater
459
- '�J�pmnon Flon
Stormwater Flood Protection Sirategies
� _. _ _ __ . .
The following presents a list of simtegy op!ions for ihe C�ity to consider over tlme as sea level rise chonges
flood cord'itionz Thc �mplementatlon tlming of Ilsted shategies will be dapendent on the rote of !uture sea
level rse arc observed imoac's. Pleose -erer 'o the full Sea �.evel @Ise Adap'atlor Plon fo• more informof�.on.
g/M�gy Ilam� F�ood Ilm�rd�AdiwMd
Implumon� Stormv.a�or Modcl;ng a�d M�.��- Plun Recommendolions
Ercecu e G�.',cal heeas Pro�ec's de�ir.ec r �-.c Storrrwate�Moaefng ond � �
MaYe+�lon �o �mpwve the Cryi s'amwo'e� moroqenent system �lood � .,...
conrrol and wa�e� q�a6fy pe�o�mance fo� �ne rex�20 yea�s.
Creafe Nelwork af Bloe Green Slormwater Infraclrucmre Projecis �
Iroegrate Blve Green Stormwater InlmslmcNre elemems ihroughour Qty � �
�.n4rastmcNre imorovemen's to develop a cohesive netwo•k o�projects fFat i+� .�,.
ufillze nature-6osed teafures-o Improve stormwater monogemeN.
Update Sformwater MadeG�g vnd Master Plan � � �
Revise Ihe stornwo�e�model�ing setup b �irdude system ��odates ana -he � � �
lotest.a�nfoll ond coostol to'.Iwa�e.ronda��o�s. Jse the model�ing outov'
to iden'rfy new C.d�mal Needs Projec�s to pmvide the contlnued level o� ~r "'
service fhrough <he yeor 2100. _
Promota Eocemenl Acquisifion
Lond use policias moy reqmre updates fo acquire adde�ionol easemenis � �
n¢cessary for oddrtional stormwoter infmsnucture upgmdes (e.g.,pump � .�..
stat��ans). _
Implement Updated Srormwa�er Modeling and Maeter Plan Adions
E�ecu!e ihe newly IdenH"rled Qirlcol Needs Projects from the upoafed � �
S+ormwarer Modeling ond Master Plan to re�rof f stormwoter-mfmstmcLve � .,�,.
to pmNde e�honced flood pm*eciian 'hrough 2100.
___ __ ___ _ ._ . _ _ .._ __ .
I�c ease Floodable Areon
Identl=y city locot ons such os porks ano des��.gnafed re•ennon areas, I�o� � � �
can be designed o rempomrily a6sarb and manoge excess Floodwate� � ..,.
durng heavy mmfall o�coas�alhlg4 waterlevel evenis.
Strtlte9y Theme:
Keep�ng Water OW, Na�wrBased Fluod Proteclion, Plans and Policies, Living wi16 Wafar
Flood Razards'
A / !r � •'*� �
KingTiGe Waves Raintall Storm Rising
Surge Groundwater
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� Introduction ��
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461
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l. lntroduction
The City of Miam�i Beach (CRy� is a vibrant coastal cty renowned for �is ��.can�ic
beaches, hlstoric cultu�al londmarks,and thrivin9 toa�ism ��ndustry. It Is olso at the
�� � � � foreirant ol oddressing }he challenges of sea level rise, one of ihe most pressing
�ssues focing many woterfront commun�dies. The mte of sea level increase has
significantly accelerated over the past century wiih observed global rates
�ncreasiag fmm 1.4 millimeters per year (0.06 inches per year) dunng 1900 to
�_ 2000, which equates fo a b-inch increase, fo SA millimeters per year (0.13
-'� � �_^ -���"' ' inches per year� from 2000 to 2024, which equates to a 3.1-Inch increase.
�-'�4 ' Along the sFore of Southaast Rorida, sea level rise is exceeding global rotes.
'�� Observed sea level rise at ihe Key Wesr tide station from 2000 fo 2023 was
about 6 inches-neorly double ihe global rate. As a low-lying cdy swrounded by
"'�' water,Miami Beach is increas�ngly vulneroble to }he impacis of climate chonge,
. � - includ�ng intensifying coastal storm surges, more frequent and -�ntense rainfall
��� '� � . evenis, ard higher annual king rides, which are all worsened by the addition of
._ - .�sing sea levels. The urgency of fhe 'issue �is compounded by ihe City's unique
� porous limestone geologic setting iFot allows graucdwater ro push through ihe
� � surface ond flood 'mrenor aarts of the City dunng high tides.
�
On April 13, 202b, a 1-in-1000-year ro-mfoll event occu��ed In South Rorida,
��� bringing historic rain4oll to ihe area. Alihough Mlomi Beach did not receive
C
3_y� the 20+ inches of .ainfall ihat was recorded 30 miles �oAh In ihe Ci1y of Fort
,.� � Louderdole, the City stlll experienced appmxlmotely 13 inches of �ainfoll. The
flooding {rom th�is even� caused mo�y roadways to be inundated, forcing
i; drivers fo abandon srolled veh��cles and wade to safe*y'. A few monihs later m
�1'
November 14-16, 2023, exfensive flooding occurred across ihe Cdy ayain due to
� 8-12 inches of rainfalL Even though the event did not reach tropical storm levels,
the amount of roinfall made many st.ee+s impossable and low-lying oreas,
- ' � ,!<.� including Flamingo Park, were complefed 4looded'. From lune ➢ through 14,
.. "'-� �, ^ 2024 another }ropical disturoance across South Rorida mused flash flooding
:_ .,� ���'' os roinfall amounis reached 13.6 �nches in ihe Clty, causing the Clfy to declare a
` '�"'�- state of emergency'.
y
' ,���..:. � ' In response to ihese chollenges, ihe Clty's Sea Level Rise Adoptation Plon
7i�F _ � (Adaptation Plan) outlines a comprehensve, forward-ihinking, and flexible
4romework fo safeguard ihe C��,fy's infmsiruciure and protect iis res�dents This
— � -`��� olan bullds on ihe resulis of the Crty's $eo Level Rlse Vulnerabillty Assessmeni,
� �� wh�ich identi4ied +he most vulneroble �mfrastructure and foctl�it��es m 6e prmrrt�ized
: - lor flood protectian basad on ihe�v projected timing of flood eaposure, poten!iol
for asset damoge, and impocts �o the commun�ity'.
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462
The Adaptation Plon Is also part of ihe Clt�s broader cllmote resillence fromework. It lntegrates ongoing Glry
plans ond imtiafives to olign odaptation efforts wdh ex'isting flood management, lond use, and ne�ghborhood
improvement projecis. Iniegration wl*h exisiing City plors also promates fhe adaption of long-term resilience
canslderotions 'i�to individual plon updates based on evolving climate conditions. The goal of the Adaptahon
Plon 'is to develop a holistic, coordinated path to flood res8��ence ihat addresses ihe complex, interconnected
�ature of sea level nse aazards, wFich often require o flexible ond phased approoch to adapr in fhe face of
inheren' uncertointy.
The Adaptation Plan �s orgonized as {allows:
!�� InTroduelion- provides 6ackground and contezt of ihe Adaptatlon Plon.
�2 Vulnerabilily Assessment Review- rersits rne opproach ond key findings of ihe City's Vulnemb�dity
Assessment.
,-3 � Adopfation Sfratagy IdenTificotion and Evaluation - desc��bes ihe City's exist��ng relevant plans
� ond inl'iotives, the process to idertify supplemental Ilood proiection sirategies, and evaluate sirotegies
for potenIIal iradroffs and co-benefi's-
�4 . Adaptotion Pathwaya - prov�ides a stmctured opprooch to oddress uncertointies of future flood
conditions usmg flexible adaptatior pothwoys thai odjust over time os new information becomes
ovo:loble or cond-inons cha�ge.
g Nexf Steps-summarizes key findings and next steps'o advance implementarion of ihe Adapto'ion Plan
and �ih sira+egies.
Appandi: A- L�sis the �in'iflol simteg�es considered for the Adaptation Plan.
Appendix B- L s�s the {inal sirategies considerad for ihe Adaptohon Plon.
Appendix C -Describes ihe evalmron clite�ia and scoring methodology to compare and rank s}rotag�ies.
Appentlix D-P�eseMs the performonce of stmteg�ies bosad on evaluation criterio.
463
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2. Vulnerability Assessment Review
10 more comprehensively understand the City's evolving flood rsk due to sea level rise, ihe City completed a
Sea �evel Rise VulnerabdRy Assessment (Assessment) to idenflfy and priarit¢e neady 60,000 assets vulnerable
to flooding across a range o` potential Puture sea level conditions. Assets included both City-owned (e.g., Gty
build-.ngs ond uttl�dies) and non-City-owned (e.g., hospitols,culmml centers� focilities and infmsimcture. Future
seale�els were evaluated underihrea waterlevelcondit�ons:
• High Tida- Hlgh 'ida flooding was represen•ed by the City's med�an ann�a� king tide water elevation (1.8
feef NAVD88J derermined by tidal elevotion data from !he Virginia Key Nai��onal Oceaoic and Atmospher�c
Adm.n�sirotion (NOAA) Tlde Statlon.
• Compound Flood - Compaund flooding was represe�fed by ihe simultaneous occurrance of a 10-year,
24-hour rolnfall event (8J5 Inches) and a king fide Q.8 feet NAVD88). A 10-year roinfall eveni hos a 10
percen' chonce of ocwrri�g in. ony given yeor.
• Comtal Storm Flooding - Coastal storm floading wos represented by the 1-percent annual chonce �i.e.,
100-year; coas'al water elevat�:on. The event has o I percent chonce of occurring in any glven year and is
madeled 6y FEMA to be appm.imately 62 feet NAVD88 �in Miam�i Beacn.
This seMion bneFly summonres the methodology used for the Assessme�f, highlight'�ng key vulnembilfty 4indings
and fheir role m shaping the strategy development approach in �Fe Adaptotion Plan.
Assessment Methodology
The Assessment prod�,ded irfo-mot�cn obou� the potentiol hmiog, eaten�, and ro�seque�ce of fu�u�e 'looding
evenis influenced 6y sea leve� rse. A range of assets iha� suppoC �he commurnty were comolled 'rom Clty,
regioral, crd govemmertal oar-�ers ard comm�ni'y engagemert wor<shops (Flg�re 2J1.
� � �� � �
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Indiv�idual asse*s were evalooted ond srored bosed on the following focfors to urdersta�d iheir relat'rve
vulnerobllity(Flgure 22):
• Exposure - "Naw mony flood�ing scenarios impact Ihe asset?" Exposare Is associoted with the number of
scenanos under wh�ch an osset would he flooded.
• Senai�ivity - "Whot ore the impocis ond potentiol domoge ro tFe osset rf d is flooded7" Sensitrvity is
associoted w��h the I'�keli000d on asset will incur sign'ificant damage, iail, or become unusable for any
durotion af time due to flood exposure.
465
. . .., -� .,. . ......... .._ ,��i:,
• Consequenca- "What are �he community impacis if ihe asse' foils?" Consequence '�s associoted w�ith the
seventy of community, ern�rtonmentol, and ecanomic mpocis ihot would occur should ihe asset fa'�I, incur
signi�icant damoge, or become unusable.
Assets fhor scored highly across the three categories were wnsidered highly vulneroble to future sea level
nse {lood'ing. ihe Federal social vulnerability inde., based o� U.S. Census variobles, was used to identify
re�igh6orhoods thot moy need support before, dur�ng a�d o. after dimsrers'. These assets �ece�ved an
add�rionol sco�e weighnng }o oroTote pnoralmtlon o4 assatssarvirg soc ollyv�lnera6le ne�ighbo�hooas.
E�ewro + Sentitmly {` Consequene� � Total Vuinarcbility Searo
- ii � � ._ ..,� � . .
The As'sess'ment findings hlghlight severol key themes based on ihe priantleed Ilst of most at-risk asse�s.
These P��ndings asslsted ihe City to pnor�itrze types of ossets and locations most in need of targeted
adaptation measures. Example key find�ngs include:
• Higher vulnembility ossets are located adjocent to canal shorelines which are cunently overtopped or
projected to be overtopped by future high-woter events. The west(Biscayne Bay or"Bay") side of ihe
C�iry is at ihe greatest risk of floading due to ihe low elevation of mostly prrvately-owned seawalls.
• The Gty's water and wastewater pipeline network contains several areas with a high concentrotion
of high-vulnerobility infrasiructure due to pipelines thot are over 70 years old. Older pipelines are
more susceptible to corrosion or may contain small cmcks ihat allow ihe infiltrotion o4 flooding and
high groundwater.
• With one foot of sea level rise, over holf of the Ciry's roadways are projected to experience flooding
during 10-yeac 24-Four minfall events coinciding wifh king tides. Depending on ihe depth of flooding,
vehicle imffic could be restricted, creating congestion,detours and limiting mo6ility withm the City.
• By 2040, a 25-year, 24-hour roinfall avent combined with a king tide could cause flooding at four
emargency response facilities, including Mi Sinal, Polica Stafion HQ, Sailport Substation, and Fira
Stat�ion kl. By 2070 ihis number increases to include ihe majority of emergency response facilities
across ihe City.
• Fiky perceni of ihe City"s eaisting stormwater pump locations are projected to experience flooding
�mpacts dudng 10-year, 24-hour rainfall evenis co�inciding wilh king tides when combined with
I foot of sea level rise. If stormwater inFlow ezceeds pump capacity, flooding ihroughout ihe City
could intensify and spread to typically unaffected areas. Newer pump stations are built to a higher
elevation of Base Flood Elevation .2,and many older pump stations are being retrofifted.
• The City's beach ond coostal dune system provides a natuml buffer from most ocean wove impacis,
but coastal storm flooding remains o significant ihreot, with a I-percent annuol chance storm surge
(approxlmotely 62 feet NAVD88) pmjected to bring flood depths up to 5 feet in certain areas of ihe
City, aven without additional sea level rise.
466
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3. Adaptation Strategy Identification and
Evaluation
Although ihe City ol-eady has a series of plans to oddress ongoing flood nsks ihrough Incremental odaptotlon
initiatives such as stormwater monogemaM, road elevation, ond green infrasfmcture pmjeds, mony of these
plons only eztend to mid-century sea level nse pmjections and do not yet Include the type of Innovative or
complex opproaches to flood protection ihai moy be necessary for end-of-century conditions. This sect�on
describes a review of the City's existing relevant plocs and initiatives and rhe process to develop supplemental
s!rategias that could be used to adapt them to ennonce their ability to provide long-term flood protection, The
Adopiation Plan is �he nexi step for long-term planning.
Review of Existing City Plans and Inifiatives
The Adapiation Plan was developed m address both present-day and future flood hamrds within the context
of ihe Cay's exisiing policies, studies, and plans. The e�isting plons ore corried ouf in tandem, providing an
ongo�ing ortl comprehensive approach for flood p�atect�on. These plans also serve as ihe Poundat�on for fhe
City's Adapiotlon Plon. The following key plans and ordinances were reviewed and included In ihe Adapfation
Plon. This is not an eKhoustive list to date but �ep�esen}s a subset of ihe most relevant documen}s ihot were
osed to inform developmen'of the plan.
• S}ormwater Modeling and Masfer Wan(SWNIMP�- evoluates the City's s'ormwate� network to provide
on Imp.oved level of stormwoter flood pro�ectlo� bom a 10-year, 24-hour rain event through ihe year
2060. The plon does not consider shorel�.ne overtopping due to coastal storms and high titles. The SWMMP
also �denefies ond pnorarzes 20 smaller-scale Criticol Needs Projects that ollev�ote some storm co�ditions
and improve wa!er qual�ity; ihey are proposed for a shorter time norimn to be constructed by 2036. The
projects are also des'igned to be i�tegmted wRh ihe Ne��ghborhood Imorover.+enr Projecrs (NIP�thor �include
rood elevafion ond odda:ond �infros'ruc!ure neeos to minimize communiry d�srupfions dunng consiruction.
• Neig66orhood Prioritization Plan (NPP) - detads over 56 Gty capital ��mprovement prqecis, orgonlzed
into Ne'ighborhood Improvemen! Proiects, fhat have been prioritized 6ased on iheir potential to provide
flood protechon, malntaln esseM��.al services, and equHy considem+ians of resldenfs sened by ihe project.
The p�ioritized projec+s focus on upgrad�in9 oging or undersized crincol stormwater, woter, and sewer
infras�mcfure and elevating roadwoys based on the recommendations of the Road Elevation S'rotegy.
The projects may also 'mdude qualtty of hfe enhoncamenis such as �ew uttli�es, s�idewalks, bike �anes,
landscap�ng,and irees.
• Road Elevafion Strofagy (RES) - provldes recommended roadwoy elevations to reduce flooding by
accoa�f�ing �or p�ojected seo level nse }hrough mid-century. The RES also recommends varying design
elevotions fo� diffcren+ rood classifications bosed on ihe'�r cnncality.
� Dene Manayemenf Man - outLnes maintenonce considerotions and plonting and pruniog speciflcations
for the City's coasrol dune sys�em to maintoln healthy and stoble dures. "he plar prioritizes ihe �tilization
of notu�al elemeots*o ennance the dunes and reduce erosion impacts from ectreme wave eveMs.
• BlurGraen Stormwafer Infroatructure(BGSI)Concapf Plan-provldes an evoluoflon o4 BG51 strategies,
corcep's, ond poteniio'i loca!lons for p�ibt projec�s in fhe Cdy. The plon also provides besi pmciices fo�
Integroting BG51 concep>s IMo baaltronol Inf�oynucture projects.
468
• Nahre-Based Shorcline Aaaessment - ossesses +he feasibility of converting degroded publicly owned
seawall sect��ons' mto Ilving shorclines 6ased on site-specific condltions. The ossessmen` prior'.tized 10
shoreline sections for potentiol projecis and offers a model for ihe Ciry to implement similar shorellne
Improvement projecis In other locations.
• Resilienee Code - �evises ihe Cify's Land Develapment Regulanons to enhonce flex'ib�ility in oddressing
impocfs like sea level rise. Chapte� 7 specifically includes mning ond setback requiremenis far new
develooment ihat are infended to provide space for future lond use and infrastructure upgrodes.
• Seawall Minimum Heighl Ordinance - curreni seawall ordinance (No. 2021-4393) ihat eslobLshes a
minimum consiructlon elevation of S7 feet (NAVD88) for oew or substantially improved or repalred seawall
sections. Seawalis moy be elevoted to a lower elevation of 4A feet (NAVD86) if ihe seawall Is designed io
support {uture rais'ing to 5J feet.
• Building Fraeboard Ordinanee - curreni freeboard ordinance �2016-4009) ihat permits the first floor af
struct�res to be built up to five feet o6ove ihe established FEMA base flood elevotion. The ordinonce
rep�esen's one of ihe Cihy's design siandards adopied to provide addirional flood proteciian a6ave state
ord {ederol requiremenfs.
Supplemental Strategy Development
To address ihe poten�ial gaps in the City's ex�snng flood pmtect�ion effons, add'itional s+rategies were
developed by reviewing regianal ond national adaptotiao plans to -idenirfy relevant approaches iha+ hove
been considered for other communities with similor needs as the City. 'hro�gh colloboration with City staff,
on initiol long list of sirotegies was campiled and orgarized 6y primary flood hozord addressed, siraiegy
category, ond sirotegy type (Figure 3.1). ihe initial list, provided in Appendix A, included an array of physical
(e.g., modifications to �:nfmshucrure and facilities� and non-physical �e.g., policy and plan updates) options
to address flood risks posed by a vanety of flood homrds facing ihe City, including tidal, siormwateq coasfal
storm surge, and high groundwater.
Through o series of conversot�ions wdh City staff, 'he mhol strategy list wos f�rther refinea and corsolidaTed
into broader odaptarion concep!s, provided �m Appendix e.
'� Primaryqood '. . '..tlai
• 5mrmwa:e� XazatM .. r�wamr
• Hooa✓�o[ecoo- Addrou�d : �•�Sw9e
• Emerger_ry ppe�at ors • �a�y 6.o��tlwale�
• Coo�tl�naocn
• Conmdn,.ca:o�; ........ .: � .
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. c�naln9 S�mfagy Shals9y
• �o���ir�ng �� �.�.� Calegory :'���
• Assess�^e^; �`�. :'
• OPerabors 5 ''�.. :'. '''.. :' i
Mam[ena�ce ''�. :' "'.. .�
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Oroanizdt�or • Ope.at�onal
469
Evaluation Criteria
The most successful stmtegies are those iFat can address idenfif�ed flood hazards while also providing
additional co-bene{�is, which are additional benefits beyond flood protec�ion. Sirategies that provide
multiple 6enefits and Ilmit negative impacts for fhe community af�er a more hollstic appmoch to resilience 6y
s*rengthening communities ond the surrounding environment. These otlditionol benefas olso maka rhem more
likely to secure funding, pol�.ticol will, and community buy-'in. The final list of braader sirategy options was
evaluated using a set of evaluation criterio to understand po+ential iradeoffs ana priaritize strateg�ies thot
perform well across each of ihe considered factors.
A qualitotive set of evaluation criferio was created spanning four categories io evaluote sirategy benefits from
a variety of perspectives:
• Engineering-The o6ility of o snategy to continue provlding flood profection as sea level rises
• Environmenbl - The henefits a sirotegy pmvides for ecosysiems protection or greenhouse gas (GHG)
emiss'ion reductions
• Social-The benefits a smtegy oPfers to improve ihe quality of life for residenis
• Implementation Feaaibility-The obiBty of the stra'egy to be enacted g�rven current City copacities
EacF wtegory included a set af 14 criteno based on considerotions apphed ��n similar climate adaptation
planning o•ojects ac�oss ihe coaniry and feed6ack from City staff (Figure 32�. A simple roting approach
was used to compare fradeoffs omong each o� the cafegories for each sirategy. Criteria were assigned
o score of 0 through S based on }he sirategy's al��gnment w'ith the goal of ihe criterio' 0 (no allgnment�, I
(hmifed allgnmenP�, 2 (some alignment�, or 3 (Lull olignmenr) (Appendix C). The scores were iallied across all
categories �o�each strategy fo� a 'o'al score rang�ng from 0 (low benet'�}s)+o 42 ',F�gF be�ef��tsJ.
The fvll bred+dowr o� sr-a-egy sccres 'or each evaluatlon cnteric is pa+�aea �,�� Appendix D.
� Enginwri�g Emironmemal .
• ProtecK_cntcalCiyas,�La • Improvesv:ate� q��ab[y
• Abtl ty ro aoapt to c'a^9 n _I�'aW r�ntlltions ' Pro[ec's e c.... o _xo�n 1..- ers�:rve
nabda:�a^.._cmY�.�r�s r. _es
• Atldresses rr Ibple Flond [yoes . �phi�,.Ns or�'fsets oreenh i �a has �.inac.^s
9oelal ______ Impl�m�nMionF�a�ibilify
• Improve5 pubhc heal[� Ts[n�s • -uneirg�� ai clnc �5 par� o I �r f,ill� a:a Idole
(e.g., pubhc acces. recreanon or acc=_s[o or can be obta�recl
emergency serv�ws) • �apital Costs
• Enhances resilience of the hansFerta[ion network . Main[2ndnce Cos:s dntl Staff Burden
• Benefits soclally vulnerable commun�.ties • qbiliry ro Implement given<wrent pro(essional
• Reduces I�sk of I�jury or loss o!lite market capabilities, policies,and regulatlons
F:qure 3.2 Eoolliono� C-:teno 'e L1e^em���e=�r'e9r 5a��a��•s
470
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4. Adaptation Pathways
S*raiegy options aeveloped In Section 3�Adaptation Simfegy Identification antl Evaluation)were incorpomted
Into o sedes of adaptatian pa*Fways thaf identify long-term acfions based on defined adaptation thresholds
ihat indiwte a potential ironsfer to another sirotegy to s�pport ihe Cty's decision-moking process for flood
resilience. Adaptatian pathwoys ore a sirateglc approach fo managiny ihe uncertainties of long-ferm impacis
of climate change by identifying flexible, phased sirategies ihot can be implemented over t��me. This framework
helps communities by develaping adaptive actiors ihat can evolve as conditions change and ihe ezisting
simtegies are no lorger e4fective.
This is an Innovative approach to adop!ation 'hat dlffers °rom the '�oditlonal plpnning approoch taken by
most municipolit�es. Traditional plonning is typically more rigid ond larg-term. solutlons are based or o fixed
und¢rstanding of future condisans wdh limi�ed mechanisms for revisiting ond adjusting plans as new data nnd
conditions arise.
Interpreting Adaptation Pathway Diagrams
Adaptation pathwoy dlog�ams provide a roadmap or deosion nee-ho+ helps plon�e•s�nderstond the rim�ing of
initiol adaotaiion sirategy �mplementahor ond options for phasing wbsequeni sirateg�as over �ime. Pafhways
begin wi1F the eais�ing primory approoch ihe C�ity �s �sing for flood protection ond then diverge Irto d�fferent
adoptation sirategies thot prov�de an enhonred level of flood protection as seo levels cont�nue to �ise.
Adaototion pathwoys, which me�ge the funct'ionality oi a phosing diagram ond a decision tree, proJide a
flex�ible means to transifion oetween ind�rvidual siroteg�es depend�ng on how ihe future unlolds (e.g.,
accelerated sea level rise or percen! of osse�s experienc�ing flood�ngJ. This flezi6�ility foc�litates better-informed
decision making obou� major Inves�menis over time.
Adaptatlon pothwoys, os shown in on illusha�ive example In Figure 4J, indude fhe �ollowing elements:
• Timing of pofential vea laval riea: To ossisi with planning, three planning time horizons were Included
io illusirate the mnge of po�erfial sea level rise amounts ihat could occur from the year 2020 thmugh
ine end o4 ihe century based onNOAA 2017 projections. 'he tlming of adaptatlon stra�egies is aP�gned to
redace potentiol Impoc!s based on flood mappi�g performed ror the City's Sea Level R�se VulnembJity
Assessment (2024�. However, fhe timing of s*rategies can also be info�med by a se� of inetrics and
adaptation fhmsholds de4lned �n each pothway.
• Stratagy plonning and lead Time: Many srmtegies will requlre lead tlme prior to Implemeniotion to
occaunt ?or p�oject funding, plonning, permitting, and design actinties. The initiotion of plonning time
is ��nd�co�ed by a g�ay circle, followed by a dashed line represenfing ihe tlumtion of potential planning
acflvi'�ies Longer dashed lines indicate thot±he s�rategy opportunity hos a longer leod time �equired d�e to
its complex�ly ond/or scale.
• Strafegy atart: 'he start oI a s'rategy, �indicated by block circle, morks the point where the snategy could
be implementea and lully functlonol.
• Strategy duration: Each sirategy durotion is depicted by a soLd horizontal line. The color of ihe Ilne
Indlcates+he s'rotegy theme(d��scussed in mora detail In iha next section): keep��ng water ouf�orange�, living
wi!h wate� (blue), �a*urrbasad protection (green), sirotegic relocanon 4ed�, and plans and pol�c:�es(gray).
• Fundional and of stmtegy: A vertical I�ine Indicotes the functional end of ihe strotegy due to �ts '.nabiG�y
to com�m�e o4fenog flood orotection or when iFe sea level rise amount is beyond ihe inrended level of
plonred flood proieciion.
472
• Poeential stmtagy trana4ar. Po�ent�ol iransfer poinis are depicted by hollow triongles on ihe stro'egy
lines. Trans4e� points represent an opportunity to switch to a dlfferent odapiation sirotegy 7f rhe eaishng
sirotegy approach no longer provides the desired level of flood protection. imns4er to the altemotive
siraregy Is rep�esenred by vertical gmy lines, indiwting f6e transltlon.
• Adaptafion threehold: Adaptah.on ihresholds are defined in ihe pink call out boxes. These thresholds
indica�e when potential flood impocts (e.g., pe�cent of assets exposed to flood�ng) ezceed o
predetermi�ed level ihat could indicate ihe need to honsfer to a different adap?ation sirategy.
- i . �—�___. .—.___ .
—R';V' CS.c 2�3C _0'0 _ . .
, I ', a... ,: _ — �__.. . _._____ . . . _. _.. _ _._
Pmlec[etl SLR � � z .... . 3 . . . �. .. . -._ 5 �fi
Amounc(`eeq
Existing Stralegy �'
Sira}egy A � H �p�anil�aW-
Sfrategy B �" — — '
Strategy C ' ' - -
Straeegy D - " " " " " ' -
� F...�„a n..�,,.... . � .-..-- , z.. .
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� rvamre�eazen v-ar-:��. � - - �r=�=yyvlar.nn�g�Leatl Lme
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F�guia 4.L �-oncept�al Adopmfio� Pwn,vo��D:ogmm ond Conipnn2nle
All the srrategies Induded in the pathway diagroms respond to potential flood exposure o6served In sea
level rlse maps preoared os part ot ihe Gty's 2024 Sea Level Rise Vulnerobildy Assessment; howeveq ihe
prec'�se tim'�ng of sirategy implemertotion may dif4er based or ihe timing of observed 'lood impocis. Including
adap�ation thresholds as par} of cr adap�ive moragemenr plor will proript proacive declsion-making and
adap-a!lon response by promoting fhe mon'toring of ��mplementetl sira*egies and iheir effectiveness. Strategy
implementahon !imellnes may also be drrven by non-flood hozard factors sucn as the requlred d�rotion for
praject design, permitiing, allocaiing project �undmg, or fiming of maintenance/reirafit schedules that can
provide an opport�niy for strategy implememation. Adaptation metrics, ihresholds, and momtoricg plans are
descr bed within each pathwoy section (Sec�ion,Adaptation Pa�hway Summories).
473
Adaptation Themes
Individual sirategies are grouped into adapfahon �hemes based on identified sim��larities in iheir general
approach ro filood protectian. The adaptat�ion themes, described belaw, were modif�ied based on categories
delined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'.
• Neeping Wofer OW - This approoch refers ta techn��.ques to prevent or fim��t wote� from entering specific
oreas. Typical methods involve physical barriers, such as seawa0s, tide gotes, or other roised siructures
des�gned to protec� against flooding.
• Living with Wafer- Thls concept focuses on coeais*ing with wa!er by using floodable deslgns mther ihan
irying -o completely preveni water {rom enfering on a•ea. Typicol meihods include elevanng 4ocilities and
infrast.ucture or desigring 'it to accommodate occos'ional {looding.
• Nature-eaved Flood Protacfion - Nature-6ased protection uses �atural ewsystems ond processes to
reduce the impocis of flooding. Techniques include na�ural shorel�ine restomtion, enhandng dune feotures,
acd blue/green infmsfructure.
• Strctegic Ralocation - This refers to ihe planned relocaflon of speti4ic faciGties or assets thot are at
nsk to flooding ar ihe modlficatian of exlsr��g lond �ses to ova�id infrosiructure damoge. This opprooch
deviotes from ihe City's pre4erred approach of profec�ing eaisting facilifies and �infrasiructure through other
adap+anon opproacFes. Howeveq relocotion moy hecome necessary as sea levels reach end of century
conditlons or 4ollowing disasfer scenarios, such as large coas�al storm events ihot cause widesp�ead
damages, or when the risk }o humon life or fhe cosi to protect assefs in place becomes too high.
• Plans and Policies- TFis refers to modif�wario�s In City plans, design crlte��.a, ar ordinances to prov�de on
enhanced level 04 flood pro!echon.
In mosi cases, a cambination of these app•ooches will 6e necessory �o provide flood protection for the City
and the su�te of sira�egy approaches moy change over time to accommadate evolving climate canditions. For
e.omple, ihe pnmory approach fo� flood protectlon for the Cify hos been focused on Keeping Woter Out using
strotegies such os seawalls, stormwoter upgmdes, and elevating roads. Additionol b�oretent�,.on app�oaches,
such as bioswales and stormwater retention lake, have been integmted into recently designed parks. However,
as sea levels continue ro rise, 16e Ci�y moy beneflt 6om supplementing trad�rionol engineering approaches
wi}h more L�v'�ng witti Ware�, Noiwe-based Protec'ion, or i� some �ms'ances, Sirafeg'c Relocatio� strotegles
(F�igure 42) !o prov�de a mo�e comprehensive �orT o{ flood protect��.on.
Sea Level Rise �
Existing Wa�er Level Conditions Future Conditions
K�eping Water Out �
Living wi}h WaTar �
Nafurs-Bawd Profaefion �
Strafegie Relocation
%ans and Polieias
�::.�. ' .' . -s. � .:. '-:-s..r��n o/adapfanoe Themes
. . . . . . . . . _. . .._.. .. i � ....;.� �,,.:.,.. . ..
474
Adaptotion Pathway Summaries
A set of six odapiotion parhways were developad to inform rhe poteniial phasing of adaptabon strategies for
fhe City. The pafhwoys indude: Boyfront Fiood Proteciion, Stormwater Flood Protection, Roadways, Crrtmoi
Facilities. Critical Infmsiructure,and Oceanside Fiood Protectioa Each odaptaiion pothwoy was devaloped to
address ihe geogrophic variob�lity o4 fload hozord sources experienced across ihe City(Figure 4.5)and reflecis
ihe types of assets pmtected. Par ecample, ihe Bayfront Flood Protechon pathway focuses on simtegies ihot
provide area-scole flood protection 4or multiple ossets t�om Biscayne Bay flood sources (king tides and coastal
stormsJ. The Oceanside Flood Protection Pat6way olw focusas on area-scale Flood protection but indudes
strategies to reduce wove ��mpacis to �he Ciy. Sformwoter Flood Profac�ion, Roodways, Critiw� Focilities,
and Cnhca� In#rosn�cfwe po�hwoys foc�s o� asset-specrfic flood prorection 4.om more mlond Hood sources
i -� . ��.� .�� _. ��- o�oundwo�er� tho+ ore more bkely to co.se locahzed ilocd� -i .�f .nd�,�d„al �;�ets
Bayfront Inlond Oceanaide
Primory Flood XozardY. Primory Fbod Hawrd.: Primary flood Narord�:
• King Title Glooding � Rainfall Flootling • Ning Tide Floodin9
• Coas[al Storm • Nigh Gmundwa[er • Cozstai Srorm Flootling
Flooding • Waves
MeM�d�d Voe6Yray�:
Inolud�d Palhways: . Rwdways Indud�d YaN�way�:
• Bayhont Fiootl � Cri[ical Inhastmcmre • O<ea�sitle Flootl
Pro[xtion • Critical Facili[ies Protxtion
• Stormwarer
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Flg�re 4.3. Geograpl,�c caoob.:.', ... , . �
ihe sedions balow provide o deto�iled descripnon ot each of the s�K adaptation pathwoys. Each section
describes ihe associated stmte9ies and includes informotion a6oW the flood pmtecfion Ilfespaq sirategy
considerations, flood hozords addressed, estimoted cost, and o set of matrics, adaptation ihresholds, and
porential monrtonng plans to mform iheir phased Implementatroa
475
io betr�V . _�r�re r_ �..�ces. pi oohe�, an�1 broade� resi6ency etforta, 'he Gty croa�ed tha
Neighborhood Prqect Prioritization (NPP) plan. The Neighborhood Prioritization Plan reviewed
over 400 capital improvemant projecis proposed in previous City plans and organized ihem into
50 neighborhood-basad projact groups, called Neighborhood Impmvement Projects (NIPs). The
Neighborhood impmvement Projecis were prioritized based on the expected flood mitigation benefits,
accounting for sea level nse impacts, and ihe population size bene4iting from ihe improvemenis.
Naighborhood Improvement Prqecis aim to consolidate multiple proposed infmsimcture projects within
tha same �eighborhood into o single initiotive to streamline upgrades, reduce consiruction disruptions,
and minimize ihe adminisirafive burden of managing saparate planning and design efforts. These
projecis encompass a ronge of infmsiruciura improvements, including increasing stormwoter capocity,
elevating roadways, integrating green infmsimcture, and upgrading water and sewer infmstructure.
Many sirategies outlined in }he adaptation pathways rely on coordination with future Neig66orhood
Improvement Projecis to ensure successful implementatioa For relevant siraiegies, odditional detail
is provided regarding how ihe approach will be integrated with future Neighborhood Improvement
Projects.
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476
How to Read The Pathway Summaries
7he grophic below outlines the content o{ the pathwoy s+rategy s�mmar�ies �in ihe following sec�ion. Individual
stmfegles have been orgon�aed Into a summory based on the geographic area or asset type they are designed
7o pro'ec} from flooding. With!n each pothway is an adaptation pathway diagrom to illusi�a+e tne phased and
coord��nated implementot�ion o( !he sirotegies, as well os add•tional metrics ihe CiTy can manitor to determ�ne
when to i�itiate o� phose out sirotegies based on the flood profecton e44ectiveness.
Abbreviared srmtegy nome and number �ough orde�o' magnnude
mplementanon cost�.
Q (<$SOOk)
I�dlvidual strotegies are organ�red Into adop�atlan �hemes fhot re41ec1 00 (55004-IM)
common approaches and shared chomcterisiics In flood pmtectlon met6ods QQQ �5�_SM)
mcluding Reep��g Woter Out, LINng wnh Wa�e�, Nol�re-Bosed Gload
Pm'eofio�, 5'm'og c 4clocauan,ana Pl��s a�d PoLcles 0000 (SS'�OM)
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gF� ElevataSsawallafoCumnf ^ � Q
Ordinanea �J �
_.. .._____ �- _ - _ __
5��.,��yv C.:s��ipr�o�. � Targefed °lood homrds
addressea by each s��ategy:
Bnef descnpr�on of the s�rotagy,indud�g relevant regulo'ions
or ordinances and if the shategy was Idenb4led In ex�,st�.ry plans A ��ng fide
FlooIdPro�actionlifespan. � Wa�es
` Pote�ibl f��mell�e wheo s�a!egy could piovide(lood pro+eG�on V
benerits based on 2017 NOAA seo la�el rise prqec•ions � RomfoU
�` S�arm Surge
y'✓'
$rmregy In Aclian:
Caae Study: � R�,s�ng Groundworer
L Comm�nrty cose siudies or Cry axonpiea wne�e thc srm'egy
nas been successfully implemented
Gmim�ions!Strategy Cansidermions.
� _. itatio�s Lonq-term chollenges assoaoted with current Ilood
protectlor approaches to h�gHight fhe �eed °or addnional o�
supplemen�al stmreg�.es;
S�m�egy Considemf�ors: Fac'ors ^eedea to be considered fm
pr000sed st�ategy implemeMo�ion
477
Bayfront Flood Protection
� , Adaptation Pathway Summary
� _
lhis set o{ sirategies aims to elevate or mod�4y ihe ' � ' ' �.
City's western shorelioe to provide enhonced flood .�•Te���' . � .
pro5ecrion from e.isting and future high tide evenls. . �'"`�� , - ,
'����:r.�: ��.'r..
�_ --- . � �. ,/
The Need to Adapt "'�`� - " �
" -��. ._s � `�4��f'
Nearly 90% of The 8iscayne Bay shoreline s � � � �.�� �'
protected by public and privately-owned seowall... ' •. ���
which ore the City's primory line of defense °�o� �l�
high tide flooding evenis. The Bay(rort shorcl��c ' �""�
and areas landward represent ihe lowest elevae..c��, � •�
of ihe Island, porticularly in Sou+h Beach and \or��
Beach. Currently, a6normally high-woter even-s ._ ,,,. . . . . . . , �,�.. �. ._ .:.:..
(e.g., king tldes) enoble t�ides to overtop low- __�-� - -
I �n seawall sectlons several times each ear. � � � �
Y' 9 Y
By 2040, a 1-loot increase in sea levels from the �
basel�ine year of 2020 'based on rhe NOAA 2017 � a>,�-•. I
Intermed��ate High scerorio) could cause mare �
ihon 50% of the shoreline to be overtoppea dul�ng ��� �`
�
4ing P�de corditions if current '�nfmsiructure ��s no'
elevated ot modlfied, leading to 4req�enl flooding �'�..er� �
of p�blic and private property located behina the =�""- '�� � '
seawallsiructures. �.."'� � .
s
As sea levels nse, ihe Ciiy wdl need to conti�.,� �
to address low-lying pubGdy owned shorel!�es � S-� .
ond work witF private property owners, who ow� . ' _
more thon 90% of -he sForeLne, -o inc�ease �looa . . . _
pretoc-onlevel , .,. � .. . . . -�_ • -- ���
��
�
— - 3
T'�
v. - ... o. > > _. ,r ._ .
470
_ . ._ __ _.._ _ _. . . .. _ ' �:. -.` _ �
The strotegies below provide a set of op+�ions for the City to consider for ongoing flood protection olong t6e
Bayfrort shoreline. The straregies provlde a suite o4 aPprooches ihot include continuirg flaod protecfion
infrastructure upgrodes 'o keep ihe water oui, increasing the use of noture-based flood protection, odopting
policy updates, ond the strategic relocation of assets to reduce �increosiny flood risks to in6ostructure.
Each sirategy includes a summary dacumenting ��mplementation considerotions, o rough order of mognitude
cost, metncs and adaptat��on ihresholds that could �indicate on oppropriate time for ihe sirotegy ro begin, and
o mse sfudy ezample, where applicable, of whcrc ihe sfrategy has been applied wiihin me C�ay or in other
m�nbipalities with similor needs. The s<�atag'ies ora also presented in ar odaptation pathways dlogrom ot fhe
a^o o� fti�s sect on 'o ,.nde•stond key dec s o� oolnfs ano' fFp po}c�1o� Ln�ng o{ s�a'e�y mple^eni�tio^.
g�� Strafegy Nam� Flood Hmard�Addrowsd
Numbsr
Eleva�e5eawrallatoCurrontOrdinance � ^
[5t� Moc.y ex�s' �g ouhl c hno o����a��y ow�oc scawu�'�s 'o co�ply � r
wrh rFo exisnng soowall om �a�cc �5J laer NAVD88�_ �� �"
Tsmporary Seawall Flood Banien �
BFZ InsmN. daployable 41ood borrie�s(e.g.. i�iger Dams)olong low �
I�ing seawalls to prov de snor-ferm flood pro'¢c�ion whde .�. �
longeo-rar^sol,.t ons are oeing devgned o�cons�ructed.
In�mll Canal Tida Gates � �
Closa6le tide gates could 6e lostalled arthe opanings o1 �Fe ^ /� ^
BF3 Collins Caeal fo provide flood pro+ection for properfies along �/ � �r ���
rhe canal o�d rea�ce the num6er of seawalis requlring h�igFer `�' `�'
— __ .
cicwf on
- Updaf�Seawall Ordinance
BF4 Revise tae eKlst'ng seawa� ordinance to reflec+!Fe lotest �
sea level use omounts ond future p�oject ons to orovlde .�. �
continuous flooa p�otectlon ihrough�he end of the tentury.
Elevafe Seawalis fo Updafad Ordinancs � �
BF$ Modiiy exls*'ng pu6[c and prNotely ownetl seawalis+o comply �
wi!h ihe �„pdated seawall ord�.nonce. ~� �
� Add Living Shoreline lo Seawall� k
BF6 To pro'ect seowalls+rom lo<ol zcouring weile also en�ancirg �
•Fe ecalogical condd.ans of ire Bay,a Iry ny shoreline could �
be added m the seaward s de of seawoll simctures.
. ._ . _.._ ____. _
Reslere Nafural 5horeline�
Frcyuer�ly flooacd properfies Yhof ore cosbpmnlbitive �o ^ � A
BF] molnfo�r co�ld bc resfarod �o coas�al wctlands,allowing foc `,J � �V.�.Aw
shorol re ro rerwn ro o navmi sfo�c o! fmnsiuonol weNo�c ~� �" W
ho6 tat bc'wcen fhc 6��It ona natural enaronmcr+.
� Expand Waferlronf SNback{yrincrmmd Reailience
BF8 Expard �g wa!erfront serbocks �volves rewsing lond usz � �
�egulaiions for shorebre-adjacent develocmeni ro red�ce�he � � W
nsk of o�operty damoge due to 4loodi�g.
Sirategy Theme:
Keeping Water Oul, Noture-Based Flood Protection,Sirafeyie Reloealion, Plans and Policies
479
_ _._ �
Current Strafegy
Stra4sgy Theme: Koaping Water Out
� Hood Hamrd�sj Addreued: Essmared Cost Level:
BF� E�evate Seawalls to Current
Ordinance � � �
Strategy Description:
The Clty's current seawall ordinance (No. 2021-4393�, adopted �in 2021, establishes a m�inimum cansiruct�ion
elevation o£ SJ feet (NAVD88), or 4.0 feet (NAVDBB) �tThe seawall is designed to support a future elevotion to
5J feet The elemiion req�iremenr becomes effective for new, substantiolly Improved, su6stanfially repaired
seawalls, and for any sections tnat ore tidally overtopped or deemed to be in o stote of disrepa'v.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
a�o,:clro s. R a�•c�r: —.. _. .
,r_:� �0 H 2 �3 �< 3 '6
Strategy SMA:0 Feat o!SLR Strategy End:4 fest of SLR
-.a c y��o�,.ay P,�o,�a��g ay a�ee,o:�ao ia�ei��.a,a�yo��oi
o�. �mprovements across�he .�ng ��ae eveni I�8�ee�,rvAVDBB)��s
, meer the lotes!o-d��nance p�o;eced�o ovenop seawolls��ar Tee�
�eq�neme�t. tFe lo�es�seawall ordmance renda��ng
iFc olovamd scawolls inellectiw!oi
p�o.idi�g Flood prorecna�.
F�ime R�ing'lda Evem Cur�ent Seawall Ordina�ce
SBleei �4A�088� > SJfeet(NAVD88)
'B'ce'� 4 4c�sec Icre�ae
Strategy in Action:
Case Study: Indian Creek Drive Seawall ProJect (Miami Beach)
In 2023, }he City elevated and rein{orced City- ' �
owned seawall sections along Indian Creek Drive
to prevent shoreline overtopping during eutreme � :
high tide and king tide events. Elavating tha seawall u . -.y�
uctions to ihe latest ordinance (5J feet NAVD88) � � ��� �
wos completed in tandam with stormwater droinage ( � �
improvemenis to also reduce flood risks to areas ' w �
landward of ihe seawall. This work was undertaken ' '
to complemen} ihe broader neighborhood �� ` , �
improvemenis for resilience in the Indian Creek "
neighborhood. * . . . .
480
_ __ _ _ _ _ .. ` , . . ' �
um�tafco�::
cas�
Elevanrg seawalls is very costly and ofte� requires signrmani planning, design ond permitting prior to
co�s'vchon.
Slow Implementa}ion Rale
Enforcement of fhe City's seawoll ordinonce is lorgely rellont on an applicatlon process to permit ihe
consauction of a rew or renovated seawall siructure. Other means of enforcement rely on neigh6oring
property owners documenting property damoge due to a� overtopped seawall or code enforcement violotians
documented by C�ay siaff iravel�ing in the canal waterways. Whtle effective, �hese approaches are unl'ikely to
result ir ihe scale and pace of seawa�l improvemen}s iho} ore needed io preserve ihe City's level o* flood
pro�ectlon as sea levels rise.
iriva}e Properfy Gomplianee
Over 90°/ of the City's existing seawalls ore privotely owned. Elevating seawalls will �equire signlficont
coord'�nation wi'h res�idenfs and ihere are curently limited �incerf-rves o� enforcement mechanisms to moiivote
primte voperty owners to e�evafe seowo�ls.
Sirafegy End Dafe
Even if ihe Clty Is a61e to elevate all ihe City's seawa'�Js to comply wRh the latest seawall ordinonce, ihis
strotegy is expected to lose its efficocy with 4 fee� of sea level rise. Sea levels are projected ta 6e nearly 6
feet above existing conditions by ihe end of ihe century based on ihe NOAA 2017 Iniermediafe High scenario,
requmng the City to consider altemotive shategies to provide ongoing flood protecrion.
Elevafion Traeking Gap
The Qty does not currenNy frock ihe percenfage o4 publ�ic or private seawalls ihot hove beeo elevated to meet
current ordinonce requirements �5J feet NAVD88). This lock of dara leaves o gap in the Gty's abilliy to iden��ify
wh��ch shorelme areas remoln vulneroble �o overt000�ng.
Adaptation Strategy Options
As sea levels coMi�ue to rise, the exisr;ng level of flood pmtec'ian offered by elevating seawalls to ihe cwrent
seowall ordinarce will be less effective during high woter condltions,such as king hdes ond coostol storms. This
section describes additional srmtegy opt'ions ihe City moy need to consider as a replocement or supplemental
stmfegy to provide ongoing flood protectlon of iha Bayfmnt shoreline.
The s�mtegies �in this secfion ore not a�woys mtended to be applied in isolason, and some moy be most
effective ond offer ihe greatest benefits if opplied in tondem with onofher simiegy (e.g., linng shore6ne in
front of on elevaied seawall). Site specific application of a st�afegy or combinofion of sirategles should he
based on the ezpected level oi flood protection, suitabihry of locol site conditions. �mplementotion wsts, ond
landward assets locoted behind ihe shorel�me. In combining these srmtegies with ex�istirg ef4oris, ihe City can
reduce and mingate floodln9 �mpocts alorg Boyfroet shorellne as sea level nse Increoses.
481
. , �bcd P, t � _ �dacrn . . � . �
Sfrategy Theme: Keeping Water Out
FlaodHaza.d�s)Addressed: EsnmaredCos�Lerel:
BF� Temporary seawall flood
barriers � � �
Slrafegy Description:
Tempomry flood barriers are removoble, and o�ten portoble, devices fhot can be deployed on or beh�nd
seawalls prior to h�igh water evenis ta reduce flood damoga They ore typically chorocte�ized by modulor ngid
wolls or woter/sand-filled siructures. To �ncreose res�iliency, `emporary barriers are oNen odaptable in design
and their barrier heigh} can be mised to pravide i�creased flood pratection for ihe s'ife. They can 6e used to
provide short-term Plood protect�.on for both public and privote property ond moy be used while longer-term
solutions are be'ing designed or consiructed.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
�-o�eaea sLR amo���.
:(cep �., .1 .7 •3 -4 � �6
Strategy Start:0 fset o4 SLR STrofegy End:3 fee}of SlR
� :'.�y ca�ld oeg�n�rves���g �r By3(ee�o(sea level r��so.scawalis are
.empumry(looabana�s'arsaC�a^s L4ely�obaoverroppadsolrequently
oi c�bfw seowolls rno�ce c�ne�dy �Fm.no deploymem ol�he evenr-based
.ropped repevredly donng 4��ng boriers may be.equ�ired�oo ofren ro be
���tle evenrs to prov�de shor-+erm considered tempomry.
flood o�o'ecr�oo while oe�nm-rq
a�d 4�,nc�c.q c�.o��s�ng�'nc scay..a'�
srvuc_re s„^ae�way
��� :
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���_-�� y.. v� � • � � l � �
� � '� .+ .�� r- f _ ��� c .
482
, . . _ '�
S}rafegy in Action:
Case Study:
71ger Dams for Jefferso�-Chalmers Neighborhood (Detroit, Mlchigan)
To address rising lake woter levels aker heary roinfoll evenis, ihe Ciry of Detroit deployed Tiger pom
barriers and sandbags along Tha shoraline of a dansely populated canal neighborhood. The temporory
water-filled barriers have been ploced in private backyards along }he canal for flood protection during
multiple high-water evenis over ihe past several years and are intended to mitigate flood damages in ihe
short term until a more permanent solution is developed for }he neighborhood. The cost to protect 350
pro�e�fles wlih ihls apG'wch wos SE.S m�llio^..
.. - -� ��—' i
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:a
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. ' �t` �� ' �
/ '� � "" - �. A
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I.w� � "�� �'
Application to Miami Beaeh:
iamporory barriers are not pmctical or feasible for ihe en}ire Biscayne Bay shoreline for each high-
wotar event. However, ihe Ciry can prioritize areas with deficient seawalls or ihose protecting critical
assets where barriers <an provide supplemental flood protection targeted areas. Additionally, ihe City
can incenTivize or require privote property owners to adopt iFese temporary solutions until seawalls are
reinForced and elevated to meet ordinance requiremenis.
483
_ ___ _.. _ �
Sirategy Considerofions:
• ?o be effective, this sirategy assumes «+e ground sudace behind the seawall or e.�sting seawoll structure
can support ihe weight of ihe borrier, is stable enough to prevent �d from shifting or collapsing under
pressure, and is vo'id of cmcks or holes ihat moy allow warer to infilirote under ihe barriec A site-speciflc
suitabillty assessmenf moy need to be performed to selec+ fhe appropiiote barrle�type.
• Temparory flood barners will need to tie into elevoted la�d or seawall elevotions to preve�t wa�er from
overtopping o neighboring low-lying shorel�ine ond flooding ihe properry f•om behind. The size and
onentarion of the barc��ere can be adapted to meet site-specific needs.
• Alihough some sem��permanent barriers (e.g., Tigar dams) con 6e instolled for o multiyear period, fhey
moy have o sharter functional li{espan ihon other more permpnent options, such os increasing fhe seawoli
elevation w'dh a cancrete cap.
• The effectiveness of temporary flood barners requires an understanding of deployment needs (e.g., site
prepa�ation time, numoer of people required, correct tools, retroctian needs�, long-term mointenonce, ond
sroroge requiremenis. The plocement of The oarriere mvy olso require permitting.
• io assst prrvote property owrers, ihe City could provide educational moterials and informotional sessions
abaut the proper use and eff'icacy of barriers as a shon-term solution for flood pmtection along pr�rvate
seawalls.
• These barriers would need to be deployed vlong low-lying, v�lnemble stretches of wnt�iguous shoreline.
This deploymenf might require coordination with privote property owners, allowing ihe CiTy fo implement
barriers direcfly o�support private owners in deploying their own protec'ive measures. The C�dy moy requlre
easemenis or occess to privo}e properties to ploce ihe barriers.
• Seawall integnty,assets and property fo be protected, and other si'e conditions wtll oll ��nfluence ihe areos
suitable for flood barners.
484
' ..- . �-. .pdnptn F_tFwny��r_ . �
Stwfegy Theme: Keeping Wafer Ouf
FloodHozord(s)Addreved: EsnmaredCosrte.el:
BF3 Install conalfide gates A � � Q Q Q Q Q
Strafegy Oescrip}ion:
iide gates are water control sir�ctures used to prevent ihe flow of tidal woter from moving inlond, providing
flood prorection for ��nfmstructure and facilities behind the gate s*rucnre. For exomple, tide gates could be
instolled at ihe openings of ihe Collins Canal and Indion Creez to provide flood protection during high waier
events. Placement of ihe tidal gates af these locations can prevent tidally-Influenced flooding for ihe large
number of properties along the canal if seawalls are nof elevated to mitigote rising sea levels.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
P�olectsd SLR Amowt
pe�q �0 �. 2 �3 -4 .5 �6
Stra/�gy StaA:l foof of SLR ' StraTagy End:4 fest oF SLR
�Fo C��!y co,.lo co�s�dm By G fccr al sca Icvcl asa.a
T. ��,rg�dd f:aoo go�es c" t des overtap ocars ar�ea�'.y oll
i,W�.rh rh�s ama�n� 3�scayne 9ay sForelm s. I6rs level m
o'sea lee�o le� k.^9 sde+lood��ng overtopo�ing providas flood pa�tiways
beg���.m o.e��oo bOYo ot�b mnal to�nlond lacana�s regardless of�he
sForel nes. tide gate�nsmlloi�on.
" 1 x � „�,,w�i cM�....
���
.
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�t a�r.
�
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485
_ _ , _ . '�'
STraTegy in Action:
Case Study: Lake Borgne Surge
Barrfer (New Orleans, Louisiana) � . ���
The iwo-mile lake Borgne Surge Barrier is
dasigned to protect ihe City of New Odeans
from significant storm surges, such as ihe one '-_r�
ezperienced during Hurricane Natrina. The �� "�`
barrier features three large gates ihot remai�
open during calm water conditions ta allow ship ,:���_��
iraffic but can close during severe storm events � - -
}o prevent axireme tidal evenis from entering -_� , .� �
}he city's canal system. . . . - __ _ _- _
Appliealion fo Miami B�aeh:
While ihe City's canal system would require smaller t�idal gates �hon the Lake Borgne e.omplc, ihe core
flood pmtection principles remain. Tidal gates could be installed at iha northem and southern ends
oi Collins Canal, or at fhe northern and of Indian Creek for larger scole protection, and close during
king tides or storm evenis }o prevent overtopping of waterfmnt saawalls. This approach could protect
watarfront areas bahind ihe gotes, raducing ihe number of private properties requiring immediate
seawall elevation.
Sfrateyy ConsideraTions:
• Collins Canal Is consldered pari of fhe 8iscay�e Bay Aquat��c Preserve, whlch receives p�otection 6om
ihe State's Department of Environmentol Profactlon. ImplemenlaPion of stru<turol features withln fhe ca�al
waterway will requlre a change m State starutes (F.S. 258.b97) that currently resirict al*emiion of the
aquaTic preserve's physical condrt�ion.
• Implementafion of flood gates w�ll also require caordination with federol pariners, likely led by the USACE,
as ihese canals are cons�dered �avigoble wo!ers under Section 10 or the Rlvers and Harbars Act (b3 U.S.C.
3403�
• Selection o{ the optimd Flood gate design ond mstallotion lacabon will reqwre a hydmul�c study to
understond ihe existing flow pattems and stormwoter volumes ihot moy discharge inta the canal.
• Tlde gate siructures will need to tie Inta elevated land or odjacent seawoll elevaflons to prevent water
#rom overtopping o neighbormg low-lying shorel�ine and enter��,ng the conol from behind.
• Tha USACE was also considering sform surge barner gates for ihe proposed Atlantic Coastline Alternative
fo. the 8ack Bay Coastal Storm Risk Study. If ihesc lorger storm barriers are Implemented, additional
feas6ility studles should 6e done oo ihe ef�ectiveness of tidal gates.
48s
_ _.._. _ ...___ . . .._. . .. a _ I�ni�.n�><ronnd�Fm. c h . .;',.,T .,-„ �
Sfrafegy Tl�eme: Plans and Policiss
------ - - -------- —
FloodHazard(sJAddressed: Es�imaredCosrte�el:
BF.i Update seawall ordinance A � Q
STraTagy Description:
ihe eaisting seowoll ordinonce of SJ 4eet (NAVD88) wos designed to provide flood pmtecfion during on
averoge king tide event through the year 2060 (based on the USACE Intermediate curve ) w4h on additional
3 feet af freeboard to account for wind and wave action that could further elevate local water levels. As
seo levels wntlnue ro rise, ihe protechon provided 6y seawalls at this elemtian will be red�ced over t�ime.
To mointoin the level of flood proteM�ion through ihe end oi iha century, the Gty will need �o update ihe
current ordinance to consider the observed rote of sea level rise and lotest projections at the time of ihe
update. Assuming 'he NOAA 2017 Iniermed�ipte High projections, which also allgn with ihe City's ex�sting {lood
protec+ion goals and rhe Southeast Florida Regional Cl�imo•e Change Compoct guidance, a revised seawall
ordlnance ior 9ood protection ihrough iha year 2100 could be os high os 10.6 feet NAVD88. This .s calculoted
as the ave�age k'ing tide ;1.8 fee* NAVD88) . 5.8 feet of sea level rise - 3 feet of{reeboard.
Flood Protecfion Lifaspan:
V•o;e:ted 5LR amowt .. .
(ica�.) .0 .. ,. �3 -c �5 �6
�_ .. _ _ _ _ . . _ . . . . . . _ .�
Slrategy Planning: 0 feaf of SL0. Slrategy Tlmfng: -3 feet of SLR
. e,g o sca lovd nse mor �o���g p�ogmm 3y acp�o.mmely 3°ee�o`sea le�ei.se,��e
w I osssi ��e C ry..-nn�-ac.iny•Fe onyo�ng C�y wr r ,� . �mplenema��an a' ��+�s
.ate o�sea le.el -�se. i�.�is���(ormaroo wlll --�a�egy m��c eose�he IY.el�i�ood t6oi �ne
oe useful in endarerand�irg Fow rFe exremg �pao+ed ard�inance wtll bo n e4hec�balore
leval of llaod pro�ec�ion offe�ed by�ha �„e cu�•ar�t raqmiemem becomas obsole�e
wall ordinance wdl be less e��ecnve ore� ;e:timared a�a�ee�of SLN�.
5�me ord une as o rhreshold�or whe� �he
saowvll o-d�inance will nem ta be upda'ca.
Sfrafegy Considerations:
• Updating the seawall ordlnance w�ll requ��re slg�l4lcant engagement wdh ihe public and ihe City's declson
mokers.
• The selecfed elevation of ihe revised seawall ordinance will need b consider the latest science a�d
obscrvations ovo�loble at the time of d�afting ihe poliry to re(lect current rores of sea level nse.
• The timing of 'irr�plemeo!otion will depend on ihe �ate of sea level .ise. The C�ity can tmck rh�is rote so
fhat on updated ord�inance is adopted early e�ough to provide time to eleva�e seawalis before previous
standards bemme ineffective.
• Ele�ar�ing seowalls alone wdl not prevent flood�ing ihot may occur in areas of low ground elevation adjacent
to seawalls. Elevated groundwater could coetinue to flood oreas Iandward of elevated seawolls.
4$7
....9v� . Ic�dP t .Adocr� Pa�� ., . -.._.� �
.. ...._... .... ......... .._._..... __. . ...... ....... . .. . .... _
Stwfegy Theme: Keeping Wafar Ouf
FloodNaza.d(sJAdd�essed.' EstimoredCos�te.el:
BF� Elevata seawalis to naw
ordinanee Q � 0
Strategy Description:
This sirategy focuses on further elevot'ing the City's existing seowalls to comply with the updated seowoll
ord�inance discussed in Strategy BF4. New seawall elevaflons can be achleved by adding height ta existing
seawalls using a concrete cap, where seowall foundafions can support ihe additional load, or a complete
seawall struciure replacement to the rew elevation.
F�ood Protection LiFespan:
P�oleclrnS�.FAmour: _. . __--__. . .. .
(feeU -U -I -2 �5 �� �> �6
Strategy Starf: Strategy End:
-3 Faet of SLR 6 feet of SLR
'Fe elevai on o!seawallz 0.sse^��g ^e � aa'ed
o comply wnF•-e rew a-d�no-�e s aesgned �o
o� �n e vpda�e sFo�ld o.�de prorecnor lor�p�0 6
P'
begin a4er-he updated feat of sea level r�se,co�pl�ia�t
ordmonce is adopteo by s wall s��uctures ahoold
ihe C��y- prevene 4inq t�de ovanoopmg
�hrough�Fe end o�the cenmry.
Slrategy Considerations:
• Beyond 6 feet of sea level rise, ihe City may need to re-assess ihe feasbility oi further elevat�ing ihe City's
seowalls to provide continued shoreline flood protectior.
48s
� ���„- . �
_ _ _ ____ __ �
STwfegy Theme: Nafure Bassd Profecfion
FlaodHozard�sJAddiessed EsnmoredCosr�e.eL
BF6 A`dd living shoreline fo � Q Q Q
seawalls �
S}rategy Descrip/ion:
A living shoreLne �in front of seawalls is a hybnd shoreline stabilization approach desgned to m�imic nature's
a6ility to limit wave energy, reduce currenis, and prevect scour using vegetofion, sach as mangroves and other
orgon�ic marenals. The sirotegy is typically opplied on the seoward s�ide of the seowall ta provide nature-based
protecrion of ihe structure with the added oene4i! of enhanr.ng the ecologicol condltlons of ihe Boy, wddllfe
hobitot, and naturol aesthetics of the shoreline. Prioritizotion of a I�iving edge could be applied in oreos where
seawalls are expenencing scour or regulor wave oction during high t�ide or windy days. The City has already
identified severol oreos suitable 4or living shoreline in ihe Nomre Based Shoreline Assessment based on seveml
site conditions including seawall length, siructure condition, consiructaoility, and wave exposure.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
projectetl S�R Amocrt - �
Oe^'�� '� ' '� '3 '^ 's '6
I ��
Strategy Planning: Sfrategy Start: Sfrategy End:
0 4es1 of SLR I foof oF SLR -3 feat of SLR
Plor ng�o���s nm'egy co„la �he C y co.ld cons�ae� W�'- i lee' o!sea
ocg�n mmed�mery by�denr{y,�� . . . �irg�dtl-�a e. � e.90°%0'�-e
s �� o�ld benef� �i�ve g sForel„e.o. �al 6levoy�e Bay sho�e'��^e
ea+on�rhe�adaii�on of o I��v�ng (�o-of sea le�el io �sLkely io e�pe�e�ce
sho•el+e due w ar�o�^g wave redure eroson ora roe oveaopp��g dvi�.g
. mpacrs scca a. .cow oi ine m mpoc s oc mg ��ng��de evems.
�uawall me o�wo�e o�e�roPP�^9 sc ar axise�g seawoli
ond e o�io�la�owo�d he:eawall, stmcr�res.
489
_ _ __ , _ �
S}rategy in Acfion:
Case Study: BritWny Bay Park Living Shoreline (Miami Beach)
In 2023, ihe City renovated Brittany Bay Park with sevemi notural infmsfructure elemenis, including
adding a living shoreline in fronf of an elevafed uawall ihat alsa serves as a 6eneh. The living shoreline
feafures mangroves, native wetland vegefaTion and nprop bioswales to provide enhanced flood and
erosion protection ot the pork. TFe project olso removed invasive planis species and added on elevated
deck to increase p�bllc access and connectio� to ihe �.vater's edge
�.� � .:�, e i _•:i �� .` ,:�:
� � -`r'^�`��' � <� µ`Y, A . �'.�.�. ...
,.c-
i _" .rr-a".�� _ �� ' � Ci,, -
� ' L« S ;:
'�`^ � � �� . ., f•�i
. � �'~ '
� �T� �:
�r r �/ I
� � ��� f�
'��� �,�:.: .
i � j•r •
�' .: ) 'l b � ��. ..�y! Y J• �.
Sf�l�V'
( i � .7 Ii
�`( . ���ss„M � � -
S}rategy Considerafions:
• Pre-cons���ction oU�vrties mcn as plonning, pubbc engagement, ond perml�ting for o Irv�ing shoieline could
be a multi-year elfort.
• :he Noture eased Shoreline Assessment identiPies ihe top 10 publidy owned sites suitable 4or living
shorel�.nes, provid�ing �mtial si`es far implementahon of ihis strotegy. The Cay is currently proceeding with
designs fo�inree of ihe top loca+ions.
• Unless ihe living shorel�ine Is continuousiy elevated or desig�ed to adapt to rising sea levels, living eleme�rs
of ihe design may not 6e able to withsta�d regulor flood��ng, lessening iheir effec�iveness of protecting ihe
shoreGne from wave ener9Y or lacal¢ed erasor.
49�
_ . .......� .n„-�� �� �. �.�.-, c r.,, ,..,.m��.'' '�I
Strafegy Theme: Nafuro Baaed Proteefion
HoodHazard(s)Addressed: EsnmaredCos�LereC
BF7 Restore nafuwl shorelines A � ,�j Q Q Q Q
Strafegy Description:
Restoring shorel��nes requi�es the removol of traditional shoreline protection infrosimcture (e.g., seawall
or revetment) ord allow�ng natural pmcesses *o return ihe shoreline to its natumi state. Th�s provides wave
ottenuating, ironsitionol wetlond nabitat between ihe built ond natural environment, and allows room for
wetlonds, mongroves, and other coastal vegetation to expand along the shoreline and mlgmte landward wdh
sea level rise. Bigible sections of ihe shoreline may include 4requently flooded propemes ihot are unable ta
elevate fronting seawall structures, or publicly owned properry ihat has become cost-prohibirive to moi�to�n
due to+he 4requency of {lood evenis.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
P�olec[etl SLR AmOu�t
(feep '0 •. -2 «3 •t �5 �6
� _ _ _ ' "
Stwlegy Plenning: Strategy Start: Strategy End:
2 feet of SLR 3 feat of SLR 6 fesl of SLR
or-arg'a•�h��s By 5 lee�d mn Iwel ��se, As sea level rsa
s�a-egy ro41d aeg�� 9C°/o'�ne e.�s���q Baybort co�i�nues�e �o�c-
� �odwnce a!ns norvl-e s omjeneo�o o(�he shorel�os co�la
p�oe' sh
nedinplememot�on bearercoppetltiy:�g��oe becomeanrn. vngly
due�o�he complax fl000mg ord could mcreose (awmble s�ro�egy fo�
lag�isncsassocaied thetle4reondehgail�nyof eGg�eleseceonzolthe
wir�hons�ionng a budr ponions o�ine shorel��ne water4o��.lt�is e.pec+ed
sForel�ine ro o more m be res�ored�a pm.�tle rho����is srmtegy cauld
n.me�al set9ng. enhorced fload pra*e<eon be implemen•ad tnwugh
for lordwam ��nfms�ruc�mo. the erd ol rhe cemvy.
. . . i �. i . . . __.. . . . _. .
49�
, , . ._ , . �
_ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ �
S}rategy in Ac}ion:
Case Study: Project GreenShores (Pensacola, Florida)
Project GreenShores is a multi-phose - � + � - , . s� �",
initiotive olong ihe Pensacola shorelirre, �� � - 33:.�_
utilizing living shoreline elements, wch as �I���I������ a
restored coastal weNands and oyster reefs w, � °���M '?
to function as natural breakwaters to reduce � . •
wave action and erosion along urban sections " • �' T
of ihe coasi. The raefs shield ovar 20 acres ��'^� :
of intertidal salt marsh weHands planted with +��g,�.� 'g
native vegeta}ion. Campleted in 2022, ihe _yF{= ��
fwo phases of the project have estoblished
more than 50 acres of resilient <oastal
habitat, which have successfully withstood
multiple hurricanes while safeguarding
nearby roodways and properties.
u�,a..ee.s��f�z,r..e„-o,�, ��,r. s��.,:e.c,ae�.eo�a.
Applicafion M Miami Bwoh:
Restoring fhe natumi shoreline of Biscayne Bay would ba a significant undertaking requiring extensive
plonning, coordination, and long-tertn effort. A phased approach, like Project GreenShores, can help
manage iha uale of woh involved. For example, ihe Ciiy could first prioritize morsh and vegetotion
restorotion efforts or instollotion of living shorelines immediately adjacent To ihe shoreline. This could
later be expanded to include more wctensive marsh areas ihe provide a greater level of flaad protection
and removol of iraditional seawall structures to allow ihe morsh habitat to transitlon landward with sea
level rise over time.
STrafegy ConsideraTions:
• Pre-ir�plementatio� activities such os planning, puhlic e�gagemenf, and permdting 4or coastol restorailon
could be a multi-year effort.
• Soil remediahon ond removal may be need in certaln wetland areas to facilitate restomtion, as well as ihe
removol of any buried infmsfructure.
• ihis sirategy may also require ihe expansion of woterfront sefback regulations (BFB�,requlring the stroteglc
relocatlon of infrastructure and bu�ildings locared Immediotely adjacen��o the shorellne.
• Shorel�ine stabillzotion, public safety, and flood protechon {a� coastal property will need to be add�essed
to allow for naturol shorel'�nes within an �rban setting.
• Collins Canal is considered part o( ihe Biscayne Boy Aqmt�c Preserve, which receives protechon from
fhe Sfate's Depariment of Envi.onmenial Protection. Implementation of s+ructurol fea+ures within ihe canal
waterway will require o chonge in S�ate slaWtes (F.S. 258.397) that currently res'ricf alterotion of the
aquatic preserve's physical cordit�ion.
492
�
Sfrategy Thsme: Strategic Relocafion
EzpandingwaTerfronf Fmodrm=o�d�,;add.e„em e�rmaredco��ie.ec
BF8 seTbaekforincreased A � �� Q Q Q Q
resilienee ^' �- �--
S}raTegy DescripTion:
This strategy wcludes ironsforming woterfront properties {mm living areas to more naturol ond water reteM�ion
areas. The City's Resillence Cotle (Chapter 7� establishes cu�re�t setback and zo�ing requiremenis for coastal
development, oiming for �hese requnemenis to accommodate luture sea level nse in infrosiructure upgrades.
Expanding ar updat�ng +hese setback .equiremenis for certa��n development rould support the transformation
of coostol and shorel�ine areas �into less developed, naturol spoces ihot offer increased flood protectior for
oiher C'�ty assets. This si�aiegy may also raquire ihe relocatlon of critical ossets, Infrosimcfure, and property
from ihe shoreline.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
Pro;eclea S 4 Amo�r[
Oee[) •p •t .� �3 .4 - •6
4 ' ' _ _ _
T
�
Strafagy%anning: Stwtegy SIaA: Sfratsgy End:
4 feet of SLR 5 feet of SLR 6 feat o4 SLR
'A�4 feet al S�R,more�hon 6y 5 fee�o�sea level -� e,99%o� As sea�evel nse co�•�ues�Fe exponswr
50 A c��ne s�oreL�c moy me sFo�d,ne iz p�o�eocd m be ol coasmi serbacks ord st�o+eg c
�ace�epeated Hood�ng, oveaapped dunng a k�,ng i"de evenr. reloca�iar o�asse�s co�ld 'oerome an
n�ghLgh-�ng rnc^eed�o waFou�'�mplememoi�o�o!o�her ��creasinqly!avoroblc x�m�eqy/or elig'ble
o c^d aor-ze�c s ro�egex.«�s level of iood��^g s L'.ely ec�a^s o�^e sbmel-e. u �s c.pec�ed
cas a' po�en�ol sc-u�ck � « ., o-olaco��o^:,' as. s . . �o�cgy cc„la oc ^� cmc�md
�aa_� _ _ � __ . �� e. coa _ .a -. . ��gF � _�.._ . � :e ��r
�Q' • ,.� "�'✓� r " e�'�'t1 � .�
�/�� '+a ''��.. , .
,s
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� �
�' J
1�� c ,�
. ',�� � r{%
1 � �,, � '��
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m��/�� �`,�� �� ' ���
� 1 �. '� �.��. ��. K"�
493
_ _ _ _ _ .... . ` �
Sfrafegy in Acfion:
Case Study: Flood Buyout Progrem (Cha�lotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina)
Since 1999, ihe Chadotte-Mecklenburg • -
Flood Buyou} Program has purchased and � '__ - /
removed over 400 flood-prone properties, '- -
imnsitioning these areas ta open spare. �•���
The Program aims to increase the � _
satback distance betwe¢n development '.�' �
and flooding sources to minimize future T�
domoges. The program olso aims to s .
disincentivize developmenf in high-risk
areas to reduce ihe need for odditional `'
flood contral infmstmcture. Through ih�s
program, Chadotto-Mecklenburg has
successfully decreosed ihe vulnerability �
of flood-prone neighborhoods while ` �
improving woter quality and ecological
resilience in}he regioa � , . . , , ... ..
Applieafion to Miami Baaeh:
Relowting all shoreline properties away from flood-prone areos is improctiwl,as ihe entira City is at nsk
of Nooding and voluation of properties within the City is$56 billion (os of 2024�. Instead,l6e City could
odopt a targeted approach similor to Chorlotte-Mecklenburg and focus on properfies with ihe highest
frequency of flooding. This simtegy could be applied where other solutians, such as seawall elevation
or living shorelines, prove neiffier logistically viable nor casi-effective in delivering the neceswry level of
protection. Using buyouts to tronsition even smoll shoreline sections from development fo open space
can reduce damages to adjaceni properfies.
Strategy Considerafions:
• Strateglc relowtion of infmsiructure is a long-term flood pmtec'ion strategy and may require multiple
years af planning aod engagement efforts oeioro implementation is possible.
• This strategy will require ihe support o{ multiple other legal, economlc and logisrical plans.
• Waterfront setback loca•ions should ba considered in the City's brooder lond-�se planning efforis to
promote cohesive use of waterfwnt spaces(e.g., porks, restomtion o{werlands).
• Given fhe cunent high volue ol ihe City's bayf�ont property, ihe flming for ihis s}rategy is not Lkely `0 6e a
considemtlon fo� the City until sea level rise impoc's cause flood damage conditions to devalue woterfront
pwoerty volues.
494
...................................................................aarr,��.r.i�.�d o„�P.r����,d��me��c,rt,.�:�� ��,�..�„�,�,
..............................�.
vn,;��-nr wa��u,,,�
._nr,o=. ,�zzu z�ao ._.�
�,oc.i�r-.ynol=,r��n�u _ _.. _
Prolected SLR .0 ., _� .y _ «y .5
Amoun[(feep
>SOX of ahoreline -
owrtopped duhng 4ing eda
BF1 �Jem�esmwal'.s��
a,.e.i o�d��oo��e
:90b ol shorel�ro
BF2 tempora�ysecwoll ovenoppad
flooc oa��iers du.ing ki�g nde
BF3 �ra'�! canol
imalgoms
>99%of shonlirre
BF4 Joaa�e secwa��. warroPPed
o.a��c�cc �- - - ' - - - ' - - - - ' - - - " ' during 4ing Nd�
BFS =�e.a�eseawa�ls�o ,
�pdared ora��ance
BF6 ndd b..�g sho,el�a
+o seawails � . .
BF] Resro�e�ar..ol ��o4ehoreline _ _ _
sFo•eLnes overtopped - '
dwmg bng fide
>57 ridol Hood � '
gpe Fxpondwa�admnt daysperyear + . . . �
sefoacklor
.ncreased rasJle�ce
�� Nrfpno�h.-:•...,. . , � � � ..I'. Clart
� LNin9wif�Ka'�. � .^�qStrsM9Y
� PI3o3211e�1ir.� � � .�«d�E9GOf$rt2[C�y
� Na[ure-6ascn�-�.• .._ _� � �� � �. -.�av Planning�Leatl Irtrc
� SlrnleerRslo:.einn � ��_� '.-�31'>Va[egyTransfei ''
bisr,�g bog rqe(load�ng e:mm wa+de•c�mmed/mm me Ory�mediw onnm�Hny i,Ee worei eleraeon Lom I➢9a m 2020(1.&�exr NAV088f
der � a by ridol ele. n do. r rhe Nor �olOce nogmpM1m ond ArmospM1e�c Adm� meods INOMJWgimo Rey I�de Goga. �m�ecrea sea
le.el zeomaon�sweraoddedra�M1rsbasalmeroderem��af��o.esForeLnea,er�oppmgpemems
Pnn�al ntlo��loodmg dvys w . esAmored byonalynng h�s:o.,ro�n0a�observorvons bom�he Y�gmm Nay rdv s�o��m o�dcombmng�hqe dom w�rM1
nrpm�ecrvdFryndeeeenhwrdeilu�wesealerel��sesce�o��os�ocvlcWorerben�mbera�daysperyea wnenM1�gF..om�e.en�scoddwalo0
shoreA�e a.eas,co ng PooCmg�mpocr>
495
�
Sea level rise has traditionolly 6een a primary cor.sideration in ihe C�ity's planning efforis to reauce o�
avoid potential flood nsks. However, ihere are other relevant metncs ihat the City could also momtor to
provide an underetanding of how rising sea (evels may worsen flood impaMs or ploce additional siress
on ihe City's infrasiructure and nafural systems. Moni}oring ihese metrics, along with sea level rise, can
help to identify key thresholds ihat may serve as early warning signals iFoi existing strategies may no
longer be suf4icient.
This section includes a list of proposed metrics and ihresholds that ihe City could consider to inform
the mosi effective sfmtegies for long-term BoyfroM flood protection. Addihonally, o suitability matnx is
provided ta idaniify metrics ihat could be used to inform each simtegy induded in ihe Bayfront Flood
Protection Pathway Summary.
MeMa
Metrics are measumble indicators thot ore used to fmck ihe effectiveness of adoptation actions over
time. They are �seful in helping moke decisions on when to ironsition between different adaptation
sirateg�ies bosed on changing sea level conditions and ihe observed effecis.
Adaptatlon Thrsaholds
ihresholds are a pre-defined chonge in ihe existing physical wnditions or social tolerances for flooding
impacts ond serve as eady worning ro signal that existing stratagias ore losing their effectrveness ond
could benefit from supplemental or olternative adoptat�ion strotegies.
MoniToring Plan
Monitoring ollows the City to +rack ihe defined metrics over time for evidence of specifiad adaptation
ihresholds being met to avoid lorge potentiol impocis to the Gty's assets and focilities. While the City
hos eaisting plans and methodologies to trock some o� ihe proposed metrics, others will require the
development ord implementation of new monitoring programs.
49s
: �
Mefrie: Amount of City Shoreline Overtopped
Adaptation Thrashold: PercenToge of shoreline overtopped
Ris'ing sea levels will elevate basehne coastol water levels, in<reasing the areas of Boyfront shoreline
ihot are vulnerable to overtopping during king tides or other high-water events. When increasng
percentages of the Boyfront shoreline ore ovartopped, it can indicata ihot current shoreline elevations
are insufficieM ro provide flood proteciion and wn highlight a need for further elevation of e.isfing
seawall stractures or o transition to a replatament or supplementol simtegy for flood protection.
Add'if�ionally, if overtopped, seowalls and living shorelines can experience wave impacTs or erosian on
the landward side, compromising the s}ructural integriry and effectiveness in flood protection.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could esiablish a coastal wafer lavel monitaring system to continuously momtor tlde water
levels in real time, providing data on tide fiuctuations and storm tide levels. The City already iracks
regionol water levels vio ihe Virginia Key NOAA tide station, but this effort could be supplemeMed
using smaller-scale, City-manoged water moni}ors placed in key offshore areas in &scayne Bay. The
water level infarmation can be compared with seawall ele�ations to tally the number of seawalls
segments thof ore exceeded by coastal woter levels at a property scale. The findings fram this effort
can serve as a guide for ihe Ciry to understand ihe timing of when lorge areas of ihe shoreline need
to iransition to a replacement or supplemental strategy for flood protection.
Metric: Shoreline Overfopping Frequency
Adapfation Thrashold: Number af overtopping evenis per year
While ihe eayfront shoreline is genemily low in elevation, there are varia}ions in seawall heighis for
individual properties ihat make areas of the shoreline more vulnerable to flood overtopping during
high water events. When high coastal water levels overtop certain areas of ihe shoreline section
frequently, seawalls and living shorelines can experience wave impacis or erosion on ihe londward
side, compromising ihe stmcturol integrity and effectiveness in flood protection. Frequent impacis can
indicafe ihat ihe existing seawall structure is no longer oble to provide consisfent flood protection,
potentially leading to a need for a replacement or supplementol strategy for flood protedion.
MoniToring Plan:
The City could estoblish a coastal woter le�el monitoring system to continuously monitar tide water
levels in real time, proriding doto on tide HucNations and sbrtn tide levels. The City already hacks
regionai water levels vla ihe Virylnia Key NOAA tide station, but ihis eHort could 6e supplemenied
using smoller-scale, City-monoged water monitors placed in key of{shore areas in Biscayne Bay. The
water level in{ormotion can be compored wi}h seawall elevafion to tally the number o{ hours per year
ihe seawall elevations are eviceeded by coastal water levels at o property scale. This information
con serve as a guide for the C�ity to underetand which shoreline segmeMs moy be overtopped the
most f•equenHy and could be prio�itized for higher elevations or a iroreition to a replacement or
supplemental s}mtegy for flood protection_
49�
. �
Metric: Seawall CondiTion
Adapiation Threshold: Seawall Age and Siructural Condition
As seawalls age,iheir siructural integrity decreases due to erosion of the supporting sedimenis around
ihe siructure, ihe weathering of siructure materiols, an increase in marine growth, and any changes
in hydrostatic pressure landward of ihe seawall due to sea level rise. Cmcked or crumbling seawalls
are at risk of potential failure, leading to increased overtoppinq and flood impacts. The condition of
uawalls, with seawall age being a useful proxy, can be on indicator to consider whether the seawall
should be reploced,elewted, or supplamented by another strategy.
Moniforing Plan:
Penodic (e.g., every 5 years) seawall inventory updotes and water-based visual inspections can
be used to irock the condition of Ciy's seawalls to document and signify stmctures in need of a
higher elevation or a tronsition to a different stmtegy. The City will need to detarmine an approach
for evoluating seawolls on private properties, wh�ch could potentiolly be conducted by stoff vio boat
surveys.
Metrir. Seawall Mainfenonce Cost
Adapfation 7hreahold: Repoirs costs
Higher sea levels can increase the maintenance cost and schadule frequenry by accelemting scour
or erosion around ihe seowall foundation, causing overtopping that leads to erosion and an increase
in hydrostotic pressure behind ihe siructure, and carrodmg the seawall wncrete and metal materials.
Significant or frequent repair cosis approaching or ezceeding ihe projac+ed cost of elevoting or
replacing ihe seawall may indicate the need to implement an additional flood protection simtegy.
Moniforing %an:
The City's seawall invenfory and perm'd record wn be used to also monitor repair cosis ond frequency
and trock ihe cosis incurred to individual seawall segmenis when a permit is issued. This information
can also 6e used to imck ihe frequency repairs are being mode to individual seawalls across ihe City
to monitor cumulative costs to repair seawoll segments over time.
Matric: VegeTation HealTh for Living Shorelines
AdapTafion T6reshold: Percenfoge decline in vegeTation covemge
Assuming fawra6le mnditions, living shorelines typicolly mointoln hlgh vegetation coveroge that
increases wi+h time. A decline in vegetation coverage con indicate an ecologicol stress (e.g., plant
species ot the site ore unoble to keep pow wah rising sea levels) and leod ro a bss in flood pmtection
olfared by the shareline. A signi4icant and consistent decline over time can indicote that '�ntervention
may be necessary to malntain or supplement the simtegy.
Moniforing Plan:
The City couid establish an annual living shoreline survey program to measure ihe percentage and
diversity of intertidal vegetotion present to identify any consistent coverage dedines.
. . . �:, _ i �. . .. , . . .
498
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sn�.ri� �'� ""w�"`° c�an� r�.u.iro
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Elcval.. S��w�ll: ,�, C�,,.,.�, O O O O
o.d,�a,�..
Tempa�ary Seawall Fl�oa O O O O
8arners
� IosmllcanalTideGa+as �
� UpdaL� Seawall Ordl�a�« O O O
Ele�ar,; Seowalls lo O O O O
Updoted Ordina�ce
a Add Liv'��g Shoreline ro O O O
7� Seo..alis
Rastore Na�ura156arelines O O O O
Expand Water4rontSafback O O O O O
for Increaved Resilianca
499
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Stormwater Flood Protection
0 Strategy Summary
Tha stmregies in this secfion seek to enhance ihe City's ability to convey and ireot siormwoter runoif to preveni
flooding Impacts to City assets ond p�imte property.
The Need to Adapt
Inte�se minfcll events can ove.whelm the City's existing sto�mwater system, which was originolly designed for
1930-1950 conditions. Flooding of rhe C�ty's lowes� elevatians is especiolly comman when heovy roinfall occurs
dur�ng high tide evenis when stormwoter runo{f is unable to efficiently discharge to the eay or coastal oreos.
The City is actively pehormmg stormwater system upgrades 6osed on the recommendations of ihe Stormwoter
Madeling and Masier Plon (SWMMP) adopted in 2024. The SWMMP identified key defic�iencies in aging o.
undersized infrasiructure ond pravided upgrode •ecommendations in response to increosing flood risks
ihrough 2060. The plan is designed to occommodate s7o�mwoter ronoff from a 10-year, 24hour roinfoll event,
cansldenng the effect of sea level rise 16rough 2060 on the system's dischar9e efficiency. Many of SWMMP
recommendations are designed to be integrated into ihe Ciry's torgeted infrasimcture improvement initiatives,
suc6 as the Neighborhood Improvemen• Projecis (NIPs) to streamline improvements and minimize consiructlon
disrupnons. Howeveq recognizing the planning ond cos�s of ihe Neighborhood Improvement Projects, ihe
SWMMP addiflonally developed 20 smoller Critical Needs Prqecis �o address nu�isanre flooding in torgeted
oreas prone to recur.ing flooding to 6e consiruc�ed by 2036. These projecis ore intended to be complimentary
and adaptable to future Neighborhood Improvement Projecis.
Although ihe Critical Needs Projecis are smaller ond therefore easier to implemeni, ihe estimated 10-year
timeline to complete all Criticol Needs Projects moy require fhe C�ay io :dentify Interim s+rategies to mo�ntain
odequate fload protectian as plonned p�ojects are imnlemented. Additionally, prio�to 2060, ihe Crty wi'�� need
to consider whe!her !o conduct a similor SWMMP effort ro �aentify updated Critiml Yecds Pro�cc�s or f o'hr
odap-ano� stra'eqies wa more sul'ed to ex'e�d sto��wa�e�{lood pro�ection ihroug� •��^c end o' -^e ce^•��q.
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The sirotegies below provide o set of options for the C��.ty to consder for ongoing stormwoter flood p•o'ect�ion
ihrough ihe evd of ihe century. The strategies p�ovide o suite o' appoaches thot include con�muing flood
proteciion Infrosiructure upgrades to keep the water out, increasing ihe use of noture-based flood protection,
adopting policy updafes, and imnsiLon��ng oreas for oo-slte containment and treatmenr of stormwater runoff.
Each simtegy �ncludes o summary documentin9 �mplementotion consideratians, a rough order oi mognitude
cost, metrics and adapraf'ion ihresholds ihot could ind�cate an appropriate t�me fo� ihe shategy to begin, ond
a case s+udy example, whme applicable, of where the simtegy has beer applied within the Gty ar in other
mur�icipoLt�es wah similor needs. ?he strotegies o�e olso p�ese�!ed �n on odopto*�on pothwoys diogrom ot ihe
e�a o"^is sec'�on 'o unde�stand adop'o��o� �hres�clds c^d ��e po+e�t��ol -mi�g of sbo'egy imqleme��a���o�.
Sha�egy g��y Nam� Fbod Nmard�AddrMrd
Numb�r
Impleme�15WMMP Recemmendafions
SWl -.����� a�i.�oi ���os�-q�.-s d��� �,�� ,. �,.�swnnMN -o � �
mprave �Fe Cry's+�o�mw��cr mo�oger.,e�i rysterri flood � .�,.
confrol ano warer quahty pwSrmance for ihe nev'10 yeo�s.
_ _ . __._ .. ___ . . ._—. _. . . ._ _..
Craab Nelwork of 8GS1 Pm�ecfa
Integmie BGSI elements�hmughoW Gty ��nfmsrruc�ve ^ � �
SWZ Improvemenis to develop a cohesive network of pro ec�s �• J
iha*ufiLze nolre-6ased fea!ures to impmve stormwater f� W
manogemeM.
Updab SWMMP � �� �— —. ..
Revise the srormwate•modei ng sefup to 'mdude system �
SW3 updores and the latesf�aln(oll ond coasial m�.lwote� �
o�drions. lJse ihe model�ing output to ioent�fy new Crincol � .�.
Needs P�ojects 10 pmvide�Fe coMmuad level o(servme
fi�ough ihe year 2100.
Promofa Eaaemenl Acqui�ifion � �� � - �� ��� ���
SWQ Lard use pol�4es rroy reqw.e �pdates ro acquire addltianal � �
ease^�e�rs necessvy ho�oad�.t�onol s+o�mwater Infrastr�acture � .�.
,�pg�otles ;e.g., p�mp s*anons). . _
Implemenl Updatad SWMMP A 1(ona
SWS =vecute ihe newly dent f ed Crd cal Needs Pmjects fmm � �
the upooted SWMMP to rctrof�t st water lnfmsimcturc ro � .,�,.
provlde ennor.ced ficod proicN�ion thro�gh 2100. _
. ___ . .._ _ _ . _ _ - _ _ — . . _-
Inerow Floodobb Anw
Idennfy a�ny locat�ians,swn as pa�4s a�d des�gnared �e�a-con
$W6 areas, rhot co�be designed ta�empomr ly absorb acd � � � �
onoge excess Floodwatcr during heavy rainfall or cwstal `�'
h�,gh woter level events.
Strotegy Theme'.
Keeping Water Out, Nature-Based Flood ProfeNion, Plons and Policies, living with Watar
507
_ : �
Current STrategy
Strafegy Thsma: Kseping Wafer Ouf
ImplemenTStormwaTer FmodNa=o.d�,�add,au�d: E�rma�edco,�ie.ei:
SWt Modeling and Masfer Plan p � � Q Q Q Q
recommendations
Strategy Description:
�o modernize the stormwoter system oheod of chonging flood conditions, ihe City con rontinue !he design
and implementanon of the recammendations and Critical Needs Projecis identlfled in the SWMMP. The Crirical
Needs Projecis are designed to accommodate stormwater runoff from a 10-year, 24-hour �875 inches) rainfall
event. Alihough sea level nse is considered 'in the projecis, it is limited to the stormwater system's abildy to
dischorge against elevated coastal water levels, and does not account far coostol 4looding.
Key recommendarions ��nclude moderniziag dminoge in4rastruciwe, installing odddional pump sta�ions,
incorporating tidal backflow prevent�.on measures, and promoting ecosystem restoraflon to enhonce onsite
siormwater capture and rreaiment. These large-scale ��nfmstrucfure �mprovemenis are designed ro be
integmted with future Neighborhood Improvement Projecis (NIPs) so tha� related infrosiructure is madernized
simukoneously, helping fo minimlre d�sruptions.
As of 2024,ihe Clty has begun ihe implemenfation o{iour Giflcal Needs Projecis.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
C�oiectetlSLRAmaart --- �-� ��- -� �
(tee0 '0 • *2 •3 'c '> �6
STrategy StaA:0 feet o4 SLR Slrategy End: -].2 faet ef SLR
�eCny�sc�rremly�rr�ple�ennng ��+eSWMMPrecommendotiorsamro
p�o,eas recommended �mo�gn r^e p�av�de sormwate�9ood pmtecnon
SwMMF.ihe Cry ca�co��.noe ra n a�gn 20U7,whicF eqames ro
p�rsee hnd��ng{or tFese pro,ec�s to apo�onma�ely 22 feet o*se�level�ise.
modemize a�d upgmde s+ormwa�e�
��nlmsbucturc!or fumm condi�ions.
. .� �_-b , �.. � _ ... . ... . ..._�-� . .
502
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S}ra}egy in Attion:
Case Study: First Street Neighborhood Improvements 8 South Pointe Stormwater
Project (MiamiBeach)
The First Sireet Neighborhood Improvemenis 8 South Pointe Stormwater Project indudes ihe installation
of new storm dminoge pipelines and a 200,000 gallon par miwte underground stormwater pump, ond
adding green infrasiructure elements, including bioswales and tree plantings, and regrade and repava
several roadways to improve ihe orea's stormwater dminage. The plonned upgrades, which are currently
in ihe design phose, will not only reduce roodway flooding from intense roinstorms and tidal evenis
but also modernize ihe neighborhood's water and wastewater infmsiructure, enhance vegetation, and
improve sidewalks to increase walkability and safety.
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Tidal and Coastal Storm Flooding
ANhough rFe SWMMP provides a senes of Cnticol Neeas Projecis to address flooding, ihey are primorily
directed at srormwater flooding due to rainfall evenis. The City is also at risk of coastal flooding due to
overtappmg of the shorel�ine during h��gh tides anc coastal storm surge evenis, wh'ich are no+ capfured in }he
stormwater mode�ing. Impleme�'ation o° mony of the Crit:cal Needs Projects moy not oddress coastal flood
nsks.
Sea Level Risa
As sea level rises, coastal au'folls may become submerged, decreasing ihe eff�croncy of dminoge for gravity-
droined port��ons of the stormwoter network and cause Flood waters ro back up �imo inlond areas of ihe City.
Slm�•lady, stormwatcr pump stations wJl hove ro �mcrease pumping capac�fy to pump stormwoter runoff ogolnst
higher coas*ol woter levels.
Riaing Groundwater
While ihe SWMMP acrounis for rismg groundwater levels, R �is a chollenging foctor to oddress for stormwater
Imp�ovemenis. Rising sea levels wlll elevate ihe City's shallow groundwater table and could cause g�oundwater
to use above ihe surfoce in mony low-lying oreas of ihe C�ity. AI}hough ihe Clty is providing more dischqrge
capacity ond eff�clency withln the stormwoter network, rising groundwater levels can coniribute odditionol
volumes of wa�er rhat could overwhelm ihe rystem and cause Inland 4looding.
limited Spaes for Infraetrueture Upgrades
The C�dy's dense ar6an enviromment has decreosed the amount o� undeveloped oreas or puhGcly-ow�ed
easemerts ovailoble for ihe instollot�ion of additional infmsiructure or larye greenspaces necessary for
iradifionol starnwa'er Procflces, s�ch as stormwaTer rete�tiOn Or more Pum(J stotions.
Adaptation Strategy Options
As sea level rises, stormwater management challenges and compound flooding Impocts may begin to impact
the Clty before fhe$WMMP recommendaf�ons con be implemented. lhis seM�ion describes additionol stm*egies
ihe C�i}y could consider to be used in tandem wiih ihe implementafion of fhe SWMMP recommendatlons to
provide ongomg stormwater flood pro}ection through ihe end of the century.
The shotegies in this section ore not olwoys irtended to be opplled in isolotion, ond some moy be most
ef{ective and of4er the greotes' benefits if oppl��ed In coordination wifh onother sirofegy. Slte speciflc
opplication of on oddifional strategy or combinafion of sirotegies should be hased on fhe expected �eve�
of 41ood protecfion, suitabilliy of local site conditions, implemenfahon cosis, and assets ot-risk m stormwoter
flooding. By comb!ning fhese st�otegies with exlsting ef{orts, the City can �increase the effectiveness o4 Its
stormwoter ma�agement system ond improve resillence to flooding wnJe also Improving locol water quality
and soppaning etolog�ical heaNh.
504
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StrafegyTtisme: Nature Based Protecfion
FloodHazo�ds;Addressed: EsrrrtwredGosltevel:
SWZ CreatenetworkofBGSI � � � QQ
projeota
Strafegy Desttiption:
Blue-Green Stormwater infmstmcture (BG51� refers ia a stormwater monogemeni opproach thai integrotes
blue �nfmstructure (e.g., canals, stormwoter retention oreas) and green infmstructure (e.g., vegetation,
permeable surfaces) to mimic notural processes for reducing flooding and improving woter qualiTy. In October
2024, ihe City odopied o resoluhon reqwring ihoi 61ue-green sirotegies be evaluoted for Nelghborhood
Improvement Projects, pork projecis, and stormwoter projects with o cost in excess of $10,000,000.
Incorporofing fhese elemenfs into speclflc projech can provide localized stormwoter manogement and water
quality benefits. Scaling ihese elemenis Citywida and integrating them mto all infrasiruc�ure �mprovement
projec}s could create a cohesive network af BGSI systems thar work togethe� to mitigate stormwoter flaoding
impocts. 'his comprehensive approacn co�ld reduce 'he need for iroditional storrrwater infrosimct�re and
lower Ci�y mointenance and replocement cosis.
?he Crty's Blue-Green Sformwater In'ros'rdciu!e(BG51) Concepi Plon identifies severol pilot pro�ecis, inclading
bioswales, min gardens, permeable pavements, and green roofs, rhat the C�.fy could u�ilize as ihe faundar�on
4or o C�iiywide BGSI nefwore. Ahead af futvre p�ojec�s ihe Clty could update ihe BG51 Concepi Plon to
incorpomre best monagement pracfices leomed from current ef4orts and to provide guidance on how to
effectively integrote BGSI elemenis, focusing on developing a network of interconnected projecrs to enhance
�he ovemll effectiveness of ihe stormwater monagement rystem.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
D�olecL=e SLR Amourt �
Qcct) •p N •2 •3 -e � •5
� _ _ _ _ _
Sfralegy Planning: Strategy Sfarf: Slntegy End:
0 feet of SLR 1 foot of SLR -3 f�.t of SLR
Plo�����g-o�•hs sm*egy W��„' �oo�o�sea level A�i ieer a�sea lavel�se.
abcy�� ��.r'coa�ely .�e.o.e-50`r.o1 ��eGy's �.e�60holr4oC��y'y
�bydesgn��gp�o . woys .c c nm�eag�e �spac uch
ent�(�ed ��-he Ol�o�� ilood d�r��g a compo�nd as pa�ks,a�e pm.ecred m
aGreen Sormwafer evem.In�egmt�.ng the evpenenw flood��ry awicg
IoLasmc��•e Conceo� pmcosed 9CSI neas��es a ompawd a.ent G.ve�
Plo�. wrth orher s+armwo�er mc male ol�hese�moacrs.
improremem:,such os �he Gry may��demdy mo�e
oad mising,can reduce comprehensve siormwater
local llood�i�g �mpac�s and managemen�s•miegies.
e!he qual�ity of mno�i
a sc�ar9ed �mm B�ivay�e Bcy.
505
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Sfrafegy in AeTion:
Case Study: Indian Creek Drive Landuaping Project (Miami Beach)
This proj¢ct aimed to revitalize ihe Indian Crcek Dnve conidor between 25fh to 41st Sireet by
consiructing an improved pedestrian walkway with enhanced, naturol landscaping to retain stormwoter
runo{f and reduee roadway floading. These improvemenis wera designad to be harmonized with current
infmsirueture and plonned roadway and utility improvemenh along the ioadway. BGSI alemenis
including loyered shrubs beds, bushes and large conopy irees, ware incorporated to increasa natural
features along ihe walkway to improve aesThetics and enhance stormwater retention. This project was
comp�eted to complement the 6roader improvemenh for resilience in ihe Indian Creek neighborhood.
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Sirategy Considarafions:
• BGSI elemenis can 6e integ�ated into other planned �infmsiructure imt'iot�rves, such the $10,000,000 or
G��}ical Need Projecis. This integration would help the City moximize use for }hese projecfs withir the
densely developed urban ernironment.
• Certaln BG51 elemeris, including permeable pavemenis, moy hove Ilmited C'iywide eftectrveness due to
nsing groundwater with sea level rise.
• The plonnin9 and design al these projecis should ca�e{ully assess any poten��ial odverse �impocfs on nearby
infrosiructure or praperty from anticloated wa'er storage and infiltrotion.
• The successful implementation of BG51 elener}s requires the proper selection ond design of ihe noture-
based features. Coordinotion omong Clty departmenis wlll 6e required ro choose ihe appropnote
ve9e�a�ion and integrate �hese feotures into inf�osiructure projecfs, supporting fheir long-term via6ility.
• The proposed projecis will require cansistem monitoring to determine rf ihe project is providing ihe desired
level of �lood protecrio� ond woter quality �nprovements.
- Noture-6ased stormwater projecrs moy iniroduce new o� increased maln}e�ance democds compored
to 'radrtional inf�ostructure. Stoff tw�ning and �esources moy be requi.ed +o ef4ecrively support these
projects. ihe Blue-Green Stormwoter Infrosnucrure Concept Plan prav�des mointenance requiremenis and
bes> pra�tices rhat could oe osed to support formal tminings.
506
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Sfwtegy TF�eme: Plans and Policies
— __ e��,mo,ae co.,�a.ac
� � Hood Ho:o�d/s'Addrened:
jYi3 UpdateSWMMP A � � Q
�
Sfralegy Description:
The City plans to revlew ihe SWMMP every flve years and update the document within IS years to account for
ongoing mfrastructure �improvements, advances in stormwarer modeGng mathods, and ihe latest sea level rise
and roinfall projections Through ihis process, ihe City could olsa identi4y a new set of Criticol Needs Projecfs
hased on updated stormwater conditions and evolving popula��ion vulnemb.l'ities. To pmv�de a consistent flood
protecrion level, the next SWM1v1P co�ld be revised ro consider conditions ihrough the end of ihe ceMury
(2060-2100), which �is comparoble to ihe 40-year plonning houzon of ihe cunent SWMMP planning horizon
(2020-2060).
Flood Profection Lifespan:
Proieclrtl s�,R amour; � .a - . . �- _ ._ 6
QecO .p .I � -3
�
Stralegy Timing: -Y fee}of SlR
^e C yca�cors de� mdan•g ana-amoae���y P.o ec-ca
s m oe�s � aed SWMMP pno 0 2 �c
�ea levol�se.w�ar mora ihan o�e-mm(53°„o��he C ys
a� a�s p�o,acted m ba impoaed by a compowd flood
erq likely or�g�rg aaditional s�ormwater mo�agemem
�Follenges. iF'is�ming olso ollowslor an�pdo•ed SWMMP
m be es+obl�sFed before rhe w�rem SWMM?p�qac�
m<ommendano�s rcach rFe end oi tFe�r e��ecnve I��.iespan.
Strafegy Considerations:
• Updating ihe SWMMP and selection of Criticol Needs Pmjecrs will requ��re signlficant engagement wiih ihe
C�ity's dec'�sion makers and ihe pu61��c.
• The updated recommendorio�s and Criscal Neads Projects can be designed to �integ�ate with other
infrostmcture improvement projeds,suth os ihe Neighborhood Improvement Pro'�,etts.
• Modeling for the exlsting SWMMP is bosed on a coastal water elevarion of 2J feet �NAVD88� to represent
a 2060 king tlde eveni. To accoun+ 4or evolvirg coastal water level wndiTions, thre elemtion moy need to
be updated a�d adopted by Cty Comm��ssion prior to any updates of the SWMMP.
• Ihe selected cl�imote conditions ond level of service of ihe updated SWMN�P will need +o conside�the latest
sc��ence and observations available at the t�me of to reflect current rates of sea leve� nse.
507
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Strotsgy ifiems: Plans and Policiss
� Fiood No�o,di,�add,essed. e:rmo�ad co��ia.ar
SW� Promoteeasement � � � QQ
aequisition �„
S}rategy DeseripTion:
Lorge-scale iakos'ructure impravemenis (e.g., additlonal pump staiions, upsized pipes) described in ihe
SWMMP often require a larger 400tprint for their ef4ective ��.mplementahon. The Ciry's heavily urban�ized
emironment limits the avoilobility of exis*ing publicly owned or undeveloped property. The�efore, the City may
need to develop ��ncentive prog�ams (and potentiolly revise land use paliaes and ordinances) to streoml�ine
ihe acquisfion of property eosemenis necessary for expanding stormwoter infrosirucfure. ihis process could
aFgn with the SWMMP update (SW3�, as ihe updated Cntical Needs Projecis are likely to require addmonal
easemenis for implementation. Additlonally,w'�}h more room availoble for projecis, BGSI elemenis (SW2� could
be more easily integrafed infa future SWMMP pro;ects.
Flood Proteefion Lifespan:
P�ojectetl S��R a�nour[
Rec:) �p •. e -5 -e o 3
�
Slrafegy Timing:-2 feal ef SLR
'F s s••a�egy con oe��med�o aLgn w�^ ��e SwmM'
�pda�e p�oc�zs.e�o'ob,q�4e C�nyto p�r��ae�t�y
oreas br 1„r,,.e smr�wa�e��imp.wemem omjec�s.
Slrategy in Action:
Case Study. South Hillsborough Cipeline Easement i Property Acquisition
(Tampa Bay, Florida)
To support ihe South Hills6orough Pipaline project, Tampa Bay Woter has maintained ongoing
communication wifh affected property owners, notifying ihem of the need for eosements on iheir
proparties. 7hroughout ihe design process, muhiple noti4ications have been provided to streamline
the acquisitions. Property owners are eneouraged to coordinate ihe ocquisitlons prior to projeet
eommencamenT to receiva fair morket value for the property.
/lppqeeNon to Miami beaeh:
The City cunently maintains a sirong and proactive outreach shategy for communicafing projecis
benefits and consiruction impach to residents and business owners, using community meetings,
elechoni< communication methods, mailers and dedicated project webpages to keep affxted property
owners informed about proposed and ongoirg infrasiructure work. Massaging about potenHal easemeM
acquisition needs could be incorporated into fhese resources to increase transpa�ency arid potentiolly
sireomline the ocquisition procass.
508
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Sfrafegy Considerations:
• Acquiring easemenis, particularly af ihe scale needed for ihls stroregy, wJl br��ng signiflcant legal, 4inanciol
and IogisNcal challenges. Idenrifymg properties will require coordinonon wi�n several stakeFolder graups
including urban pla�ners, legal advisors, and londowners. Advance identi{ication of City areos where future
easements may be �equned couid focA�tote and eose pub���c engogement.
• Pmperty volces are Ilkely fo remain a significant barrier +o affenng fo�r market value for potential
easemenis. To address ih�is challenge, ihe City could estobl�ish a dedicated funding progrom, such as a
special use taz or properly fee, to raise funds fo� future acq�isitions.
• Demonsfration and pibT projects on public property could highlight ihe anticipated benefiis of future
easemenis, helping to galn public support �or future acqulsitions by hlghligMing ihe value m addressing
stormwate�flooding.
Prolecting Wafer Qual'Ny
Biscayne Bay is a protected aquotic preserve historically known for its rich biodiversity, supporting �
seogmss beds, coml reefs, and various marine specias. It plays a vital role in South Florida's ecosysfem
ond e<onomy. Despite its protection at ihe federal, state, and county level, water quality in ihe bay
has been significantly impairad in recent decadas due to hydrological changas, water management
practices, upland development, and aged infrastmcture. Increosed flooding—exacerbated by dimate
change and urban development—could signiflcantly worsen its water quality if proactive initiatives are
not implemented. In addition to increased stormwater runoff treatment, community initiatives, such as
street sweeping and increased green space,will be rieeded to prevent pollutanis from entering fhe bay.
� ! .
..� ��. _ ` �.�- a��
��. __ ..�
r1
.i
509
Si _ looa o.otect on ndac�^ o.F-r; . .
.. . ... ..... . ......_...... .,.._.._. ......... ....... ... .. _.
Stwfegy Theme: Keeping Water Out
FloadNazard(s)Addreued' Es�imo�edCos�tevel'
SW. Implement updated SWMMP � � Q Q Q Q Q
actions „_, �
Sfrategy Description:
Once ihe SWMMP update process is complete, ihe C�ity cauld begin to implemen! ihe newly identi4ied Critical
Needs Projec+s ro retrof�a and enhonce ihe srormwarer system to expected flooding hozards through the end of
fhe century. Implementation of ihese projecis can begin around 2.2 feet af sea level rise so that ihese systems
ore updated prior to previous Infrostruc'ure reoching ihe end of ihelr{unctional Ilfe and could be designed to
provide Flood protection ihrough ihe end of the century.
Flood Protee}io� �p{espon:
P�oiectetl S�R 4mcurt
UcoU -0 - -2 '3 -< '� '6
Slrafsgy Sfarf: -]feef of SLR Sfrategy End: 6«feet of SLR
. �.�pleme��o��o,o' ���.e .pac��d "'�e�eccr^e�da��o�.o�aocsea ^
5'NMMP�ttenne�tla^�onzaFo�y ^ ..otla'edSNMM✓wo�la dca�ly
v,.r � a•6e�..n['orvl ena o' orovdc s�arnwa'er 'loaa pro�ec�on
� .e e.sfi�g SWMMP or?ec�z �''�wgF 2'00.
Sfrafagy Considerations:
• The updated Cnncal Needs Projects should be coordmated with other mojor cop�tol improvement projects
where possible to minimire dismptions. The C'ity could also �dentify project aspects ihat could use a phosed
implemen+ation opproach to minlmlze long-tarm disruptions.
• The '.mplementation of ihe Grt�cal Needs ProjeMs will requ'ire sign��f��con} ergagemeni wiih the City's
dec�ision mokers and the publ'ic.
• The updated recommendat��ons and Gitical Needs Projec}s con be designed to ��ntegrpre with other
infmsfructure improvement pmjecis, such os the Ne�ghborhood Improvement Projecis.
• Projecis in ihe updated SWMMP wtll likely require hlyh capitol cosis to Implement. The City wlll need to
cons'�stently Identify funding opporiunities or develop local lunding mechan�isms fo support these projecis.
510
. . .. . .. .Sro -Iceo =. _ . ._. �,m--, . �
Sfwfegy Thema: Living wifh Wafer
Hoaa��aza�d!s)Addressed� esuma�edCosrte.eL
SW6 Inerease floodable areas p � ,� (� Q Q Q
Strafegy Desc�iption:
Floodable spaces are designed urban areas fhat are intentionolly plonned to accommodate periodic 4loodiny.
These short-term flood retention areas help ihe City to cope with ��ncreased flood evenis by diverting and
contoining fiood wafer owoy from properties ond infrasimcture. They often serve as multifunctional spaces,
such as pubfc porks, open space, or recreotional areas ihot are designed to be flooded during storm evenis
without causing damoge and allowing ihem to continue providing valua6le community services during dry
weather conditions.
Flood Protecfion Lifespan: , . .
Proiectetl S�R Amaunt -
ueen �o .� � -s -< ; -e
� - - -
Sfwtegy Planning:l foot of SLR Strotegy S1ar1:I fset of S�R Stratagy End:b+fset of SLR
Ide-��png areas�o�m�ve�s�or ro A�2 �eo�ol sea le.el,ore �^no As sca le.el cam n�es�o ��se, 'ne Gry
oodao oces w i s�g�i�cam 'S5"ie;�a e C�ry s p�a�e^ n ro may^ued �o co �olly dr-��ly o ea_
- �oqu�,� . . n... , s
smLeFaldee-engogeme�•ard coard�ro�oR. be npacrad by compo.�delood ��a co s�o-e�ioodwo�e�s��mug���e
ihe Ciry ca�.begm plo�r��g rhese e9ors � � ."ha G�ry moy neea�de�n(y e�a o�rhe cenvry.
ar'��oor ol sea level rise,whe��50% eodvnia�al arcas ro ma�a9e rhe
o�roads ore p�o�ec�ed.o lood dur�ng eepected s�omwa�er.
wmpountl�laad eve+rs,demonshaa�g the
need lo.add�t��onal wmer srorage oreas
aaoss rie Gry.
511
_ _ _ _ _ e
Sfrotegy in AcTion:
Case Study: Bayshore Park (Miami Beach)
The City is tronsforming }he former .
Bayshore par-3 golf course into a 19-acre � "�"/
public park to feature walking paths, an � �
ouidoor amphitheater, a playground ` �{'
multiple tennis couAs, a dog park, ond a ��... . iR
water retention lake. The imnsition from ►�_ :� �.- .
o golf course to a passive park space 1� .�� � r�
is designed to serve dual purposes by ���1���►•'.
providing recrea}ional ameni}ies and , ��
improving stormwaTer management with /� Z � ' �
ihe reteniion loke intended to mitigate � � -
flooding impacts to adja<ent roadways =�,i''r�* ��'`
during heavy rainfoll evenh. Additionally, � w ':�_� � �
ihe park's design incorpomtes green �� d
infmsiructure principles, such as
permea6le surfaces and vegetaTion, to
enhance its ability to manage runoff and � , , .,,4,,,;,_�.,,, _„�,...,,.,,o„orrt�y-.ko.aeo,���.,. �.
imprwewaterquality. -�- -� ,�-'.=—�^
Sfrategy Considerafions:
• Identifying developed areas +o imnsitlon to floodable spoces will require signi{icant engagement with
�he City's dec�isians mokers and the public. The City can develop demons�mtion projecis us�ng frequen!ly
flooded publicly owned a•eas to bu�ld support for future tronsformations.
• Proposed floodable spaces can be designed to retain and filter stormwoter, imp�oving water quality before
it enters Important ecolog�ical oreas, such os Blscayne Bay.
• Pwposed floodable spaces should be designed to retoin projected stormwater volumes and avoid overflow
impocis on surrounding infrastmcture and areas. These spaces could connect to the}md'i}ional starmwater
system to allow a delayed dramage oF the Hoodable space iollow��ng ihe storm event. The spaces should
olso maintain recreational value when not being used for stormwater retent�.an.
• To proteci publlc saFery, the Ci'y w��ll need to develop pu6l�ic educational materlals ond signa9e �or ihe
floodable spaces to exploin that ihe pu6l�ic featvre doubles as a 41ood storage area during lorge storm
evenis and the types oI conditions thot will causc ihe pu6lic spacc }o fmnsition to a flood stomgc bosin.
The Ciy will also need to enact meas�res to reduce public contac+ with stormwater to protect public
healfb.
• Determining an appropriate sitc lorohon 4ar a floodable space will need to account for 9ro�ndwoter
levels, as rising sea levels may elevate g�ourdwater and red�ce +he space's abili'y +a collect and retain
rom4all runoff. Certoin alemenis, includ'ing permeable pavemenh, moy have limi!ed effectiveness due fo
I�sing groundwa!er with sea level nse.
• 'he Gty could consider req��ving ihot private praperties add or 'mcrease on-site storage copac�ity to
supplemenf lorger City ef{orts. The Clty would need to inplement a system fo monl�or oreas of standing
water }hat could pose heakh �Isks and pmvide ideal habi*at for mosquitoes.
512
................................................................Sto�mwa�erFlcoi arorect�on zd,�pmrin�Pn�L� e
......................................
� . . .r�� _ , .��_ _.,do zoi^ _ .
4�.Ni�c�,:.:la.,��r3 . _..
Proiectetl SLR �� ,� .2 .3 .4 *� � �6
Amount(feet;
>50'L droadaimpacled >33%oitMC�iyimpacted
duing comP^u�d Hood dunng mnwourd Hood
SWI ':mplema��
SWMMP
�ecommerda'c s
�Wrj Qeofe nerwara _ .
o�3C51 oro ec's �
�pdo'e �
$W3 SNMM✓
SW4 ea manl �
xq�esi'ror
brpleme�� � . �
SWS ��°°'ed SWMMV �
ecort'ne�tla•ons
swe , 1 � •
�od�oie
SWMMP S�o�mwo�e�ModeLngandMos�ciPlan � �
BG51 91veG.aenSro�mwa�eilnfms�merure � ^�e°i^9«��""`��'� � °� -=�� Start
� �����e wn,w�,�... � � . ��sn.nPm .
� vi>�s„�n��i�.�: �� -, . ��.v e,a oi sn.,�eav ��.
� rvamrroasea wttec�vn � - _ -.>:�g.+via�n na �Leaa Lrre �.
� Sbate4�Rebca[io� � �ota�val Sttategy i2nster
[,isn���ompou�d llaodmg e.re�r woe dere�mmee by rAe simdro�eam o«�.renre ol 010.yeac 2A-nm�r omfall even��&JS menesf and o 4mg r�de
Q.B�ee�4AVDb8J.Ro�ec�edseo level nsa amow�s were addeAla rbs boselme ro defe�nina(vlure canpound Noodinq e ianrs
Impacts ro�oads were osmssed by o.edap�g Ma.ele.m�romoo�nd(IooA��g smo�m e+�enr a�ro Me Gry i zrormworer ossers r�GIS ro darerm��e rM1e
Oerce�r ol ouers p.olec'ed ra e.pn�enre Pooding�mpoc�s.
Impach m�Ae Oy we�e ossessea bydere�.nm�ng,+n G15.Me amo���f al L�ya�eo�har ovedoppeo wnM1�be NOAA 20401��ermed�o��HigA compa�nd
i�oodng ironaim e.�onr•o de�erm�ne rM1apercenr ol'ne Oryp�qecied m mpenenca Hood�ng�mpocb.
513
e
Sea level rise hos }raditionolly been a primary considerafion in 1Fe CiTy's plomm�g efforts to reauce or
avoid potential flood risks. However,ihere are other relevant metrics �hat ihe City coald also monrtor ta
provide an understanding of how rising sea levels may worsen flood �mpacts or ploce additional stress
on the Ciry's inimsiructure and natural systems. Monitoring ihese metrics, along wdh sea level ose, can
help to identify key ihresholds ihat moy serve os eady waming signals ihat ezisting sirategies may no
longer be sufficient.
This section includes a list of proposed metrics and thresholds ihat the City could consider to inform the
mosi effective sirategies for long-term Stormwater flood protection. Additionally, a suitabiliTy matrix
is provided to identify metrics ihat could be used to inform each simtegy included in the Stormwater
Flaad Protection Pathway Summary.
Mefrics
Metrics are measurable indiwtors ihot are used to iwck ihe effectiveness of adaptation octions over
fime. They ore useful in helping moke decisions on when ta tronsition between different adoptation
sirotegies based on changing sea level conditions and ihe observed effects.
Adaptafion Thresholds
ihresholds ore a pre-defined change in ihe existing physical conditions or social tolemnces for flooding
impacis and serve os eady woming to signal that existing stmtagies are losing �heir affectiveness and
could benefit from supplemental or altemative adaptation strategies.
Monitoring Plon
Monitoring allows ihe City to irack ihe defined metrics over time for evidence of specified odaptation
th.esholds being met to avoid large potential impacts to ihe Citys assets and facili}ies. While ihe City
hos ecisting plons and methodologies to irack some of ihe proposed metrics, athers will require ihe
development and implementation of new monitoring progmms.
514
e
Metrie: Roadways Flooded
AdaptaTion Throshold: Percent of Roadways Flooded
Flooded roadways can restrict both vehicle and pedesirian traffic, significantly limiting mobility and
access within ihe City. Low-lying sireets ore more prone to stormwater flooding.during high-intensify
minfall evenis as stormwater systems may be unable to adequately droin stormwoter runoff. If o
sigmficant percentage of City roadways flood during thesa compaund events, this may signal ihe need
to evaluate and implement additional stormwater management measuras or infmsiructure upgrades
to reduce flood impocis on iransportation routes.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could deploy a flood monitoring system using real-time sensors(e.g., roin ond tide gages)and
GIS-based mopping to trock patential flooding on critical roadways. Deploying o Citywide netwod
of rain gages would be chollenging; however, the Ciry could ploce gauges in key locations nearby
criti<al roadways to monitor flood woter levels. The City's Sea Level Rise Vulnembihty Assessment
olready includes Flood eaposure of roadways for various flood sources (storm surge, king tide, and
.compo�nd flooding� under o suite of sea level rise scenanos projected ihrough ihe next. century.
Resulis from the ossessment could serve as ihe basis for ihe select roadways �o monTor. This doto,
along with continaously gathered sensor informotion can be onolyzed against road elevation data, to
provide insights into areas most frequently affected by stormwater accumulation. Regulor monitoring
will enable ihe City ro respond efficiently when threshold levels are reached, allowing for timely
adaptation oi odditional or replacement flood mitigation s}mtegies. Sensor informotion could be
supplemented by tmffic reports}hat indicate impossoble roadways during heavy rain4all events.
Mefria Chan9ing Storm Condi}ions
Adoptation Threahold: Chonge in Average Design-Storm Roinfoll Rote
Stormwater infmstructure is typically designed to manage runoff from a specific modeled storm event,
such as a IO-year, 24-hour roinfoll event,to ensure adequate flood protection capacity. However, with
Flonda's dimote projected to bring more intense rainfall events,ihe current 10.year, 24-hour storm will
not be ihe same in ihe future. Increased roin4oll volumes can overwhelm infmstructure noi designed
for ihese higher mnof4 levels. if storm intensifies exceed the design criteria of SWMMP upgrodes,
opera}ional odjusiments or additional flood management infrosiracture may be necessary to maintain
effective stormwater control.
Monitoring Plon:
The City should <ontinue to monitor retam period rainfall evenis released by ihe South Florida
Water Managemeni District to assess when exisTing stormwafer nehvork infras}mcture may require
adapfafion to maintoin its level of service. The City can olso coordinate closely with Public Works siaff
to �dentify stormwater in4msirucfure ihat is co�sistently una6le to manage stormwater runoFf volumes.
This information could be Tmcked in }he Cityworks sofhvare.
515
�
Matria Pump Statian Foilure
Adaptation Throshold: Failure of Pump StaTion to Hondle Design Storm Event
The failure of pump stations during relotively common minfoll events,such as 10-to 25-year recurrence.
moy indicate ihot ihe asset is not designed for current storm evenis. As rainfoll evenis are projected to
become more intense in ihe future, ihis may indicate the need for increased copoci}y or opemtional
adjustmenis}o prevent locolized flooding and infrasimcture damoge.
MoniToring Plan:
Stormwater pump performonce can be meosured using severol key performance metrics, such as the
pump e£fiuency ratio, observed flow rote, or run time. These key performanca meosures are typicolly
measured using real-time manitoring tools, such as SCADA systems ihat can be used to identify eady
issues with pump operating sysfems.
MeTric: Stormwater Infrostructure CondiTion
Adaptation Threahold: Infrosiructure Condition ond Age
As inhasiructure ages, �is integrity dedines dua ta wear, siress, and environmental axposure.
Add�it'ionally, older in6astructure was built with moferials and designs suited for post environmental
conditions, making it less resilient to evolving climate challenges. Older stormwotar pumps are likely
to require odditionol mointenance to opamte propedy and are more likely to be under-designed for
current flood conditions. Stormwater infrasiructure aging past its design li4e suggests a higher risk of
Failure.
Moniforing Plan:
Stormwotar pump oge can be trocked basad on the consiructian ar install date. Routine Inspections
and cond'ihon ossessmenis of stormwater infrasiructure should be conducted to tmck ihe remoining
design life and will help guide planning for phasad upgrodes and replacemenis. This information could
be �ntegrated iMo the Cltyworks�rocking soNware manoged by Public Works.
Mefric: Access to Green Space
Adaptation Thrashold: Wolking time to Green Space
In oddihon to ihe stormwater 6enefits, access to green space areas hove mony pmven benefiis for
the public healih of residenis, particulorly for local residenis a61e to walk to ihese spaces. Many cities
use walking sfandards as a benchmark to promote aquitable access to green arew for residenis. Lack
of access to these spaces or long trovel times moy indicate a need to increase ihe use of 61ue/green
in�rasiructure ir stormwoter management to genemte these important co-benefits.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could use GIS to mop locafions of parks, green space, and BGSI projetis and de4ine a buffer
zone oround them to measure how much of ihe population is within on appmpriate walking distance.
516
- : e
Metric: Public Property Easements
Adapfation Threahold: Percentage of Public Property Availoble for Infrosiructure Upgrades
Public proparty is preferable 4or ihe plocement of new infrasirucfure as it avoids ihe need to purchase
private property. Howeveq ihe City has significantly few publi< property areas still availa6le thot hove
nof already been developed. Without sufficient public utility easemenis, ihe City will be unable to
implement many af the required lorge-swle infms}mcture projects outlined in ihe SWMMP. When a
low percentage of ihe land within The City is allocated for public utiliTy easemant, ihe City may need
to o6loin more property or avoluate other adaptation simiegies fo reduce flood impacis.
Monitoring Plon:
Planned ond existing utility easemeni lowtions should be kepi up To data using property records
and city zoning dowmenis. The City could use its GIS system and lond ownership records system to
monitor ihe number of used and ovailable easement locofions to imck when more should be acquired
for future infmsfructure upgrades.
Mefric: Amount of Impenious Surfaces
AdapMtion Threshold: Impenious Surface Ra}io
Increoses in impervious surfaces directly affect the amount of stormwoter mnoff and pollutanis ihat
are discharged into adjacent woter bodies. Neighborhoods thot could receive large benefits from
the additional of Iloodable spaces and BG51 projects could be informed by iheir impervious surfoce
rotio. Neighborhoods with a large impervious surface ratio could be prioritized for replacement or
supplemental stormwater managemeni simtegies.
Moni}oring Plan:
The City can use GIS mppping to remotely esfimote ihe total area of impervious surfaces wi}hin the
City boundary. A GIS-based impervious surfoce model can be used to quickly classify roads, bulldings,
and other hord surfoces as impervious. This exercise can 6e repeated periodically (e.g., every 4ive
years) to understand temporal chonges in 16e impervious surface mtio.
Metrie: Standing Water Work Orders
Adap�a}ioe Throshold: Requests for standing water removal per year
Standing water on roadways can resiricf access across ihe City, to residences and businessas, and
neighbarhoods. This can leod to increased iravel times due fo detours, limited accass to sarvices and
pnvote property, and create challenges for emergency services during hazard evenis.The Public Works
Departmeni considers water ponding greater than 3 inches to be"significant standing water". If Public
Works recelves sevaml requesis per year for standing wafer removol at the same property or oreo, it
moy suggest �inwfficient stormwater droinage to monage water after rainfall evenis.
Monitoring Man:
The City currently }mcks publlc work order requesfs and ihe lomiions of standing water removaL By
adding criteno to tmck request 4requency par location, Public Works could identify areas exceeding
ihe threshold and prioritize them for odditionol sformwater managemeM sfrategies.
517
� F-�V r�y G.v� e
VONMIOI IWtrICt
CNnging Pump SM,mwaler Aana PubYc Maunl of StrM6q
� Slam &atlon YArae6u�.9r� b G1wn Pmpxly Y�p�riois WOM Wak
Caidlbir FaM�e CaMtlm Spacs Fa�anr� � OMws
I�,p1.,��,t„�,r O O O O
SWMMP
Recommendafions
Cream N�twork of O O O O
BGSI Frojects
� Updotr SWMPAP O O O O
�
� Pr�m�'cEa�emcn� �
Acq� iian
I��plcmnnf � � � � �
updar�d SWMMG
Acr�o�..
Increase O O O O
Flooda6le Areas
518
� Roadway Flood Protection
/�/ Pathway Summary
'he s'mtegies �ir rh�is pothwoy ore designed to minimize .oadway flood'ing impocts, reduce r.ovel disruptions,
and reimagine roadway ose for frequently flooded siree+s ro preserve and enhonce mobJity throughout the
ary.
The Need to Adapt
The City's 169 miles of roadways are critical for providing ihe efficient doily tronsport of people and goads.
Howeveq 53%(89 milesj of ihese roads are ot an ove�age elevation of less ihan 5 feet above wrre�t sea levels,
moking ihem increasingly volne�able to seo level rise flood impacis. The Ciry's low-lying roadways already
evperience flooding during kmg tide and heavy ra�nfoll evenis, leading to trovel disruptions and pofeniiol
safety risks due to blocked emerger.ry routes and resiricted access to nelghborhoods.
To address ihese impacis, ihe City developed a Road.Elevo±ion Strategy (RE51 to evaluate eaisting ond fu�ure . .
roodway fload nsk ond to priontize key sect�ions for elevation. The RES establ�ished a mmimum road edge
elevatio� for all City ond State-owned roods, as well os cdt'icol emergenry routes, to avoid impaMs during
common high water conditlons. To keep pace with projected sea level nse, the RES olso i�cludes incremental
increases m the minimum elevaTon guidonce for fufure projects ihrough 2040. The phased guidance su000rts
o level of flood protection ihroughout the ezpected 30-year design life of an eleva!ed madway and allows for
hormonimtion with Improvemenis ro adjocent infmsiructure.
Rood !aising projecis based on RES recommendations are generolly coordinared w�1h other Infmstructure
improvements, such as the Neighborhood Improvement Projecis (NIPs�°, to sireamline improvemenis and
minim�ae construction dlsruptlons I-oweveq ihe rime needed to p�operly plon aod ��mplement these prqeMs
ond ihe swle of roodways ihat require eleva+ion suggest that not all roadways will be elevated in time to
mitigate wo�sening flooding impocts. To maintaio roadway°lood pmtection through fhe end of the century, the
City may need to explore cddi'Ic�al adaotat�o� s'm'eg��es m reduce hovel olsruptlo�s a�d �ra��ta�r moo Ily
ihroughoui }Ho C ':
, f � _
� � � e y'°'�i • ; �r , ,
� ! � , ■' � �
.� t E _
. a ' i► . _-- — '' y,,, '.i
..�.� �... . } : �+�� �� '`� ��,.("' —' �`�""Y
. .�. : ,:. ;.i. . . c,:, .. . _. . . . ._ _ . . . . . . . .. � . .,.,._ . _ . .
519
_ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I�
The stmtegies below provide a set of options Por the C'�ry to consider for ongoing madway flood protect�ion
through ihe end of ihe century. The sirategies provide a swre of approaches ihat indude contimm�g ta elevota
roadway '�,nfrasiructure based on recommendotions �n ihe RES, odapting roadways to accommodate additional
stormwoter volvmc, updating roadway plans and pollcles, and repurposing rights-of-way fo accommodate
more pedesirioo-focused transportation.
Each sirategy indades o summory documenting implementation conside�ations, o rough order of mognit�de
mst, metrics and ihresholds ihot could indicate an aporopriote iime for the sirategy to begm,and a cose study
example, where opplicable, of where t�e srrotegy �as beer opplied wi!hin ihe C�iy or in otaer mu�-c'�.polii'�.es
wi�h s�im lor �ieeds. T�e sirateg�ies are olso prese�tea in a� adap'a���on pothway d��.agroT ot r�,c c�d of th�s
sect o� •o �rde.s�a�d adap'atio� thresholds o�d +he potent�ol hm�ng o� s!ramgy irpleTe�ta�ion.
��y sUulpp tla� ilsod Ilms�h Addna�d
Numbw
Ineremanfal Roadway Elevafion
Cco-tlmo�e+�e cleva'�on o� p�o�riced roodways w�th ofhe� ^ � /� �
RN/� nlmsh�c�we pmjec's bose� o^ r�e �ecomrrendatioos of'ho �J �,,.�.A,.�r �,,,,,,
�000 Ele�a�.o� 5'�o�egy ro �ea�ce po*em�cl flood risks o? '�� `r `�'
a�ncol oc_ess routas.
Temporary Roadway Flood Barri�n /�
RW,j Jeploy'emporory flood bariers along criricol roadwoys fhor � �
ireq�ently Flootl to sa4eguard ewcua'ion roufes and essenna� �.. �
access po��nis during flood even's.
Updafe Road Elevafion Stra}egy /�
RW3 2evise ihc Raod Elevof�on Sbategy ro p�ioniize�hc mast ` , � � �
ulreroble roodwoys In need of elwa4on hased on loles� sco �'� ,� ,r„
Icvcl rvsc obsorvonors and crd of cennry pmjccM1ons.
Implemenf Updafad Road Elewlion Sfralegy
ConYmue rhe coord noted elevat�on of selecf madways wPh � /� �
QN/4 oihcr ��r4ms'ructuro pro�ects as speclfled In ihe revised Road �A�
"elevonon Simfegy b reduce pofannol flood nske o(crdmal �� W `�'
access rovtes rhrougn rFe erd of fhe cenrury.
� Lanaition b Slormwoter Siraets
Designafespeaficlow-lying .aadways'cin!entionally ^ � �
Q{NS accumulate floodwarer dcing heavy ramfall,al;owirg ihem to �.J
serve os stormwater re-em�on areas and reduce widespread �� r'
flood�ing risks elsewhere.
� Rapu.pomRig6b-ol-Way . .
RW6 Tronsition the use o4 certain nghis-o#-way, mduding rhe � �
removal 04 �oadway�i�4rosimciure,to malnraln mo6illty ana �+. W W
redoce molntenance commRments.
Srategy iheme'.
Keepiny Water Ou�, Living with Wateq Strategic Relocation, Plons and Policics
520
��
Current Sirategy
snaf.9Y them.: Ke.P�ng waf.� a,t
FloodNaza�d!sjAddressed EsnmoredCosrLevel:
RW� Incremental roadway � � ^ � QQQQ
elevation •w� W
Strotagy Deseription:
The Roatl Elevation Stmtegy (RES) assessed the flooding nsk �o ihe Crty's road network and priontized several
low-lying roodways for elevation ihat hove the hlghest annual chanre of tidal flooding through the year
2040. "he RES recommends differen} minimum design elevations 6ased on road criticolity (e.g., resideniiol,
cammerclal, and emergency access�. The document provides design elevot�ions for siarting consiruciion years
from 2020 ihrough 2040 ar 5-year incremenfs to support roadway pe.formance over ihe design life of fypical
roadway projects.
'he Cdy has previously coordinofed ihe rpising of roadways wl}h Ne�ghbarhood Improvement Pra�ecis
to s�imultaneously upgmde ag�ing infmsimcture such as water ond sewer systems ond mo�intoin roadway
ho�monlzotion with odjacent properfies and Infmstructure. To dote, the Clty has completed four madwoy
elevation projecis wiih another three underway.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
Prp�ec[etl S_k Arnour: . .
(fue:) �0 - �2 -3 -e 5 -6
Shatagy Start: 0 feet of SLR Sfrafagy End: -4.4 feat oF SLR
e C�y�s c,.,.crly�-�egra�^g �ood 'Jnoe���e:�,^e��13 eleva��c�
o s�q - . �-pleae�a�a� c g..��a�cn -oadwoys cons���c�eo
NiPPp�o�ec�s_ n 9pt0 are�o be desgned�o
moda�e up�0 4.41eat o`sea
Ievcl�se ovcr rhe 30-yca�desig�fle.
Sav level nse g�eoie�+hon this omount
��s Ihely ro lea.e�oadwa�s b�dr�o
tFe ea sring RES guidarce m nzk of
rncreaud 9ood'ng mpocs.
rJ2�
: : . _ I�
Sfrafegy in Acfion:
Gase Study: Palm and Mibiscus Neighborhood Imp�ovements Droject
(Miami Beach)
Comp�eted in 2021, the Polm and - - -
Hibiscus Naighborhood Improvamenis
Praject coordinoted Me elevotion of
cntical roadways on the islands with
seveml other criticol infrastructure —
replacemenh or upgrades, including � '
ihrea new sto�mwater pump stations. . �
sireet IigMing, ond noturol londuaping a'
improvemenfs. Tha prioritized roodwoys � � � ''��
were generally elevatad to ihe
recommended3J4eetNAVD88. BEF�RE �do. �.el��vnv4o qFTER :e.�teehrvavDq/l5/A
. .�.. , . .r. .�� . . .�. „��
Limltatlons:
C.06f
Roadway elevations reqmre significa�t cap�+al :nvesrment. Projects are Lkely to require rhe raisng of
underground utilities and adjacent in{rostructure includ�ing sidewalks, building occess points, and critical
4aciliries. This ha�monizanon is necessary to mointain assentiol servicas and mobilify ihroughout ihe City but
can su6stontially incraase overall project cosis.
SerWce om!Aee�u Disrupfion�
Road raising pro�ecis require temporory closures or detours that dismpt tmffic and I��mn occess to businesses
ond residences. AddHionolly, roising associared utilities may result in tempomry senice infenuptions. As sea
le�els rise. rhe ��creased fraquency and scale of 16ese project could leod to more widespreud and prolongad
d�sruphons across the Clty.
Implamantatio�Tim�lin�
Under �mdaionol funding, pla�ning, ond construction timalines, completing oll retommended roodwoy
elevanons could �ake decades, potenhally leaving lower-priority access raadways at increased nsL of perwdic
flooding
Emi�onmentol Coroiderat(ont and PermiMin9
P�evo�ing roodwoys �am sansh:e ecorystem. o�d pn�ote pmpen�es m�y reqmra env�mnmen'ol rev�evis o�d
�.+�hg�t��on srrotegies, po�e�molly reqmnng oddinonoi resou�ces and eriand�ng projec+ nmeLnes. Roodway
alevo��on pro�ects nea� sens�irve ecosystems L4e B�scoyne Boy, will need to oonside� how co�s��ucnon ond the
proposed elevahon cauld affect smrmwater�unof4 volumes. Projects near pnvote propert�es musl be carefuliy
pianned +o m�mmize impocts �o properties and to avoid potential legol and plonning cholle�ges.
522
_ _ _ _ _ _ /�
Adaptation Strategy Options
As sea level nse increases, ihe num6er of roadways requiring elevation and the associoted costs are expected
to grow, forcing the City ±o consider whether to elevate certoin •oodways or explore additionol siroteg�es
to provlde a higher level o+ flood protection. Th,s sectlon oudines snategies }he City could consider to usa ir
coardinaf�ion with prioritized road elevotion projects to maintain ihe resilience of the City"s road network.
The sirotegies in this sec}ioc are not always intended to be applied in isolotion, ond some moy be most
effective and offer ihe greatest benefits if oppl�ied in tondem with onothe�stra+egy (e.g., conflcuing to elevate
cr'rt'�.cal roadways while repurposing lower-priority side sireets). Site specific opplicotion of an odditional
s+mtegy or combinotion of smteg'ies should be based on the expected level of flood pro*ec'ion, suitabiPty of
local site condttlo�s. Implementation costs, and �he neighbo�hoods o�businesses served by the roadways.
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523
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Strategy Theme: Keeping Water Ouf
Flood Nazo�d(sJ Addressed: Esnmoted Cos1 Le.eL
Temporary roadway flood
RW2 (� � QQ
barriers �+
STralegy Description:
Temporory roodway flood barriers ore partoble, often modular, systems des'igned to safeguard cntical
roodwoys during hlgh-woter evenis+o minimize imvel dlruptions and moinroln occess for emeryency veh�cles.
These barriers moy indude a comb'inotion oi rigid structures, wa'er-filled tubes, or sandbags ihat can be
connected or stacked. The City can priontize frequenrly flooded roadwoys and deploy oarners as part o� ihe
City's emergency storm prepamtions to proteM critical Infmstructure and increase public safefy. Temporory
barriers ore typically considered an mterim sol�tion, offermg protecfion whde a more permonent simtegy fo�
the roadway Is developed.
Flood Protecfion Lifespan:
Pro�ecLm S R amow[
:feet) +0 �1 c �3 -4 `5 -6
Sircfagy SfaA: Strategy End:
0 feat of SLR 7 feet of SLR
� cy�a�oe3� n� � �ee�or,ea �a,sl .�a.o.e o.
.o e�nly'�ow-Ip-g ;65i.;o�JinCiymadwoyso�e
�caawoys roq�•mg pro�eced�o exper.eoce flooang
�empororybo�rars duringacompoundfloodevan�.
m mr�gore flood�inq ihe bequency ond eaert of
ooc's a�are�r flooaing w�ll i�kely�ender remoo�ary
sea levels. bar�ers ar. mpmc+roal solut on.
524
_ _ - _ I�
Sfrategy in Acfion:
Case Study: Temporary Flood Ba�riers (Hollywood, Florida)
Hollywood, Florida, deploys tempomry �;�,: ,.:ar
water-filled barriere like Tiger Dams
along low-lying s}reets and watedront
areas during king tide and storm surge
evanis. These barriers protect critical
infrastmcture and residential areas
until long-term solutions, such os raisea
seawalls and roadway elevations, arF � '�^'�� � �r+�`"'
completad. The City places barriers as
needed along flood-prone siretches, suc�
as Route AIA along openings in ihe beach — - -
enirances, helping to prevent disruption
and flood damage in}he short term. � � �- "—
Applieafion fo Miami Boacl�:
In Miami Beach, tempwory roadway flood barriers could be deployed along vulnerable, low-lying
roadway sections such os Alton Road, Indian Creek Drive,West Avenue, Collins Avenue, and ihe Venetion
Causeway. Portions of these key routes often flood during high tide and severe weather evenis, impocting
imvel and public safety. By using portable barriers in ihese areas, }he Cih/ can reduce flood impacts,
mointain criticol access, and protect both residential and commercial properties until permonent
infrastructure improvemenis are in place.
Strafegy Considerations:
• Low-lying, criticol roadways ihat have historically flooded oftan could 6e good locations for this sirategy.
• ?he Crty may need to build staff capacity ond irainings to educate stof' on ihe pmper set-up and removol
of 6orrieis.
• Periodic �inspec���ons and as-needed maintenance will be necessary for rhe barriers to remoin functionol
over muliiple deployments.
• 'he City should ronsidar how plocemenf o{ barriers could Impact runoff vol�mes to prevent {lood���g of
adjaeent areas, including privo}e properties.
-emporory barriers can be e£feciive for moin'aimng rood access dunng or following tempomry coas�al
storms and �ainioll evenfs; howeve�, h��gh tide conditions can elevate groundwater levels, which moy cause
flooding wi*hin fhe 6onier areo 4rom belaw.
• Proacn�ely engaging with property owners 6efore t�e deployment is advisable +o address conwms and
provide informofion about ihe temporary baner's purpose and operation. The communlcation con mdude
detalls about molntolving occess to pnvate propert�ss and minlmizing other disruptions or impacts.
525
Rond��iaysP,o+>cqrrAdnpraee^FarF«oy5.,-.. ��
.............._.__........................................................................_..._.._............ . �
9frat�gy 11NIM: P�ar1s o11d PoilCi�s
FloodHaza.d(s/Add.essed' Es�imo�edCos�Level:
Rw3 Updata Road Elevation ^
Sfrategy N � � � �
r..
Sirategy Descripiion:
As sea level rises, fhe City can revise roodway elevation guidance and prioritizo<ion aiteria ihrough an
updated Roatl Elevotion Srrategy to beHer a6gn with f�ture projec�ions. The City con extend fhe standords
established in the inRial RES by cons�denng min'imum road edge elevations rhot can reduce flaoding impacis
over a road's deslgn life 16rough the end of the century. During the RES updote process, roodway flood�ing
toleronces will need to be updated based on fhe lotest observed seo level rise amounis and rainfoll projections
to esrablish tFe new minimum elevahon recommendatians. Ach'ieving these elevpnon recommendatiors should
cominue to be implemented incrementally and wit6 relevant infrasiructure orojecis to maintain harmonizafion
with odjacent 'mfrasrmc'ure and min��mize disruptions.
Flood Protee}ion Lifespan:
P�acneo 5�R amo.:r[
(ke•) -0 _ •l -5 .� 3 •6
�
Stratsgy Timing:3 feef of SLR
Ihe RES upaotc pwwss sFo.ltl occ.r pro�
o�he� nmandatiors o-t�e ennmg
RES t�oeom�g ou�dored.Ado r�o�olly,o�3
feet ai sea level nse,aver 80%o(�he G.ry's
� •"�g�oodwoys are p.oiected ro e.penence
comoound �lood impocts one moy necessrtote
tno� �heCnyconsidcr re-prio�ii e�g whlch
rcadwoys are m oe elewtee.
Strategy Considerations:
• The updated RES should cons�der the most recent seo level rise projecrions ot the time of the plon update.
Simtegy timing is based on ihe rote of sea level rise from the 2017 NOAA Intermediote Hlgh scenorio. ihe
City will need to monitor tor changes in the rate of seo level rrse to determine if an update to the RES Is
required prior to thls proposed iiming.
• The updated RES should include an updated prioritizahon methodology that balonces the cost to ochieve
an enhonced level of flood proraction wi�F ihe need to protect crit�cal roadway occess regardless of wate�
elevatlons.
• The updated RES could consider supplemertol or olternat�i�e aporoaches to flood adaotatio�strategies for
less craicol •oodwoys to maintoin o des�ired level oP flood protection, includmg tmnsition'ing to stormwoter
stree+s ;RWS) ond repurpos��ng rights-o{-way (RW6�.
526
A�op/o,��cn.4 , �I
Sfrategy Theme: Keeping Wafer Ouf
FloodHamrd�s�Addressed EsnmatedCos�(erel:
RWa Implement updatetl Road ^
Elevation Strategy �J � '� � � �0�
S�rafegy DescripTion:
Fo� ihis sirategy, ihe City would beg'in elevoting pnorirzed roadways to meet ihe revised mw�imum edge
elevo'ions established in ihe updated RES(RWb).
Flood ProTecfion lifespan:
P�oie<ted SLR Amoun! . _._ . . . . _ __
(fee:7 �0 �� �2 -3 �4 -5 �6
Strategy StaR: SfraTagy End:
-3 feat of SLR 6+feaf of SLR
"�c Cny rould beqin -no C �y w II��rr ca o
oyno �
co�pomr ny �oaaway �sde.o�ooaway msng
eleva��on gu�danco�nro sched�le ma�acco�nrs'o�tuiwe
nlmxnuc�ure O�o ers uo level nse in.oagh�he end ol
iollaw�ng wmpletion of �he<enrury,as oocumerted m
ihe updavea �ES. �he�pdmea RES.
STrategy Considerafions:
• Road elevation projecis should contlnue �o olign with other City in$asiructure projecrs, such os ihe
Neighborhood Improvement Projec�s ond other copital improvement projects, to max�mize flood maigotion
berefits ond mm�m¢e disruption5.
• 3ased on ihe priontizohon methodology of ihe upda�ed RES, �he Gty can fows resources towa�d high-
ormnty roadways, �including evacmt'ion routes and major commercal �oodways.
• The roadway elevation projecis should be designed with ihe flexlbllity to ollow for further elevafian.
• Road elevation projecis should con!inue fo mozimize harmonizotion wHh other City ��nfrosnucWre lo
mo-intoir occess and mo6dity.
• Significont pubLc ergagement, including with private property ond business owne�s located adjacen�
to high priariry roadways, will be required fo address community needs and �increose transparency to
oroposed projects.
527
. . . . . . Qov�'.nYs� r' .1dr.., r-_ . .. .- ��
Sfrafegy Theme: Living with Wafer
FoodHozo.d�s)Add.essad EsHmaredCosrterel:
R WS Transition to Sformwaier � � Q Q Q
Streets �
Sira�egy Description:
Stormwoter streets ore devgned to temporarily colleci ond retain stormworer during heary ra�mfoll events,
alleviating pressure on ihe broader s*ormwoter system ond roadway network. Siormwater streets ore (ow-
iroffic volume roadways ihat are closed to veh�cle and pedesirion iraffic in !he event of heary minfoll to
ensure safety of dnvers and pedesirions. Sformwoter streets are typicolly located in low-Ipng oreos where
stormwo}er can be possively diverted �o colleci tollowing a heary roinfall even+ ord ollow for ihe slow release
of stormwater into ihe network.
Flood ProTection Lifespan:
P�o�ec[etl SLR Nmo�rt
(tee0 -0 —, •2 �S -e � �6
r�
I
Sfrafegy Planning: Stwtegy SfaA: Sfralegy End:
2 feaf of SLR 3 feeT of SlR 6«feal of SLR
. �y�o � ,i,a�ayy n• s iaa � 5 a� ,>aoi. ny�ea ie�ei��o�n�.e
o�ld beg�� o� 2 ieet af seo oi c r e-r�aodways o �o ��se*muqF ��e e�o
c le+el -�se ween orer 65°4 o�qecrec ro hcve flooding ol �ne w�t„ry,��e C�iy
...� n'C�y�ooaway mpoc-s du-in9 c mpou�d moy�eea •o .ol'�y
��ms��
e���e s oro�evetl !loom�g e.en�s.impacrs a� Fr.o��eee wnmh�oodwoys
�a Iload d�•��g oompowd rnis svalo rr�oy lead the C�iry sho�ld oe ele.a�ed
flooa eve�ts.A�rh�s scale, ro�eassess whch modways and!hose+aa•con
�Fe Ciry moy need m �o p�,on9ze lar elewfmn be nons no�ea as
pria•niee resources for and�hose ro redesgn as Sia�mwoter S��eeh.
elevcnry cincol modways. S�o�nwo�e�5'reeK.
5za
_ __ _ _ __ -_ ��
Sfrafegy in AcTion:
Case Study: Sankt Kjeld's Squa�e 8 Bryggervangen (Copenhagen, Denmark)
Completed in 2019, the Sanki Kjeld's Square & y ` �
Bryggervangen pilot projecf is on eKample of
multifunctional design to balance urban (ivability
with flood nsk management. It integmtee ihe t 1� w
conversion of o 2,300-k roodway into a"stormwater
detention raad" and floodable adjacent park space � � � � y
to alleviate local flood issues. Troditionol roodway �
and sformwater infmsiructure (e.g., pumps and ,'!"�i� � � �
pipelines) was largely replaced by a saries of rain �'%�- �
gardens, detention basins, increased pedestrian `�� .
areas, and underground water storage. Stormwater �.� "�,0
runoff is direcied from adjacent raadways and �. � , �
buildings using subtle grading and temporarily 4 -��� ,���
stored in the pilot project area to reduce ihe burden , , , . . .
on ihe stormwo}er system. . � . . � ..- . . .. . . .
Application fo Miamt Baceh:
The City could adopt a similar approach ta provide enhanced flood protection for major roadways and
alleviate copocity issues within ihe City's stormwater nehvork. Approaches could include condensing the
number of lanes or identifying minor roads to be designated as starmwoter sireets.Where possible,areas
adjocent to}he stormwater s}reets could be adapted into nature-based areas, including rain gordens or
bioswales,while still including paihs to mainfain pedesirian mobility and increasing stormwater retention
capacity and on-site sto�mwoter treotment.
Strategy Considerutions:
• Proposed stormwater sfreets are only suitable for m��nor roodways thot �ove low overage iraff�ic volumes
ond are not critical occess routes far certoin neighborhoods. Emergency or state roodways are not eligible,
and emergency veFlcles will still need occess to nelghborhoods during hozord evenis,
• Integration of green iniwstrocture into the Stormwo�er $ireet design is advlsed to asslst with oo-site
stormwoier ireotmenY, however,wa+er quality siandords and ireatment sysfems w�ll need to be coordlnoted
with regulotory aurhorities.
• Des�ignotiny o sio•mwater stree* typically may not requtre redesign�ng ihe roadway or plocing oddltional
inhosirucfure to support sto�mwater detention_ Howeveq fhe detenlloc capaCify o4 fhe roads will need fo
be evaluatea -o ensure ihese areas con reta�in projected stormwoter runoff volumes without understanding
the flood�ng cond�iiions o4 odjacent properties. Minor chonges, �induding odding localized retention a•eas
or removal of stormwater pumps, could be done ta fadl�itate the hansitlon.
• Publlc safety messaging will be needed m prevent public occess oi srormwp+er s�ree•s during periods of
flooding.
• Following heary rolnfoll evenis, collected sformwarer should be drolned imo ihe Cliy's exist�ng siormwater
network to prevent public heolih �issues assoaored wrth stagnant wate�.
529
_ _ _ �/
Siwfegy Theme: Strategic Relocafion
FloodHozo.d(s/Addressedr E:�imoted CosttevaF
RW6 Repurposerighis-of-way p � /� � QQQQ
S}ra}egy Deseription:
As sea levels reach end of century projections, ihe extent ond frequency of flooding moy requre ihe City }o
�e-evaluate ��e �se of certam roodwoys. This moy include repurposi�g e.isiing righis-af-way by clos��ng �he
roodway to vehicle tra4{ic and removing ex'ist'ing roadway in favor of pedesirion uses, such os walking iroils
and b��cycle ooths. Sheets applicoble for repurposing could indude roadways around or connecting ihe Ci�y's
network of porks, or minor connector roodways within neigh6orhoods (e.g., every other east-wes� connedor is
repurposed). Converting frequently flooded, minor roadways also ollows ihe City to reolloca+e moiotenance
funds toword protecting higFer priorify roadways.
Flood ProTecfion Lifaspan: �
pro�ectca SLR 4mourt .-
Qeep �0 �� e -3 �t 5 �6
�
S}ratrgy Planning: Slrafagy S1arf: Slrafegy End:
3 faef of SLR 4 feat of SLR 6+feet of SLR
%o�^��g 'o��-zsn��egy A�n �eeio�,eolevel Aszeolevelsm-���ie
auld oeg^ at 5�eoi ol zea �oa�ly ol� ;�9p°6�d � n ouyF •he a�d
. . .c�90% r oaaways om �tHc con�,.y.•Fo C��y
Of c�Ur e�WQ'y�Oadwoy projeceed'o��'Oye�mOOCh �ncy need'n Ca�!irual�r
m4ms�vcrwersp.o�ecrea dunngacampound prior.nzewFmn
ro flood dur�.ng compound ilood��ng event Impoas oadwoys shoula be
'load evems.A�th�s scale, or.h�s scale may lead rve eleva�ed a�d t+au�Fot
�ne C�ry may�eed to C�ry�a s wh�•.ch co�ba rapmposed.
pr�onnre�esourcesfor oodwoys m5pro.it�ae!ae
c�nmal modways. elava�mn and rhose m
repur, e
530
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I�
S}ra}egy in Acfion:
Case Study: Repurposing Flood-Prone Roads in Southbank Bouleva�d and Dodds
Street (Melbourne, Aust�alia)
Ma�or redevelopmenis are plonned to oddress siormwater network capacity and pedestrion safety issues
in one of }he most densely populatad suburbs of tha Mel6oume, AusTralia, including }he repurposing of
select roads into publit parks and pedestrian pathways. These purposed chonges also include integration
of green infrasimcture, such as bioswales, to reduce Hood risk, provide on-si}e water ireatment, and
enhancing ihe livability of ihe urban area.
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� u„�. �.,� , _ �e.��� , _� . �.e s�,� �c,,, ,�z,�.,_ .
Appliealfon fo Miami Bweh:
Like Melboume,Miami Beach is a highly urbanized envimnment with angoing flood issues and a need for
more multimodal forms of imnsportotion for pedesinons. The CBy could undergo a similar assessment
of opportunities for repurposing of seleet roadways ta provide residents with more greenspace and
pedesirian access while also providing addifionol stortnwater capacity and a reallocation of road
maintenance funds to address flooding of critical roadways ihrough other sirategies such road elevation.
S}ra}egy Considerations:
io �aertlfy roadways approoriafe for repurposin9, fhe City can co�duct o comprehens�ve ossessment ihot
includes the iden*ification of roadways prone to frequent flood'�ng,an evaluaiion of roodwoy c•ificality and
adjacem cntical �mfmstructure, acd on onalysis of ihe onnaal maintenance cosf per roodway to determ�ine
ihe pnor��}'�mtion of roadways ro be repurposed ihot ore no longer cost-effective to mo�inio��n or proieci.
• Prior }o ihe removal of roadways ond ancillary infmstructure, ihe C�ty should aim to moinioic essentiol
services for offeMed property owners, such os �deniifying new service cornec�ions or rerout��n9 subgmde
utilities ihat have been removed.
• Ovemll stormwofer monagement could be Improved by add�ng natural stormwoter elemen}s, such os green
spoces or other natural buffars and stormwater capac'iTy areas on these repu�posed roadways. These
roadways could be �epurposed �in caord�nofion with ihe s*ormwoter st.eets st.ategy (RWS�.
• Access to adjacent properties and/or bus��nesses could be redesigned, such as enpand'ing elevated
sidewalks or b�ke lanes, wh'ich are less cos+ly to '�mplement ihon ro�sing sireets, to provide more relioble
mulflmodol pedes�rian access througho..t fhe C ty.
537
.......................................................................koaax-oys Pmtedion 4daptanm Po�hn�yS,.- ._. ',
.......................................... i
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Proiected SLR a0 -� �2 �� �S �. *5 �G
Amo�nt;feet)
>65X of roads impocrod .80%of roads rmpoctad
during compourd Naod duriny compound Nood
i�rem.enrol
RYVI omwor ��
eia.o, o
emPo,ary
R�1yQ .oadwoy flooa
ba,ners
UFda�eroaa
RW3
est.ate9Y
Implement
gyy4 aa�ea roaa
elevanon stroregy -qpx of mads Impaaed
im�sn or m dwing compound Hood
RWS s�o-�wa�e� _ _ _
sneeis
RW6 '^epwpose
�y�� o wvy
� Keeomg�P=_N:a:�ne: � .. •.-=3➢Star� �
� Ln�ny a,i��Wqi:�� � . rg Slrate9Y �.
� Flr�ano�o�r o•= � .n _nal Entl ot Shategy �
� NaNn-Baze[„�'. , ! •� — - _�b2 3q'�Plann nq�Ledtl TilllP ,,
� 4d1F9!R310P'r+. � '�c�2�hal5t2tegy TrtOSIPI �.
Cx�s�mg mmpound Boodrng m/e��was deteim�netl by rFe nmul�aneous occunence ol a 10.yeoc 8A-noui rmniall evenr IH.JS mches�and o Fng nde
Pm�x�ea zea le.el r¢e amai,nn»ere odded m rh.s nwdi�e m Aem.mmo I�m2�mpo�i.dlload�ng ex�e�rs.
Imvo��s m�oods were assesed by a.edopng rM1e errs���q rompomd fioading sce�o.m esre��onro Me C�ry i roodwoys m G�5 ro aera�i�e+be pemenr
a{madwys prn�enea ra exper�ence floodi�g�mpocr.
532
/�
Sea level nse has Traditionally been a prlmary consideration m the Cify's p�anning efforis to reduca or
avoid potenhal 41ood risks. However, ihere ore oiher relevant metrics that the City could olso monitor to
provide an understonding of how rising sea levels may worsen flood impocis or ploce additional siress
on ihe City's infmsirvcture and naturol systems. Monitoring these metrics, along with seo leval rise, can
help to identify key thresholds that moy serve as ecdy waming signols ihat e�isting stmtegies moy no
longer be sufficient.
This section includes o list of proposed metrics and thresholds ihat the City could consider to inform ihe
most e4fective strotegies for long-term Roodway flood protaction. Additionally, a suitobility motrix is
provided fo identify meTrics ihat could be used to inform each strategy included in ihe Roadway Flood
Protection Pathway Summory.
Me}rics
Metrics are measuroble indicators ihat are used to track ihe effectiveness of adaptation actions over
time. They are useful in helping moke decisions on when ta tran5dion between different odaptation
sirotegies based on chonging sea level conditions and the observed effech.
Adapfafion Thresholds
ihresholds are a pre-defined chonge in ihe existing physical conditions or social tolemnces for Hooding
impacis and serve as early wam�ing to signol thot ezisting simtegies are losing thelr effectiveness and
could benefit from supplemental or altemative odaptation sirotegies.
Monitoring Vlan
Monitoring allows the City to imck ihe defined mefrics over time ior evidence of specified adoptation
ihresholds being met to avoid large potentiol impacts to the City's assets and facilities. While ihe City
has existing plans and methodologies to imck some of ihe proposed metrics, others will require the
development and implementation of new monitoring programs.
533
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Metric: Roadways Flooded
Adaptafion Threahold: Percent of Roodwoys Flooded
Fleoded roadways can resirict 6oth vehicle ond pedesirian iroffic, significantly limiting mobiliry and
access within the City. As sea levels rise,ihe percentage of flooded roadways�s axpected ta increase,
resulting in woter ponding on roodway surfaces. At a certain level of roadway floodmg, mobili}y
ihroughou� ihe Ciry could be severely resiricted and may necessitote applicoiion of add�itional
sim}egies to presene connectivity ihroughout}he CiTy.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could deploy a citywide Plood monitoring system using real-fime sensors (e.g., rain and
}ide gauges) and GIS-based mapping to irock potentiol flooding on cntical roadways. Deploying a
citywide network of min gages would be challanging; howeveq ihe City could ploce gauges in key
locations nearby critical roodways to monitor flood water levels. The City's Sea Level Rise Vulnerability
Assessment already includes Hood exposure of roadways for vanous flood sources (storm surge, king
tide, and compound flooding) under a suite of sea level rise scenarios projected �hrough the next
century. Resuhs from ihe assessment could serve as ihe basis for the select�roadways fo monitor. Reol-
time rainfall or high tide water Iavel information, when rontinuously gathered and analyzed against
raad elevation data, can provide insighh into areos most frequently affected by srormwater and king
tide panding. Regular monitoring w�ill enable long-term planning to idenYify priority mads for potenfiol
oppliwtion of odaptation sirotegies.
Metrie: Evacuation RouTes Flooded
AdapTation Threahold: Percent of Evocuation Routes Flooded
I4 not properly elewted or otherwise protected Prom floodwatero,the City's avacuation routes can be
simJady impacted by flood'ing events as other roodways. If ihe City's evacmtion rootes were to flood
ond become inoccessible during o storm evant, ihere would be significaM impacis to the life and
sofety of residenis and emergency services. If a signi{icant number of ihese roadways are impacfed
by a flood hazard event, }he City con consider implementing additianal simtegies ihat can preserva
ihe cnt�ical movement of evawees and first responders during o hozord event.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could deplay a citywide Hood monitoring system using real-time sensors (e.g., rain and
tide gagesj and GIS-based mapping to imck potential flooding on critical roadways. Deploying a
citywide network of ro'in gages would be challanging; howeveq ihe City could placa gaugas in kay
lowtions nearby critical roadways to monitor flood water levels. ihe City's Sea Level R'ise Vulnerobility
Assessment already includes flood exposure of evacuotion routes for various 41ood sourcas (siorm
surge, king tide, and compound flooding) under o suite of sea level rise sce�arios projected ihrough
ihe nexr century. Resulis from the assessment could serve as the 6asis for the GIS-based Hoad mops.
Real-time rainiall or high fide water level information, when continuously gathered and analyzed
against road elevotion data, can provide insighis into areas most frequently affected by stormwoter
and king tide ponding. Regular monitoring will enable long-term plonning to identify priority portions
of ihe evacuation route for po�eniiol applicotion of adaptotion sirotegies-
534
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Mefric: Roodway Flood Frequency
Adaptu}fon Threshold: Number of Times Roadway Trovel is Restricted per Yeor
Stonding woter on modwoys can resirict access across ihe Gry, to residences and basinesses, and
neighborhoods. Thre can lead to increased tmvel 7imes due to detours, IimBed access to services
and privote property, and create c6allenges for emergenry services during hazard evenis. The Public
Works Department considers water ponding greater ihan 3 inches to be "significant standing water",
ihat could resirict use of the roadway. If these flooding evants occur frequently an specific roadway
sections, �t moy indicate ihe City should considei odditional sirotegies to maintain access.
Moniforing Plan:
The City could deploy real-time sensars (e.g., rain ond tide gauges) on cn}ical roadways and Wilize
GIS to imck ond mop potentiol ponding on roads. Deploying a citywide network of roin goges would
be c6ailenging; howeveq ihe City could ploce gauges in key locations nearby critical roadways to
monitor flood water levels. The Ciy could also develop a system to irack when o modway reaches
o level of flooding ihat prevenis ihe use of ihe roadway (e.g., >H-inch flood depM). This remotely
sensed data could also be supplemented with visuol inspections during and following flood evenis to
document roods that ezperience ponding water.
PeMn11a11N�trie�
Roadwqn Fboded Eweuolbn Readway FleeelY�g
ReedwaysFlooded Frpu�ncy
L�o,,.,���tal Roadway EIe�aGon O O O
� To�.�po�ory Roadway Flood Barners O O
� Vpdu�� Road Elevalion Slrategy O Q O
i„pl�;ment Updoted Road Ele�ation O O O
Strntegy
g Tro�suion lo Stormwatar Sheata O
Q
Repurpose Righis-af-Way O O
535
� ��„ O Critical Facilities Flood Protection
Pathway Summary
�
The sirategies in th�s sec�ion provide approaches to reduce or preveni flood impacis to fhe CiTy's critical
fac��ltties whlle ma'mto�in�ng rhe'�r occesslbtliry ond provlsor of essential sarvices.
The Need to Adapt
The Clty's critical foc�lities,such as police and fire siat'�ons, hospitals,government buildings,community certers,
schools and libmries, provide essential services necessary for City opemfons,emergency fundions, and public
progroms. Critical fociLt�.es need to mointoin occess regardless o� flood conditions because ihey ploy essentiol
roles in ensuring public safety and wellbeing, especally during emeryendes. Flood-relo'ed damoges can lead
to service intermptions or delays and result in s�ignificant life-safety and quolity-o{-life impocis for residenis.
Currently, over one-ihird (37%) of ihe City's critical foci6lies are projected to be exposed to compound flood
evenis (10-yeoq 24-hour roinfoll event (8J5 inches) combined with o king tide), ond nearly oll (97"/) ore
projected to be ezpased ta a 100-year(1-percent onnual chonce) coastal storm surge event. To mmgote flood
risks, ihe City complies with federol ond state b�ilding code requiremenis, such as requiring ihe f��.rst floor
elevotion (FFE) of build��ngs, including cnticol focil�ihes, to comply wah FEMA reqWrements ond encouroging
ihe use of floodproofing measures outlined In ihe Rorida Bullding Coda (FBC�. Wh'�le the City's crificol facilities
meet federol and state stondards, ihey may foce restricted access chollenges due to flood'�ng of the building
property or roadwoy, which can cause access and service disrupnons. Additionolly, FEMA's FFE reqwremenis
do not occount for sea level rise, increasing future flood �isks for focilities bu:lt to minimum standards.
Lowlly, ihe C�ity hos adopted several polic�ies and actiors ihat go beyond ihese minimum siondords, including
updatiny the building code (Chaptcr 54) ta allow lar �p ro f��ve feet of f�eeboard above FEMA's Base Flood
Eleva•ion (BFE�. The City hos olso 'implemented increosed protecfrve measures, such as elevofing mechanicol
and elec*rica� eqwpment obave FEMA requiremenis, to safeguard high-priority facilifles, like the Miami Beach
Convent��.on Center. To ens�re the long-term resilience of i+s critical foclities, the City moy need to continue
to implement odaptation strategies that go beyond current m�m�imum standards. G'�ven iho! mony focllities are
noi owned or monoged by ihe C�i}y (e.g., schools, Mt. S�na�i Hospitol), coordinotion wiih fociGiy monogers will
be auc��ol to encouroge odoption of *hese simtegles. The City con devgn supplemental measures to address
mcreasirg �lood nsks to GTybwned �acihnes, wh�ile mcenfrvizing other faciliTy monagers to take proactive
steps to safeg�c�d thelr operat ons-
� - T�
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536
. . . . , . 11TI
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�
ihe simteg'�.es below prov'ide a set of options for ihe C�.ty to consider for onqo'ng critical focility �lood
protec+ion through ihe end of the century. The sirotegies provide a suite of opprooches thoi include contlnuing
to utilize floadproofing techniques ond 'emparary flood barriers to keep water out, adopting additional higher
standard building design criferia, elevating praritized structu�es ta avoid damoging impocis o! be�in9 flooded,
and strotegic relocation of focilities to repurpose frequently flood spaces.
Eoch sirotegy Includes o summary documenting implemenfation convderations, o rough order of mognitude
cost, metrics and adaptat�ion thresholds ihat could �indmate an approo�iote t�ime for the sirotegy ro begir, and
o case s�udy example, where app�icable, 04 whem the s+�ategy has beer applied withln +he C'�ty or m othe•
mw c�ioal nes with sirNlo� �eeds. 'nc st-arg��es a�e ako pmsen�ad Ir an odao+a��on co«ways d�agror ot +he
e�a o% �his serlon -o ��dereta�d adaub'��o^�. fhresralds o�a '�e po�enhpl ��.m��^g ol stro�egy �^�oleTc^-ar��.on.
� lleobgy Ila� fiood Ilmards Addrwwd
Continue ro Floodproaf Lrilical Facililies ^ � /� �
(.'F7 Com r�c 'o mplemem we� or ary Iloodpmafl�g mcawms`or �.� �A'�
r� ..�^�'^^^.. r
<Qa'�l es �o �ad�re potennol Ilood danages.
Temporary Faeility P�rimefer Flood Wall� �
�.�.� Erect temporary flood walls around<ritical iocilRies during
h��yh wa•er evems to p�ovide short-term protec'lo�aga��nsf .�� W
�lood�ng and safeguard essentiol services .
Inelude SlR in FFE lor Crifical Faeilifias
CF3 EslaobsF bullding design cn'eno for Gty fatlllnes thot � � � � �
exceed �ederal and smro m�.nlnum smndards and conslder .i+� .r,. .�.
projecfed sca Icvcirise. _ _ _ _
— . .._.__ _ .. _ ..___ . . .
Elevale ERlafing Crilicol facilitiea � � � A �
CF4 Eleva�e s-truc�ures a6ove p�oJected ��ooa elevat ans using ( �A�
r. W v�
s��ucwral fll�: or pii ngs. .
� Rapurpoie Frequently Flaoded Grifieal FacilNlo
L•FS Remave or�clocoro (acllP�es'ha-are frequen�ly flooded o�d � � � �
conno� be feos�ioly elevo�ed or 9oodpmoied to repurpose<he � �
spare (or sformwofer managemenf or receot�on.
Sirotegy Theme:
Keeping Watar Out, Plans and Policios, Living with Wafar,STraiagic Relocation
537
_ _ _ _ _ _ _- - f1°�11
-
Current STrategy
Strafegy Theme: Kesping Wafer Out
HoodHamrd�s/Addiessed: EsnmoredCos�le.el:
CFl Confinue fo floodproof ^
criticalfacilifies �I � '� � �0�
Sirategy Description:
Roodprwfing locibtles re{ers to a ser of ineasures almed at preventing o. reducing the risk of flood damoge
to an 'indNidual building using wet or dry floodproofing techniques. Wet floodproofmg allows wa+er to enter
ond evit the focility, focusing on p�o�ecting the Interior sensifive components (e.g., electncol) and building
contents. It can include use of flood venis, flood damoge resisfant moterbls (e.g., concrete, tile, brick, and
stalnless sfeel), elevating elecirical componenis, o. Installing sump pumps fo remove water thot enters a
6uild�ing. Dry floodproofing {ocuses on preventing woter fmm enteneg o foc��lity, oRec rhrough }he appllwtlon
of wa•erproof sealanis or watertight enclosures, such as ihe use of flood panels af build�ing occess po�inis.
FEMA and fhe FBC provide guidance fo� implementing floodproo{ing measures for critical focilities, howeve�
fhere are opportundles for ihe Clry to exceed those recommendations, oart�iculody for fhe obcement of utilities
ond encoumging dry ove�wei floodproofing, where feasible. The City hos already started �a 4loodproof some
City-owned bu��ldings, including ihe Comention Center (see case study below) ro reduce or p�event damoges
du.ing potential flood events. Thi: strategy focuses on expanding these higher standard floodproo6ng efforts
to the C�irys existing critical focilities ond newly con5lructed cct�cal facil�res.
Flood Proteefion Lifespan:
a�o.ecmo�R>mo�r,
pe=_J -.. +I .Z �3 -4 � �6
Strafegy End:O laet ef SLR Shalegy End:-3 feM of SLR
Ihc C�ry c � A•o6a�5`eer of sea le�el��s ,ove.6ol'
�molame��'looaomaf ng o`�he Pys c-��.cal FacL•�es o�e mo�ecmd
rocF��ucslo-v. ual bcd��i�es. a e+pe• e k�.ng-de=1ood eapos e ior
m re�Fan 52 ooys a yeor.Fequen�flooding
vamz moy�es�.�n focJ ry vccess,porontiolly
ender ng Floodoroa���g�meHec�i.e as a
e�a�dalone z�ra�egy.�hoagF�he Cny s I�.Lely+o
eed to�regm�e floodoma4ieg measures�irro
r oll iocd��nes•hrougn iae end a�rhe century.
538
_ _ -' ° . P(?1
_ _ _ __ _ _ . _
STra}egy in AcTion:
Case Study: Miami Beach Convention Center (Miami Beach)
Recent renovotions to ihe Miomi Beoch Convention Center enhance ihe building's sustainability by using
more efficient utilities to reduce annual emissions, while also increasing ihe facility's resilience to flood
risks. The pmject integmted a combination of wet and dry floodproofing measures into ihe renovafion,
induding roising ihe base floor elevation by one foot and relocating all critical building systems, such
as emergency genemfors, communications and electrical equipment, ond emergency response assets,
to ihe second floor. Building-specific upgrades were complimented by areo-scale improvaments (e.g.,
mising 16e adjacent road elevation, addition of nature-basad stormwoter elamenis�, increosing ihe
resilience of ihe facility and enhoncing its function os a supply staging area during emergency even}s.
a
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539
: f1•°�11
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��m�fa,�o�s:
Reatrieted Facility Accesa
Even wlih floodproofirg tec�niques applied io ��nd��vldual {ocllities, more intense and freq�e�t flooding may
imoede depandable access to }ha 6utlding, affec'ing provrded services ond the t��ning of potent�iol Flood
damoge reqairs.
Doaign Limi}a}ions
Whlle floodproofing techniques signiflcantly reduce the risk o4 �loodwoter entering o bmldi�.g and causing
damage, they cannot fully elir�inate ihe potent�ol for flooding, espec�ially �n exireme events Floodproofing is
o4fen designed to p�otect agamst a specif�ied level af flooding, such as a flood event with a certaln recunent
interval (e.g., 10-year, 100-year floodj. However, if a 41ood exceeds the set level of flood protection, even a
well-desiyned floodpmof�ing strategy could experience damaga Por e�omple, fhe moxlmum flood panel helght
ollowoble by FEMA is 3 feet,which moy not provide protection from lorge coastol storm surge evenis.
Limited Profection Againat Floodwatar Infiltrafion
While floodproof ng con be effecfive for event-based flood protect��on, ir moy not be able to keep oot all farms
of �voter In!Ilirotior, such os �is'�ng groundwater or small crocks in the walls thot ollow moisture to penetrate
over time. Moisture buildup in wolls can lead to mold growth thot weakens the struct�re over fl.me ond presents
heal}h hozords. Additionally, standing water ihat was prevented fmm entering the building moy remoin on slte
ond pose simllor healih concems.
Ownership
The C�ry does not own or manage all of its criticol focilities, �mcluding 1Fe schools, haspiral,or sfote ond fede�al
govemment bulldings. ihe City con leverage po0cy, regula+ions, incentives,and serve as a coo�dina'�on partner
to e�cowage tne adapta+ion of other cniiwl fowlines.
Adoptation Strategy Options
As sea levels contiwe +o •ise, ufilizirg floodproofing tecFniques as ihe pr�mory flood mitigotlon shategy nay
prove inwf6aent to pratect }he C�ty's critical Pac�i6l�.es. This secnon ouNines oddrtional adoptatlon stmtegies
the City could consider in coordinaton with floodproof��g efforts ta ma�nto'm the serv'ices provided by ihese
focllities.
The sr�a�egies in ihis section are not always intended �o be appl�ied in isolotwn, ond some may 6e most
ef4ective and o{fer ihe grea+es± benefits if applied in tandem wi�h another strategy (e.g., elevating elecirical
componenis ond 1loodproofing facility access oointsJ. 51}e speci4ic application of on odapiation shategy
or comb�nahon or stroteg�res should 6e based on ihe dasired level 04 flood proiection, suitobility of local site
conditions, 'implementation cosis, and serv�ices provided by ihe focility.
540
. ............. .i . �.c,�.,. . ,.., . . _, . : . �. 1�1 I_I
. . ._ .. .. . ._.__.. .__.... ..... .•;�
�
Stmfegy Theme: Keeping Water Ouf
FloodHozo.d(s�Addressedr Esnmo�edCos�Leve(
CF2 Temporaryfaeilityperimeter ^
flood walls N '� Q Q
S}rafegy Description:
`emporory tlood perimeter walls are movoble, and ofteo � � lr
modular, barriers to be used around a forlity to prevent � �
floodwaters from reach�ng o building during a high- .
water event. In conimsi to the use of flood pa�els at key
occess po'mis (CFl), ihis oporoach focuses on temporarlly
deploying barriers thot are not physically attached to
}he facility to prevent water from occessing ihe building
foundatioa Flaod wolls con vory -n he�ight depending
on •ha psser requvmg proteciioq moking rhem o �� � �� � �
practical opiion for faNili!ies where permoneni strucforol . ._ . .. .
improvemenis (I.e., elevatlon) are either prohib�fively
eKpensive or logistically cholleng�ng, especially in ihe near
term. Perimeter flood walls can also be used os a sho.�- '� ~`
y .
term sirategy while other adaptot'ion options are made to
ihe facilify itself, prevenring dama9es and improving ine � ` � - -
City'sab�l�ityromo�inta�inessentialservices- �„r�. i�.,`p� ov,,, ,,, "
Flood ProTecfion Lifespan:
t•�o.c_mcc�uamn..�: . _— __.—
. o^q -., . •� •; .4 �i �6
Siralogy StaA: Sirafsgy End:
0 feee of SLR -2 fael of SLR
�F�c�y=o�ld n�000..� zlee-olsoaio.o; �� .
.rrmed�a-elyoeg�- wc �a11 ;5�°h;o(oncm�acb�es
oord�nonng-6e r �iojec�ed io be e,posea�o
o er�ol renpo-ary moowa flom�,ng everrs. rhe
a�'looa borriers or freq.enry and ex�en�of flood�ng
p��omvedfac�l'�t'�estho� w�lll�kelyrende.�empo�aryba..�e.,
hove I�imned e:isrne �„�.prav*ioal solunon ro prowde
�loodp�o�en�ons flooAO�o�ec�ionto-heselowhtes.
541
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Strategy in Action:
Case Study: Tampa Generel Hospital Flood Barrier Project (Tampa, FL)
Tampo Geneml Hospitol is situoted along ihe waterfmnt of o low-lying islond,leaving it highly susceptible
}o flood evenis. In 2019, ihe hospitol began to deploy AquaFence, a temporary flood barrier system,
ohead of expected large coastal storms. The flood barrier system is rapidly deployoble and once in
ploce and anchored, i� forms a water-tight barrier ihot stabilizes and strengfhens with increasing water
pressure. The borrier is intended to wiihstand water levels up to IS feet and has sucwssfully protected
}he hospitol from Rooding damage doring mul}iple hurricana evanis thot Impacted ihe a�ea, includ�ng
H��-icarc�Frlcre aro G^iltn� In 2024.
��� � " �
�
'.'� � 1
��� r ? �,;,s j�,
' . ..�,:= `� /
.,. %_;,/
'�,.� =_�;�'==��! /
Applicafion fo Miamf Bsacl�:
The City could use temporary flood barriers at critical focilities,focusing on 7hose ihat provide emergency
services, such as the City's fire stations, or police stations. This approach offers targeted, short-term
protection that can 6e infegroted into o broader resilience sfmtegy and helps pmvide criticol operotions
continue during mojor flooding evenis.
SfraTegy Considerafions:
• Flood walls could be usea ro protect non-C�i*y owned crir�cal foclines whJe floodproofing or other
improvements are coordinated for ihe facility,
• Proper deployment and removal of temporary flood barriers requires signlPicant monual labor, tlme, and
staff }ro'ning. ihis can be chollenging in a tir�e-sensitive emergency situation, such as on oppraoching
storm o. ofher high-wo�er event. Whlle there are temporory o�d low-cost approaches, such as sandba9s,
ihese have limi•ed effectiveness for significant events.
• iempomry Plood barriers mus! be stored and properly momtained when not in use. I4 not stored properly, It
co� cause ihe moterials to degmde ara redure rheir e$ec'rveness for futare flood pmrec*�on.
• Perimete• tloodwalls ore not effect�,ve ogoi�st iloodng due 'o high groundwater levels, which can flood
building fo�ndarions from below, or minlall, whlch ca� foll w'�ihin ihe bar.ier interface.
542
C t I .. J.r�esPmrrnmAdnn/� o-rF���S_ .. �
�::
.. ............. ..... ......... .... . . ......... ...... .... =
Sfrafogy Thems: Pla�s and Policiss
� FiaoaHood��lndd,e.�ed- esnmo�adco:��a.er
CF3
Include sea level rise in FFE
for oritical facilities � � W � �
Siratagy Description:
The Ronda Bu'ilding Code requires criticol focilities 'o be buit two feet higher thon Bose Fload Bevation. The
Ciry's Res�ilience Code o�lows for first floor elevotions of oll structures to �mdude up to f�rve feet of freeboard
above ihe FEMA BFE, ihough rhis allowance is voluntary. To increase flood resilience, ihe City could require
ihat the PFE of new cdticol facllities be built obove }he FEMA BFE, plus rhe reqwred level oi freeboord, plus
ihe projecfed sea level rise amount aniicipoted to occur over the building strociure's funciionol lifespan (e.g.,
50 years). An ezomple for thls is rhe plans for Fire Sration No. 1,which will be b�ilt ro �he BFE + 5 feet.
This requirement could follow the model of ihe Rood Elevation Stmtegy, where recommended minimum
raadway elemrions are based on the conshuction dote to accoua� 4ar the sea level rise expected to over ihe
modway's des.gn life. In ihe RES, these recommendations increase every f�rve years ro ensure new �oads ore
bwlt to occount for projected sea level rise. Similorly, for critical facilines,a building consiructed in 2020 would
req�ire a FFE of 119 fee' (NAVD88). Th�is accounts for ihe FEMA BFE of 8 feet (NAVD88�, I foot of freebaard
reqmred 6y ihe FBC, ond 29 fee' ol projecied sea level rise by 2070°(ihe building's 50-year lifespan). For ihis
strotagy, F�=E requiremenis would be odjusted every five years for new bwlding design cr'�teria to ensure ihat
mey are desgned to mointain their intended level of flood protection throughour the durot�ion of their design
li'e.
Flood Profecfion Lifespan:
P-o,e�tea S_H 4mowt
:Im'J .p .� .p .3 .a o -6
�
Slralagy Timing: Curcani Sea Levels
'haGyc �sde�veat��gapolirym.eou•e
.,r ol fmdry'�-s ro -ePec��he SLR p�o�ec�od
o.e.�6o hocl�y'z ces gn L�e a�cureM seo levels
543
. , . ... . . , . o..
_ ._ .. ._ . .. . .... .. . .. . _ _ . . .. . _ . :�:��'::
�
S}rategy in Acfion:
Case Study: Updated Building Standards Post-Hurrlcane Sandy
(New York City, New York)
After Hurricana Sandy in 2012, New York City
updated ih building code to enhance resilience �(t �� �
i �1
agoinst future eztreme flooding even}s by :� I�� � � „ �
requiring thot struttures located in flood-prorre .. —
areas be elevated ct least 2 feet above tha
FEMA BFE. This additional freeboard allowance
provides an additional morgin o4 sa4ety for p
a
structures builf in fhese high-nsk areas, induding � - � - � .
critical facilities such os ihe Ruth Boder Ginsberg y�Zn.
HospHal constructed in 2022. The hospital
indudad additional resilient building meosuras,
such as floodproofing the emergancy wing and � �
... , . . d 5 �. ..� „ .
fiM Floor aritical Infrastructure. _ . _ . �- „ _e . z r . _ ... .
Md���,e��e.a�n:
The City could require ihe minimum FFE for criticol facilities to account for sea level nse, similar to iha
New York City ezample. However, The Cify could refine fhis effort by specifying the amount of sea leval
rise to incorporata into the FFE of newly consimcted buildings Thal is adjusted to the amount of sea level
rise projected over}he s}ructure's design life.
S}rategy ConsideraTions:
• i he sea level nse values used to determine ihe FFE should be �egulorly reviewed and �pdated based on fhe
most recent project�ions avo��lable at ihe �ime.
• This strategy moy only be oppGcable for City-ownad facilitles, +hough ihe City could encoumge othe�
fociGTy owne�s and managers to cocsider sea level rise in ihe consiruction of these Pacil'ties.
• Depending on fhe facllify's fundior, more ihon one foot of Freeboard obove ihe FEMA BFE may be required.
Fo� example, hosp�fals curre�tly mondate ihree feet of freeboard. �roposed FFEs unde� th�s strotegy will
need to comply wiih ihese existing fedarol standards, at o minimum.
• Much of the City's FEMA BFE is 8 feet (NAVD88). In areas where rhis is highe� or lower, the reqoired FFE
should olso he odjusted.
• A focilitys design life moy be influenced by the services d provides. FFE esiimates sFauld be adjusted
h�ighe�or lower based on ihe eKpected design li�e.
• Updat��ng build�ing desig� c/�teria for uit��cal {acill}les also represenis an opportunity to revise siandards for
con-criticol ond residemiol s�ructures for more comprehe�srve flood protecfion ac.oss ihe Ciry.
• It moy only be cost effec�He to reqwre compLance for newly consiruc!ed buildings or bcidings receiving
sigm°Icant upgmdes.
• Revised buddirg codes should also require fhe clevation of ancdlory ut�ilines (e.g., elecincal systems, FVAC
systems�.
544
� r r .-ada�m P��F,.-, <. �A
. . ._. . . . .___ .. ... . _. . . . . �.I.�::)
..... .._. —
Strafegy Theme: Living wi4h Wcfer
FloodHazo.d(sfAdd.essed Esr;marodCovLc.eL
CF4 Elevate exisTing eri}ieal � ^ � � � Q Q Q
faeilities � r
Sfralegy DescripTion:
Fo� existing critical focilities, ihe C�ty moy neec , ��
ossess whether addirionol elevorion is necessa� :
befo�e ihe end of o sirutture's deslgn life to mi•igo-� ■ ' ..
poteniiol flood e*posure and damoge. Siru<I.r� ^� •, ��
could be either elevated on earthen fill by odjus' ��.
ihe adjacent grode unde.ihe siructure faundanc� � �
wrth vertical pilings that are dnven into the eart^ ' -
elevate the structure on vert�ical pA�ings or unders'c-. • t1��1-�.__ ��
i'�
ihis approach may be most p.actical for siruc'..��. .
requ�ving m�in�imol elevation (e.g., less ihon five fec ' �
In such cases, elevating the building sl-�ghtly coulc r � ..
more cast effective ihon rebu�ild�ing or rebwtine '�
focility. A hybrid s}ratagy could also 6e employen , = - � �-�� ���.��,�
where ihe second floor is elevated ro ihe desxea
he'�.ght, while the ground floor �s redes��.gned os a
floodable spoce, allowing wo�er to flow in ond auf
dering ¢xtreme flood events.
Flood Protac}ion Lifespan:
P�oiec:eo 5�R amo�r�.
(fec') -0 - e -3 -4 � .6
Slraleg•lanning: S1ra}egy S}aR: Stra}agy End:
I foot of SLR 2 feat of SLR M feef of SLR
'�°' �g�o' - 'egy 4� � 'e - . a level .ise. e „q�eeo �c
o,.ld ocg�^o fl loa� neo�y oll �9J%�o�exo'ury �nually e.�ol,.o�e
� � s'6e cmcol `acillnesa�eom��ee•ed wForte.melevarece-ro��n
mplene�anon of tF�.s ro be�immcrea du�ing o srorm o�e�ol<oc�Lnes rhm�gh
f st�ategy will �eqube surge evenr.A•�h�s swle.•he �he end aF the ce��ury.
sgnd�iconi plo�nmg and Qry moy consder eleval�9
xareholde�engogemenr. c•incol'aciLnesrho�canna�
be relomeed�o man�om•he
pmvhion of essennol ser.�ces.
545
_ _ _ f1?1
_ __ _
Sfrafegy in AcTion:
Case Study: Facilities Management Building (Miami Beach)
The consiruction of ihe new Facilities Management building incorporates several enhanced flood
protection design considerations. For example, fhe buwlding's first floor is designed to accommodate
floodwaters during ezireme storm evenis, while ihe utilifies and office spaces have all been elevated to
the second floor, above the FEMP, BFE. Additionally, ihe building's simctuml componenis and eMerior
finishes have been floodproofed with flood resistant moterials. These standards could serve as guidance
for ony criticol facility ihat may require elevation before reaching the end of its design life.
Sfrofegy Considerations:
• Elevoting some criticol focilifies (e.g. hospi�ols and f�ve stationsj moy not be feasible as �t may compllcate
emergency vehicle access. If done for ihese 4ocilities, roods, romps, and parking areas would also be
designed to acco�nt for higher facility elevations.
• Elevoted focilities moy moke occess more difficalt fo�visitors,especiolly if sioirs o� long romps ore required
to reoch ihe higher enhonce doors. Maintain�ing service access for disabled v�sitors will also need �a be
consldered.
• Ancillary utili+ies (waieq sewoge, elecirical) servicing the faclllty will olso need fo be elevated or protected
Irom flooding as recommended in ihe FBC.
• The C�ty's high urban denslty may limit 1Fe obiPty to use earthen fill,which requires enough surrounding land
�o tie �he new elevation in with neighboring pmperties.
• Selected elevation for cnr�.cal facil�ities will requ�ve compl�ionce with local building codes (C'�3) ond PEMA
floodplao management regulaflons.
• Elevated focli+ies w�ill requ�ve addit�ional investment for foundat'ional ond structural .e'i�forceme�t �hot
could �esclt m higher mdial consirucfion cosis.
• Historic buildings moy not be oble to easily adapt to meet higner bu�ild�ing elevat�ions. Add�itionol sirotegies,
such as floodproofing techniques (CP�) ond temporary flood perimeter walls �CF2) may be considered for
site-speciflc fload protection.
546
61°�
Sfrafegy Thome: Sfralegic ReloeaHon
FloaeFina�d/s�Addressed EsnmaredCosrLe�el:
CFS Repurpose frequently
flooded eritical faeilities Q � � '� � Q Q Q Q
�- ... .�, .�.-
S}rafegy Description:
Mony oi the City's critical facilities ore projec±ed m foce ��ncreosingly 4eqaent Plooding impocis as seo level
n.ses il ihey are unoble fo be adequa�ely floodproofed or elevated abo�e these impocts. To momtom the
services pro�ided by these focilities, the City could consider relocating at-risk facilities ro altemative, less
flood-prone sites. The site could �hen be repurposed to accommodate stormwofer retent��on or to provide
other community tunctions, such os develop'ing recreat�ional spaces, to reduce Flood risks wh�ile mointoining
the cammunity benefiis of ihe space. This approach wlll lower cap�tal ond molntenance cosis associared with
protecting these facllities, avoid castly �epairs following flooding impacis, and increase ihe amount of City-
owned area dedicated to Flood monogement ond recreatlon.
Flood Prote<fion Lifespan:
Gro�ectea S�R 4mo..rt . .
(leet) �0 �1 �2 -3 -c -S �
�' _ " _ ". _
S1ra/egy Planning: S1raTegy SfaA: S}rafsgy Sfart:
3 feet of SLR 4 feel af SLR 6«leef of SLR
vla�n�go^ap�b6c Ara �ce�o'scolwei,ov ,•eC��ywl'�kely
e�gago� orrFz &0%0� �r�� coi .-o-��„aly
sr�o�egy ca.,ld beg n oi a�ley bcono�.a.e vnl�a�e n-tl �n
i fee al sea le.el r�se�o pro�eded�o e:penence ��amLry Ixa+ons ro��
proviac enough r;me ro Iloadmg inpacro dwrg �epurpoc�rg �nrough
�,mplement the snategy at d compowd 9ootl:�g even�s. tFe ena ol rFe cemury.
�ed of sca Icvcl-�sc A�fhis ualc,ihc C�iy may
ons�de�waysro-epurpose
c�hese spaces,mfher�hon
Invesnng�in prorectmg�he
Ianli y a��h�is loca��o�.
54�
__ _......_ _ _ Q°�
-
Sfra}egy in Acfion:
Case Study: Slidell Police Headquarters Relocatlon (Slidell, Louisiana)
In 2024, the Slidell Cify Council approved the rebcotion of the City's police headquarters to a less
flood-prone area located 2 miles away from ihe existing site. The existing sita. vulneroble to flooding
during storm evenis, posed challenges for poli<e opemTions, induding forcing }he evacuation of the
building during severe floods. The City evaluated the option ol rebuilding arid elevating ihe facility oT its
ezisting location but iound ihot the $6M additional cost to roise the building was not a cost-effective
solution.The City plans to fund the new focility ihrough o temporory local sales taa to offer greater flood
protection ond operotional efficiency.
Applleation fo Miomi Bsaeh:
Similar fo ihe City of Slidell,ihe City of Miami Beach could priaritize relocoting Frequently flooded critical
facilities,focusing on buildings in low-lying oreas where existing or future flooding may disrupt operatians
or pose a threat to on-site stru<turol or osset damoge. Afrer relocating ihese facilities, }he City can
repurpose the vocated site (e.g., open or recreational space) to reduce flood risks in surrounding areas
while mointoining the communiiy benefih of The space.
STrategy ConsideraTians:
• The decision to relocate critical facildies should be mformed by a cos�-benefi! onalysis to comparing ihe
long-term cosis of adequately floodproofing the fac�ility at its current lacation with ihe casis oF relocating
it to a less-flood prone areas.
• Relocating critical foc�ilities, such as hospitals, police sfations, and tire smtions, can be expens�rve. Cosfs
requued to ocquire new land, design ond consiruct ihe new focdity, ond mave ihe operotions could be
prohibitively high and fund'ing moy be difficult to ob+a�in.
• Identifying o suita6le location wifh a lower flood risk within ihe City boundary may be chollenginy because
most of ihe City is vulnerable to ex�isting o� fcture fload expos�re through ihe com�ing decades. C�ity oreos
oI higher elevafion ihat could be oot�imol for these .elocations could 'mdude the Ciy's golf course and
areas of 4orih Beach.
• Relocating 4oc�dltles moy cause a temporory disrdption of vital servlces during ihe move. Logisiical qlomm�g
wauld 6e required }o avo�d potentlol dlsruptlons.
• Some site-dependent senices cannot 6e relocoted due to ihelr funct��.onal or yeoymphical requiremenis
(e.g. fire stotionsj. In these wses, fhe City can evaluate wnether the existing 4ocility can be adapted for
resillence to Iuture Ilood condi'�ons, perhops lhrougF devation (CF4) or floodproofiny (CFI�.
548
crn cal�=a�I.r�e. re-i��.-.. . .. . . . . ,o..
.................................................................................�.�... .. . �
.._ �. 1`:I� -
�
Ll; . :L+.c .
:f
. .IiP'.N�•�T42J[` �CW,
0.�'r;/li,�...:1 ':i�r r�.
? � � _ __- - �___.- _—._
,I:.-I..:- . i. . � .. .
Praiec:ed SLR ,0 �1 .2 �S -4 . �G
Amcuat(feeq
>SOY>of CFs�mpocted
danngcompourdfbod
Con�inue m
Cfl Hoadproo�
C���cal�ocLnes
ie�poory
CFY'-ocd�ry�c��mc�cr
ioo�wau:
cl�de SL4�in
CF3 ��- .o�c�n��,l� ,pOxofcR�mpon.d
FocLi�e� dunngcompoundflood
CF4Neva�e Exisnng �
c-�rcalcac�,nes . .. ..
ueo. po:e
CFS �-eq�e�ily
�IoodeaCrm.cal �' �� - '- -
GF-Cnrr�ol PocrGnes
� _..i i � .. ... � � . . ,,.
� �vin�i:r.nw�:�� � ' . ��as�.�ateay
� via,�a�a P�.i�,.�. � -. . ,aiEna a•sna�^sy
� Na� .,-e�;z�t���:_�,: � •ov via�,,��,e—�zae r.re
� svaiPyicau�_3u��- � �. .as�2regvrm,s'x-
E.i r.ng c mpvund(laad�ng e m v z Aer d by rfie v .v al o�O yoo¢2a w. �nlol e. e(B./5�nc �ontl a king p�fe
Pro�o[led aea�u+al rrse amounh were odded�o^rhs baseline ro demrmme lumee oompaund llooding eslenrs.
�mvo�n�o aaseh we�a aemved by o.a.loyi�g rb�ide.o�r�ompowdllooding�cenona enm�o��o rM1e Cny i nincal idmsb�ewm lo�ifnas��CIS�e
dc�mm�no�Fvpamn ol�ocd�nesp.a�ec�od�oe.periwcoXoodinglmpoctc
549
_ f`°'1
- -
Sea level rise hos }radifionally been a primary mnsidemtion in the C'�ty's plamm�g e'rforis to reduce or
avoid potential Flood risks. However, there are other relevant metrics that the Gty could also moniror to
provide an understanding of how rising sea le�els moy worsen flood impacts or place additional siress
on the City's infrastructure and notural systems. Monitoring ihese metrics, along with sea level rise, can
help to identify key thresho�ds ihat moy serve as early warning signols thot existing sirotegies moy no
longer be sufficient.
This section includes a list of proposed metrics and ihresholds ihot ihe City could consider to inform
}he most effective stmtegies for long-term Critical Facilities flood protection. Additionally, a suitability
matrix is provided to identify metrics that could be used to inform each sirategy included in the Cri�ical
Facilities flood Proteciion Pathway Summary.
Mefrica
Metrics are measurable indicators that ore used to tmck the effectiveness of adaptatian actions over
time. They are useful in helping moke decisions on when to transition between differen} adaptation
strategies bosed on chonging seo level conditions and ihe observed effects.
Adaptation Threaholda
Thresholds are a pre-defined change in ihe eaisting physical conditions or social to�erances for flooding
�mpocts and serve as eady waming to signal ihat ezisting sirategies are losing �heir effecirveness and
could benefit from supplemental or oltamatrve adaptation stmtegies.
MoniToring Plan
Monitoring allows the City to imck ihe defined metrics over time for evidenee of specified odaptotion
thresholds being met to avoid large potentiol impacts to the City's ossets and facilit'�es. While fhe City
has axisting plons and methodolagies to �mck some of ihe proposed metrics, others will require the
development and implemenfation of new monitoring progroms.
550
i1°�
-
Metrio: Cntical Facilities Exposed }o Compound Flooding (Roinfoll during o King Tide)
Adaptafion Threshold: Percentage of Facilities Ezposed to Compound Flooding
Qrtical focilities affected by 4looding impacts coald sustain interior or ezterior damoga thot could
cause the facil'iy to close for repairs, leading to temporory service disruptions. If mony of the City's
critical facilities are affected simultaneously,the City's capacity to maintain necessary daily opemtions
could be compromised.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could establish a compound flood moNtoring system, consisting of a network o( m�n goges
ond ihe NOAA Virgimo Key tide station, to coMinuously monitor flood water levels in real time.
Deploying a Citywide network of rain gages would be challenging; however, ihe City could place
gages in key locations nearby critical facilities to monitor flood water levels at ihese important
assets. Water level informotion can be wmpared with }he elevations of focility firsi floors and critical
componenis �o document ihose are exceeded by compound flaod levels. This informotion could also
be used ta inform post-flood insp¢ctions of 6aild'ings to document potantial damages and can serve
as a guide for the Ciry to understand ihe timing of when o large number of critical facilities could
need to tronsiiion to a supplemenfal or replocement adoptation strategy for flood protection.
Matrie: Past Flooding Experienced
Adaptation Threshold: Record of Impocts from Past Flood Events
Cnticol facilities affeded by flooding impads could sustain interior or esterior damage that could
cause fhe facility to fail to del'iver essential services, leading to tempomry service dismptions.
Documented ocwrrences of previous flood impacis at critical focility locations con serve as an
indicator for future potential damage. Critical facility buildings with a known history of Flood exposure
or damoge could be a cand��date for adaptation simtegies to enhonce Flood protection.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could levemge current facility imck�ng rystems to create a database fhat documenis/iracks
flood occurrences at the building-specific scale, particulady for critical focilities. Initiol historical flood
documentation could be gathered from City Department knowledge of previous flood impacfs to
their buildings, collectian of flood impact raports for insurance claims, or o comparison of build'ing
elevations with histoncol fide and min station datasets ihat can serve as a pmxy for potential flood
e.posure.
551
. ... . .. ......... ... .... . . ...... �r..�.;I � . . . . . ,�,
� I �
FO�MNOI M�MC�
CriHed FxYltiw EypoMd to Pa�f Flood HryerMna
CwnyeundFbod6g
� � ., �.., H,. .dp,�z,�� c,,,,cai r.,�,�,r.,, O O
� Tcmpn.ary Faeility Perime}er Flood Walls O
� inclvno SLR in FFE for Crftical FoNlities � �
� Elavota Existing Crifical Focililiss O O
Repurpone FrequenNy Flooded Crilieol O O
Facilities
� , . ,.� = ... ,-. i. . _ v._. .... .. . . . . . . .._ . .. . .._. � _ .. .,.,. - .. ...
55Z
Critical Infrastructure Flood Protection
, Pathway Summary
'he srro!eg es �.n ihis sec+ion ore intended to p�ovide opnons to sofeguard wostewater, water, ond elecirical
d'is!nb�non 'nfrasrrucrwe from potential flood damoge to mointoin essent�ial servires for City residenis.
The Need to Adapt
The G+y's ability to perform and delrver essenhal serv��ces to res��den}s ond businesses, including os drinking
wateq wostewater management, and rel'iable power, depends on a complex network of Cityw'ide d'isiribution
infrosfmcture, such os plpeGnes ond ironsmiss'ron lines. Mainioining ihese services requires well-4unMioning
ond modemized infrostructure thot is designed for environmenfal conditions and hozords that could occur
ihroughout the infmstructure's functional lifespan. Nearly holf (48°/� of ihe city's woter moins were installed
before 1980,and 98°/of ihe wasiewater pipelines hove an unknown age.As a resuli,ihe City's key introstracture
may 6e especially ot nsk of failure due to age, weor, or being under designed for future flooding caused by
nsing sea levels.
The City currently uogrades and reploces agirg cri+ical infrasimcnre th.ough Neigh6orhood Impmvement
Projecis (NIPs) to sireamline upgrades and minim¢e consiruction disruptlons. These projecrs often �nclude
various critical infrostructure �improvemeats, including repairing, modernizing ond ups¢ing wpter ond sewer
infrostruc+ure. The Ciry has also developed �wo Maste. Plans, one for ihe water system and one for the sewer
system, ihot evoluate the condition of ihese disiri6utions systems and recommended phosed Improvemenis to
ensure resilience of the infrosiructure through 2045.
However, ihe substontiol plonaing and design leads times necessary for ihe implemen+ation of these projecfs
sugges! ihot rlsing sea levels moy complicate implementotion effohs or reduce fhe ezpecred flood protectian
benefits of ihe projec*. For example, wlih one 'oot of sea level rlse, ove� 65% of ihe City's existing critical
infrosfruclure (I.e., pipelines, pump stations, and substaflons) locanons are projected to face more frequent
flooding from king tldes, rising groucdwater and compound flood evenis°. Antidpoting these logistical
cholle�ges, `he C�iy may need to evo��ote whether To Implement oddltional srrafegles to odapr or relocate
t�e Gry's a�r.ccl ���-orvc',.re �c w—�s�ord projec�ed Hood�ing impacis and maintala ihe provision of esseMial
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, �r� � '.� �. �f��,:�...n.r`. y
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553
.. ...... ... ..... . . ......... . .....�.. ....... .�.. I ..... �. .. .. �
The strategies below provide a set of options �or ihe City to conslder fcr ongoing flood protection for ihe
City's critical Infrosimcfure (e.g., water, wostewa*er, and electrical osseis) ihrough ihe end of rFe century.
The sirategies prov���de o suite of opprooches tFat �ndude conti�uin9 flood protection irfrosiructure upgrades
fo keep rhe water out, but also indude adopting pollcy updates, and rhe stmteglc relocation of key assets to
reduce increosing flood risks to these assets.
Each sirotegy mdudes a summary dacumenting •mplementation conside•ations, a rough order of mognitude
cost, metrics ond adaptanon ihresholds ihat could indicate an approo�iate time for the sirategy to 6egln, ond
a cnse study exomple, where applicable, oi where ihe sirotegy has beer aoplied wlihin the C�iy o� In other
r�,.r��cioaLtles with simdm ^eeds. -he s��a'egles a-e also presented Ir or odao'a�'.o� oathways d'.ag�ar^ at fhc
er� of �bis secron to uroerstond adap�o'�o^ '^res-olas ond �he pore��al -mirg o� sr-a-ogy Inole^�o^-o��ron.
$�� Shabgy Ilom� Hood flmard�Addn�wd
IMs6�r
Implemenl eurrent Neighbor{�ood Improvemenf Projecls
CI� Carry o�! �e.gh6o�hood improvenem projecrs.s�c�os � � �
�eolaang aging ml�ash�C�re ond pipelires, wh��.cF we-e �� W
pr o.rlrea at the nagF6orh000 scale.
Update Neiqhborhood Priorifizofion Plan for fulure sea
leval riaa
�.�,� ihe Neighborhood ��b�rt za�o� �fon wJl 'ikely need 'a be � �
�eviseci mer A�.e io �e°lect evoH�n�ew�ronme�tol cond�nors r. w� �
d�e to seo ievel nsn a�d '�e s^141 ng imploTentot o^
landscapa
—"___ .. . _ .. __ ..
Implemenl fufura NeigFborhood Improvemenf Projeela
An �pdo�ed 4e�ighhorhoad P.�or pmno� Plar woula{oc�ill�are ^ � ^ �
CI3 �h� �m.�i��,��io��o� �� N��yhbo,a�od imP-o��m��r P,o���+s �,J :w�
�Fo-cons��.dr f�c oatc��iol project impocts fmm fuWrc sca �� r' �'
evcl .se <hro�gh fhe entl of �he century.
Floadpraof Crifieal Infra�irueturo
Apply dry;e.g.,wo�erp�oof coverings,sealonis)and we� ^ � ^ �
C�4 �loodproof�n9 ;e.g., flood reslstant motariols, adding somp �i�/ �A�'
pumps)*ech�lques ia crn¢ol m4rastmclure m flooa prone W
oreos o{�he Gty to reduce or prevent flood damoge-
EI�wLCrifieallnfra�fruetura � ^ � �\ �
C�$ Elevvte oalcol ml�ashucwre componen's!a 6e above � �r ��'� ,Y,�,
pro�ec'ed flood levels b reduce the nsk o�'load damagc. �� ��" "" r'
Rdocata FrequenHy Floodad Criticol lnfm�hucture
Assess'he feasibdrty of relownrg tey i�trasfmc'ure+mm ^ /� � /� �
(�'�6 �lood-prone areos to e�Fa�ce�es�,l',ence,pom.ularly whe� �/ � �r ��Y ,�,
xlsiing floodproo6ng and elevat o^ s'mfegies me nm � W r'
4eos��ble or effective.
Strofegy Theme:
Keeping Woler Out, Plans and Policies, Sirategie Reloeation
554
__ ___ _ _ _ �
Current Strategy
Sfrafegy Thsme: Kseping Watsr Out
Implemen} eurrent FmodNo=o.d�:�ndd.es:ed� er�mo�adca,�ie.er:
CI7 Neighborhood Improvement A � � � QQQ
Projeets
S}rategy Description:
Neighborhood Improvement Projects are the primary fool {or upgrading }he Ciry's critical Infrosiructure. such
as wateq wostewater, and electr'ical systems. Ongoing plonning effo.is, like the Water ond Sewer Master
Plans, rewmmend significant upgrades and replocements to ihese networks, which ore included in several
Neighborhood Impmvement Projecis. For example,ihe top five prlorif'¢ed Neighborhood Improvement Projects
include pmjects I'ike wastewater pipeline and wate� ma'in replocemenis, pump stotion rehabil�itotions, and
exponding water and wastewater system caoacify. These opgrades are supported by odditional impravements,
such os road elevafions ond stormwater sysfem enhancemenis.
The City hos already implemented four Neighborhood Improvement Projecis thot Include toese critical
upgrades. Mov�ng forward, ihe City should con�inue to focus on retrofitfing or replacing olde� infmsiruc�ure,
particulo�ly woter and wastewoter pipellnes, through ihese Neighborhood Improvemen� Projects.
Flood Profection Lifespan:
P�oiec@tl S'�_R Amour:
(feeU •p • _2 -3 - J -6
Simfegy S1aA:0 fset of SLR Strategy End: -1 faet ol SLR
'tie Pry s c�. e-rly moa�ng c���cal Ai 21ee�ol seo te�el �ise.ove� 10"A o�
..ci✓e .pyoces�F-c.yF �-e . �� .r cal � �o,��.c+��e bce�ons
Ve�ghbo�nood Impro.e^�e��°�ojec�s. a�o p�o�enca �o oe�m roo by
t�e�iry c ornnue-o pu�s�e mpo��nd 4oac ave��s.°r�o�m rh�s
f��d�ng m foc�hesa p�o�ec�s ro ccale ol�mpans,rhe Gry moy�cod
or�aneze�eplac�g aged ��I•as��ucm�e. ro cons de�atFe�aaap�ario�st�megy
aot ans m p�o�ed c�mcal infwsb�cm�e
asse�s 4om flood"mpac�s.
555
__ _ _ _ _ , �
STra}egy in Ac}ion:
Case Study: Miami Beach's West , �` ; �
Avenue Neighborhood Improvement ;�;,� , . - �� �
Project (Miami Beach) —
The West Avenue Neighborhood Improveme�t -
Projact focuses on reducing flood risk whJe �
also improving walkability of the neigh6orhoc.i
community. In addition to increosing ihe arec', �
stormwater capaciTy and elevating secfions c� . `�� �
roadway, the Nelghborhood Improvement Projecis � � �
includes the replocement of oging underground water and sewer lines to minimize ihe chonces of future
breaks and disruptions in service. WaTer infmsiructure upgrades also include ihe replacament of ihe
exisTing water moin dis}ribution and transmission system, ihe installation of naw service connaciions,
water meters, fire hydrants,and irrigation lines.Wostewatar upgrades include rehabilitation of the exiting
sewer colleciion system to improve system performance.
LimiTaTions:
Coaf
The comprehensive improvemenrs outl�ned in ihe Neighborhood Improvement Projecfs mean s�gnificant copitol
is required to impleme�t these projects. Projecis are likely to reqwre ihe ro�ising oP sidewalks and build�ing
access points in add�iflon �o �he elevation of utilities. This harmonization is necessory ro maintain essen�iol
services but can substantiolly increase overoll project cosis.
Long Lsad Timea
Under !raditional fucdirg, plomm�g, and consiruction timel�ines, completing all recommendad Ne�ghborhood
Improvement Projecfs would toke decades, potentially leaving lower-priorify criflcal infrosiruciure at
i�creosed r�.sk of period�ic flood�ng. Commonity feedback substonnolly �impocts the long project plannmg o�d
implementation timeline.
Changing Sifa Suitability
ihe he��ghborhood Improvement Projects require ectensWe p�anning ond dasign, leading to long lead +imes
prlor .o mplementa*�o�. During rhls nme, envtronmeniol changes, �mdud�in9 sea le�el rlse wd chong�in9 romfall
Intenslties, may increase the Ilkelihood of flood damages a! fhe project site or alter t4e requiremeMs of
proposed ��mpmvements, reducing ihe efFeciHeness of the pmposed in4rostmcture upgrades.
Serviea Diaruptions
Nelgnborhood Improvemeni Projecis ofier requ�re temporory loss of service while repalrs ond i�rprovements are
mode. As sea levels rise, ffie increased 6equency and scale of ihese pro�ect could lead te more widespread
ond orolonged disruptions ocross ihe Cay.
Riaing Groundwafer
Ris��g sea levels will also elevare grourdwater levels �o rhe surfoce, wh'ich could infllirate and degrode b�ried
water and wasfewater pipellnes, decreasi�g ihe f�nc!�onol lifespon of insialled Inlrastrucr�re.
�... _ .. . . .�... r. . : :. . . . . _.. .. .
556
_ - �
Adaptation Strafegy Options
As seo levels �ise and rainfall events become more Intense, on �ncreasng number of critical irfrostrucfure assets
will be exposed to flood evenis, mak�ing ihem more prone to potencal damage ar 4oilure and nsving of ihe loss
of essentiol serv:ce to .es�den*s. This section ou*lines sirareg�ies the City wuld consider to be co�d�cted 'in
coord��notlo�wi1F tFe �mpiementotion o( rhe Neighborhood Improvemert Projects to avoid disruptions.
The stroteg'ies '�n this section ore not olways intended to be applied in �isobtion, and some moy be most
eifective ond offer the greatest benefits if apolied �.n �andem with onather sirategy (e.g., eleva�ing one
component of an assM whde floodpmof��ng arother�. Srtc speCi�'ic applicat��or of an adaptafion strategy or
combination of sira*egies should 6e basea o^ �ho expectea level oi =1ooa prorect��o�, saitobiliry of local site
eoro�tio-s, nolemen�otorces+s, o�d '�ese�- ceso�o��dco 'u� '^� ,... __ . e
' 1/�'^— ►`• `-; ��.�k. }�f. .
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557
..ehc II � . . ✓eP. , �4doFf F-Iha�yc.^ �
Strotegy Theme: Pla� and Poltctss
Update Neighborhood FloadHozo.d(sJAddrexsed Esrmo�edCosuerel:
Cl2 Prioritization Plan for fufure
sea level rise ^' � � 4
Strategy Description:
To ensure ongoing flood protectlon for critical 'mfmstructure across ihe Ciry, the Ne�gF6orhood Prioritixotion
Plon should be updated to reflect evolving climate cond�.nons. This update should incorpo�are recent planning
efforts, such os the SWMMP and the Sea Level Rise Vulnembil'rty Assessment and Adapto��on Plan, to create
a new se� of Nelghborhood Improvement Projec}s. Integroting ihese plons will help ensure the updated
Neighborhood Improvement Projects address increased flood risks from seo level rise and more intense m��nfall
events. Additionally, ihe updated Neighborhood Prlor.tlzatioo Pion con ossess completed Neighborhood
Improvement Projecfs fo document key project benefits ond besi management pract�ices.
Flood Protecfion Lifespan:
vroiected sLR 4mocrt
:lee•) .p .i , _ —[ .5 .6
H
StraTagy Timing:l feet of SLR
w��,z�ee�olmarc.oi�s�. m � ., . ���. �wilo�
s. ��g en��e � os��..ct�re o. .�
� �� - o�qac�w
ero oe�mpoctca tlur ng camoo�ndSAooa wers.
At !ms scole,the Cuy w�re��ew�he p�oposed
fload m�•�gmio�be�ef rs of c���e•�Ne�g�bo�Foad
Imoro.eme�r P-qeas m dete-mi�e J o� �pda�e m
rhe NegFbo��ood a��om.m��.o�ala��a�eqo-�ea.
S}rategy Considarotions:
• The City con rev�ew ihe Neigh6orhood �riaritimtior Plan on o regular basis ro determine if the currert
Neighborhood Improvement Projects adequotely oddress pmjected flood risks or if on update �s required.
• The City's Vulnembiltty Assessment provides o resource for identifying loca?ions ond ihe timivg of potentiol
flaod Impocis to G}y assets rhot can inform rhe Nelghborhood Prioritlzotion Plon updaie.
• The �pdated Neighborhood Prioritimtion Plo� should ��ncl�de a process to evoluate the {lood risk of ossets
located within the projecf oreos os well os oppo^unlfies for reaucing flood Impac�s fhrough supplemental
adopfahorsimiegies.
• Updating ihe Neighborhoad PrioritimP�on Plan w�.11 require sgnifica�r engagement wirh elected olfic�als
and public stokeholders
558
^nncalln4.a=r,..cr;e� �_ n_ .Adap- . ..- �
STwfegy Theme: Keeping Wafer Out
FloodHozo.ds add.essed: EstimoredCos�Lerel:
Implemenf future I I
C13 Neighborhood ImprovemenT A � � � QQQQ
Projeefs
S1ra}egy Deseription:
An updofed Neighborhood Priontimtion Plan can facilitate ihe implementahon of repriontaed Neighborhood
Improvement Projecis iha± conslder the potentlal project impacts from future sea level nse ihraugh the end
of ihe century. Based on the updated prioritim��on, ihe Cify can pureue funding 'o deslgn and implemert
idenfifled projec�s.
Flood ProTecfion Lifaspan:
Pm�ected s�R amourt
(teeq -0 �� •2 -3 -n 5 �6
Sfralegy StaA: Sfrafegy End:
2 Foef of SLR b+feel of SLR
c C y:a�beg n p.,s��.�g���a�g�or rhe .c���ea
�ep��o�needVeghho,400d'�mp-a�eme�f Ve�ghoc�Fmd�ro�l'z�'o�
?�o�ecrrollowmg the Ve.gnborh000 PIa�mo��ld 4e�ny a.�d
. io��Im��on Plan uodare. p/o�dae ka�g�borFood
Improvemerr P-oacn fim
will p�o.ide long-�e�m
fload pm�ecnon ihrougF
the end o{�Fe cemury.
STraTegy Considerations:
• The design ond implementotion of projecis will requi.e s�gn�f�cant publ��c engagement and coordinotion
wl}h Ci'y Departmen}s.
• It moy not 6e feasible from an englneeriny or economic perspective *o adapi all project componenis
ta ihe level of flood protection requhed at the end of ihe project's design life. Where possib�e, pro�ect
components should be designed wlih ihe capacity to adapt incrementally to keep pace w�th chonying
flood cond�itio�s o�er �ime.
559
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.. ......._..._. _...._...... ._........ . _. ...... . ....... . .. . _ ._._..
S4rafsgyTheme: Keeping Wafer Out
FloodHazardlsJAddreued� EstimoredCosfLe.el�
C!4 Floodproof critieal ^ � � � Q Q Q
infrastructure u
Straiegy Deseription:
Crecal infrosiructure in flood-prone areas can be protected using wet or dry floodproofing techniques. Wei
floodproohng ollows floodwaters to erter nomcritical oreas while protecting key componenrs E�omples
include onchoring woter siorage tonks, lining oging was'ewater pipelines, using flood-resisroni moteriols fo•
elecirical components, and �instolling sump pumps in low-lyi�g areas.
Dry floodproofing, used for highly sensitive assets, seals infrastructure to prevenf water inirus��on. Examples
include opplying waterproof coverings, installing backflow prevention volves, and encosing critical
componenis. Boih approaches help limii damage and mointoin operotions. The choice of inethod depends on
the infrasiructure"5 sensinvity and apemtional needs.
Flood Protecfion Lifespa�:
Pm�cc[cd A R Amoi,m.
(IeeJ �0 �1 «2 «3 -e > .6
�
Slwtegy Planning: Slwtegy Sfart: Strafegy End:
0 f�et of SLR I foot of SLR I faet af SLR
Plonn�ng lor�ms sno!egy A� ' � eo le.ei,65"�. c N��G fee�of sea level
ould beg��n mmed�ioiely n r.�col��bos���<�u.c nse,il000proo+��ng
by Itlennly�ng c�ircol �locaoons are oro ecred ro �echn�que may be
�aso-ucrwe4a�shouldbe hoveflood�ng�mpm�saunng ne4lee�aewrthoat
Iloodproolec o or�o I loor compo�oa `lood�i�g e errs odd��eo�al s�meg�es
o�sealevel o�acenoi�ocse�smay.eoe�.e in orporored.
�loodprool��ny hor pro�eo��o�.
rJ60
_ ___ _ �
S}ra}egy in Acfion:
Case Study: Miami Beach Venetlan Causeway Water and Sewer Main Upgredes
(Miami Beach)
Tha Venetion Causeway Water ond Sewer Main Upgrades project is an initiative ihat aims to enhanca the
Ci}y's flood resilience by upgrading and dry floodproofing essen}ial woter and sewer infmsiructure. This
project invoHes replocing old water main lines along ihe Venetian Causeway with new, flood-resistant
materials and using Horizantal Directional Orilling ta protect pipes from flood exposura By installing ihese
utilities deeper underground and improving dumbility,Miomi Beoch sirengihens�}s water and wastewater
systems against rising sea levels and storm surge. This initiative is part of ihe City's broader sirategy to
safeguard critical infmsiructure In flood-prone areas.
� ' - 4r.
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.. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . - � r
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- - . __ .- _ - -,-:'_ �"."s .__"""c-'_:�" s' a,
Stratagy ConsideraTions:
• For redundant flood protection,some projecfs could�ncorporate both wet and dry floodproof�ing techniq�es
fo�the same ossef. For e.ample, protection of wastewa!er pump sfafions may include using flood resisfani
motenols for elect�ical control panels and wate�proof sealart applied �o pump stahon exterior walis.
• -his sirotegy ca� be combined w�ih elevation e'4orts(Sfmtegy CIS) to enhance flood protec'ion.
• Floodproofing may provide an adeq�ate lavel of oroteciion for cartoin ossets beyord 4 fee+ of sea level
rise_ Howeveq the fioonciol and logistical cholle�ges of pchieving camprehensive flood p�otecnon Citywide
only ihmugh {loodproof�in9 technlques noy newssitote cocside�ai�on of othe�siroregles.
561
, __ . . _ �
Sfwtegy T6eme: Keeping Wafer Ouf
FloodHazard(sJAddressed: EsnmoredCosrLerel:
CIS Elevate crifical
infrastrueture Q � � � 0 0
STrafegy Description:
For this sirategy, critical in{rostructure remoins in !he curren* loca*ion but is elevated above projected
floodwater levels Elevat'�on can �include consiructirg plotforms +or asrets or re�ocating assets to higher floors
with'in o building. In some cases, only certain components moy need to be elevoted (e.g., electncol features,
potoble water line oir volves). The Ciry's building cades specifies ihat crif�ical '.nfmsimctwe shovld be elevated
to at least FEMA's BFE plus 1 foot oF Preeboard. The City could consider elevating key infmsiructure componenis
above thls minlmum to provlde a higher level ol Flood protection.
Flood ProTee}ion Lifespan:
Prole[[etlSLRAmourt ------.-----_---- -----_ . . .
(te^q �0 ,t .2 •3 n _��__ _ . 6
� _ _ ' "
Stwtagy Planning: S}ratagy Slart: Sfrafegy End:
0 feet of SLR 1 foot of SLR 4 foot of SLR
>lonn.nq!ar�hrs svo-egy M '.-oa�of sea level,65%of Ar n lee�a!sea level nse,
oold oegi� mediotely u��en�c��ncol�i�'msnic!ure cenom c cal m�•os���c���e
c by Iven!fying crificol lo<ollons are pmjec�ed'o moy neetl fo be elemted�o a �
�mlmstuctu�ethvt navefloadingimpacrsa�nng heigFtihotmokesaccessana
should be elevated pnor ompound flood�mg even�s ond na�irrerance diff�icult.
ro I foor a4 sea Ie.eL may req�ve olwonon vbovc
expec�ed (loatlwa�e�s.
562
__ ___ , . _ �
Sfrcieyy in Aefion:
Case Study: 18th Street and Sunset Harbour Drive (Miami Beach)
The stormwafer pump station at 181h Sireet ond Sunset Harbour Drive features underground componenis,
with elevated eleciricol panels to prevant power loss during sforms and permanent genemtors installed
at select sTations 4or bockup during grid outages. Most componenis of a stormwater pump sfafion are
locoted underground, but ihe elevation of the electrical ponels, is essantiol to pmtect ogoinst potentiol
water damoge from flooding. This proacfive approoch helps pumps fo remain opemtional during flood
evenis and safeguards essentia) services in ihe Sunset Har6our Neighborhood.
t
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— � ,,, � �4�����
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S�rategy Considerations:
• This strotegy is not appl���cable for buried critical infrasimcture, such os pipelines.
• ihe level of designed flood protectian �e.g., onnual king tides vs. 1-percenr a�nual chance coastal storm
event) for infmstrucfure types may vory based or the cri7lcality a�d sensitiviiy of each project.
• ihe desgn elevafion of infrastructure may be I�im'ited by mo'intenance access capabil'ii��es.
• This sirotegy can be combined wlfh floodproof��.ng effo.�s (Sirotegy CI4) +o enhonce flood profection.
• The Ci!y could choose to ele�ote ossets as they reach fhe end of their funcrionol lifespan. Certain asset
types, such os stormwater p�mps, �ndergo ro�tine inspections and hove defined lifespans documented in
ihe City's Asset Ma�agement P�an. Using ih�is infarmation, olong with projected flooding depths, �he City
can prioritlze wh��ch ossets to elevate d��ring replaceme�t.
• Elevat�ion will likely need to conhnue {ar certoin assets 6eyond 4 4eet of sea level rise. However, fhe
finoncal aod logistical challenges o4 ochieving comprehensive flaod protect�ion C�itywide only ihrough
elevation, may necessitote cons�iderofion of other stmtegies.
563
- �
STrafegy Theme: Sfrategic Reloeafion
Flood Hozaid�s�Addressed: Estimated Cosr Le�eh
C16 Relocate frequently flooded ^ � � � Q Q Q Q Q
criTical infrastruciure u
StraTegy Descripfion:
Rising sea levels and more f�equent intense roinfoll evenis moy may impact ihe suitability of ceeain C'ry areas
for craicol Infrastructure. For exomp�e, ris�rg seo levels could increose ihe frequency bockflow e�enis,d�isr�pnng
pump station opero�ions, while elewted groundwaier levels roay chollenge ihe frequency of ma�ntenance of
underground pipelines. Such evenis moy force ihe City to consider relocating critical mfrostrucnre to o+her
areas of the City to maintain ihe serv'ice of ihe network. Rother ihan replacing or adapting ��nfmsimc•ure
located �m sites that are projected ro be frequently flooded, the City could ossess whether relocation affers
better cost-ef#iciency and resil�ience over�ime.
Flood Protecfion Lifespan:
�mectmSLRAmourt — . ._. --- � -- -
(teeq '0 •1 •2 -3 •G 5 �6
r-� _ _ " _
Strafegy Planning: STrategy Starf: Slwfegy End:
3 feat of SLR 4 feet of SLR 6«feet of SlR
. . ..�fo, -�e n�n �ee-o'�oo ie�el. ns.ea ie.al.�:es.rRa
. o � � ca >90°G o�c✓�em cr�-�cel Gny wJl,kely-eea�o
, „ m.m �. sers � c.-lyevol�a
e�plarn�g a�rd e are orojeceC to bc whe�6er ro�elowte
coo�dironon�o anwre exposed ro floodi�g. c �wl mbostmcrwe
es e�t�ol scrv�ces ore II(loodprao`Ing o� companems througF
mai�.amea. eleea�io�a-e�o la�ge� rFe e�d o�Poe cent�ry.
feas�ble,tFe C ty coula
c r re mnng
o^�hese aese a.
564
_ __ ___ _ _ _ �
Strategy in Action:
Case Study: lowa City Closes Vulnerable Wastewater Facility (lowa City, lowa)
Relocating critical infmsiructura represenis o ' � '�''r. '
viable sirategy for reducing long-term Hood risk �'�''' ' '�i�
� _twhen aliarnative opiions are no longer feasible
from an economic or engineering perspeciive. � � F ��
lowa City took this approoch in 2023 by �, (��~ , "::
cbsing iTs flood-prone North WasTewater �
Ueaiment Plant and consolidated services at ' �� �/�� ; �}� '
o modernized sacond plant located outside . � � �'
of the floodploin. The aging North Wostawater !� �
Ueaiment Plant had history of sanitary uwage
overflow avenis following heary minfall and ��' � ��
was unable to continue meeting environmental • �� „
regulatory requirements. The decommissioned � '. + � •r i� �
site is being rapurposed into o public recreational �y t. .y ' /�
greenspace. .. - -� a� `� �
Applicafion fo Miaml Beaeb: -�.�,. � , �,:: °�._� �.�-..-��...�,-
Miomi Beach could adopt a similar approach by relocating critical infms}ructure, such os highly
vulnerable pump stations or Nility ossefs identified in ihe Vulnerability Assessment, to areas of ihe City
with higher elevations. The City could also consalidate utility services to rely on a smaller number of
assets capable of servicing a lorger population. This strategy could also help ihe City with achieving
opemtional efficiencies, lowering energy consumption, and reduce maintenance cosis by reducing ihe
number of individual assets located across tl�e City.
Strategy Considerotions:
• ihe decision ro relocote crit�ical �inbostructure s�ould be �nformed by a cost-be�.efit analysis to companng
ihe long-term costs of adequately floodproofing ihe �mfrostructure ar i!s curren' locotion with the cosis of
relocat�ing it to a less-flood prone areos.
• Rebcating aitica� ��n{mstructure assets shou�d not 6e considered when removal of the asset would resutt in
a s�ignificont loss of service to ex�sting residents or businesses.
• Cansolidation of services f�om decommissbned criY�cal infmsrruMwe will likely requ�ire�mcreased investment
and upgrodes of redundant ��n4rostr�cture to moiMaio a continued level ol utiLty services for residenis.
• This sira'egy will likely reqwre the purchose of eosemenis or property acqwsltlor by the Oty to molntom
su�itable sces for ��nfros'ruc*ure relocanon.
ihe relocation of assets will require sign�ificant publlc engagement and coordinatlon with other Crty
departments, particularly for p�ojecis ihat would result in service disruprions.
565
G�tcal i��ra.�,�nmP P.ure_nonAdaomno�F-^ � �
............................................................................................................. .
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Prolec[ed SLR �p .� _1 .j ... .5 �6
Ama�nt(teeU
�bSX ol asoh impacted >70°A of asaah impoMed
dunng compowd flood � during rnmpawd Nood
C�� impleme��
c.. ren�VIPs
q1 �o�a•e Nvp
�a I u�ure SI R
imolement
C13 Ir,.�c NIPs a95A a!asseh impocted
-.00dowoi during compomd flaod
C14 cal � ' ' _ ` _ _
., ,,,sr.,,�wre
>90%of mseh
q5 ' c�r�,col • _ �impacreddun�g
� asn�„cWe compou�llood
Pelocore
q6 °,eq�a�tly ' _ .
�io�d��n�ai .
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SLR_ Sm Loeal R,so �.,[.':, .. � , iaiy Slr+.eyV .
� li. .
� . ._�., �i -- � .. �_e olE�dolS[rategy I
� y t a , i �. - - :,yv Glann+y-Lead ime
'
� .i�,�L.� . pal0.a'c'� � °otentialSbategyiransYer i
•n�g cc�rAu^d Pooe��g e.rR���ws dererm.��eo b.•ie smwm�eo�+or_..m���o!0 10.yaos 4d-M1om mmlal�eve���B.JS•�cbez)ond o b�g mde
rea zoa r�ei��xe ma�,�r.,Mre odeed io�n�s e�sc+�e�o de�e,m�re Furwe compomd llood��g evrenm
�mpocrzroaszebwe�eosseaedbyorerlopngrhe�elerommmpowdPoodmgzc onoenemonro�M1eGryi riiolmlmsrrvcri,+eossersmG�Sro
de�e�mmB fhe percen�O!rn�roslrec'we p�0� �etl b evpe�Pnce Ilpodrny�mppClS.
566
�
Seo level rise has frodi}ionally been a primary considemtion m *he City's planning efforts to reduce or
avoid potentiol flood risks. However, there are other relevant metrics ihat ihe City cauld also monitor to
provide an understanding o{ how rising sea levels may worsen flood impacis or ploce additional stress
on }he City's infmsiructure and notumi systems. Monitoring these metrics, along with sea level rise, can
halp to identify key thresholds ihat may serve as eady worning signals that existing sirategies moy no
longer be sufficieni.
This section includes a list of proposed metrics and thresholds}hat the Gty could consider to inform ihe
most effective simtegies for long-term Critical Infmstmcture Hood protaction. Additionally, a suitob�ility
matriz is provided to identify metrics ihot could be used to inform each simtegy included in the Cntical
Infros}mcture Flood Pro}ection Pathway Summory.
Metrics
Metncs are measurable indicators ihat are used fo fmck the effectiveness ol adaptatian actions over
time. They are use4ul in helping maka decisions on when to ironsition between different adaptation
sfrateg�ies based on changing sea level conditions and ihe observed effecis.
Adaptafion Thres6olds
Thresholds ore a pre-defined change in ihe existing physicol conditions or social tolerances for flooding
impoc}s and serve as eady warning to signal }hat ezisting simtegies are losing their effectiveness and
couid benefit from supplementol or altemaT'rve adaptation strategies.
MoniTwing Plan �
Monitoring allows the City to imck ihe dafined metrics over time for evidence of specified adaptation
ihresholds being met to avoid large potential impacts ta ihe City's assets and focilities. While fhe City
hos existing plons and methodologies to imck some of the proposed metrics, others wil� require ihe
devalopment and implementotion of new monitoring programs.
56�
_ �
Metric: Critical Infrosiructure Maintenance and Costs
Adaptation Throahold: Annuol Maintenance and Repair Cosis.
As sea lavels nse, compound Flood evenis become more likely as high coostal waters prevent the
efficient discharge of stormwater runoff. This can place additional strain on water and wastewater
infmsiructure, potentially leading to asset foilu�e or increased maintenanw cosfs ond more frequent
ma�intenance schedules to maintoin proper operatioa If ihese cosis exceed o certain annual ihreshold,
the City may need to consider odapting or relocating critical water ond wastewater infiosfructure.
Monitoring Plan:
The City currently imcks public works pra�eds, induding maintenance work orders, through Cityworks �
The City can continua to imck infrostructure maintenance project casis to capture cost and frequenry.
The City's Water ond Sewer Renewal 8 Replacement Plan outlines ezpected future cosis to replace
key water and sewer infmstmcture components at}he end of ossefs useful life. If maintenance costs
exceed the adaptotion threshold, ihis moy require a different ar supplementol simtegy to provide the
desired flood protedion for ihe site.
Mefric: Critical Infrasfructure Condition
AdapfaTion Threa6old: Critical Infmsiruciure Age
As infrosiructure ages, its integrity declines due to weap siress, and emironmental exposure.
Additionolly, older infrosiructure wos buih with moterials and designs suited For post environmental
conditions, making it less resilient to evoHing climate challenges. In{mstmcture over a cartaln age is
more likely to have deteriorated and moy not meet ihe demands of future climate conditions, requiring
the infrosiructure to be adapted or relocated.
MoniToring Plan:
The City currently imcks public works projecis, induding iFe installation of critical infrosimcture
thmugh Gtyworks. The City con wntinue to monitor ihis information and indude infmsimcture age in
ihe criterio for future project prioritizotion. The City's Water ond Sewer Renewal & Replocement Plan
outhnes eapected future dates ro replace key water ond sewer infmsimcture componenis at ihe end
of asset's useful life. If critiwl infmstructure componenis ihis ihreshold, ii moy require a different or
supplemental strategy to provide ihe desired flood protection for ihe site.
568
�
Mefrie: Utility Service Oufages
Adaptation Threshold: Outage Frequency
Impacts from compound flaod events can damage critical infmsiructure componenis and create
outages or delays of service. The increased frequency or longer dumtlon af utility service outages
may indicate infmsiructure issues, particulody if outages coincide with flood conditions. A nsing rate
of component or sysfem failures (e.g., burst pipes, iransformer malfunctions� may indicate o naed for
increased invesiment in system upgrodes, replocemenh, or odoptation of the asset.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could imck ihe number of oWages, ihe averoge durotion, and the cancurrent metocean
conditions by adding ihese matrics to ihe maintenance reports gathered ihrough Cityworks. This
information eon ba used to assess potential connections with evolving climate conditions and
reductions in ffie level of service.
PetenNd M�Me•
CriNeal Inlrmhuefuro ��al I�retlrvehn UNIHy Sarviea
Nlofnlemneaa�d ��� ���
Ce�L
I„�plm.,u,�� cunan� Nulghhod.- . - �
Imp�ovcmenl Projncfs I.NIP
Update Neighborhood Project O O O
Prioritization�NPP)far future sea
� I��cl r�ec
Impl�,�nentFufura Neighborhood O O
� Impro�ement Projee�s
� Flo�dp.00f Critical lnf.as�.ucru�c O O
� O O
Eln��ta Critical lnhashvclure
Relocate Frequenlly Floeded O O
C rirical Inf.anf.ucru.e
569
� Oceanside Flood Protection Pathway
- Summary
This set of strotegies provide opporturi�ies for the City to suppor} efforts ihot reduce beachfront erosion,
mitigote wove �:mpacis, and strengihen ihe dune system to protect coastal infrasimcture and preserve
recreotional uses.
The Need to Adapt
?he Clty's seven miles of Atlantic shorellne are an impor*ant segment o� ihe b�oader Souiheast Florida coasial
rystem,supporting multiple recreatianal opportun�i}ies and serving os an Importani local ond regional eronomlc
dnver. The beachfront and coastal dunes also serve as a naturol protection system for 6illions of dallors in
adjace�t reol estate. However, over time, ih'�s ratuml buffe� �is vulneroble to emsion caused by wave action,
storm surge events, and sedimeni tronsport. io nointain beach widihs thot wn support recreational ociivities
and pmvide adequate wave and flood protection, sand has been routinely trucked m or pumped fmm offshore
sources.
The beach and dune sys�em ore owned by ihe State of �brido and conducf'ing beach renour�shment
pmjec�s requires signrficant multi-jurisd�c���onal cooperotio� among severol federal, state, county aed C�ty
entltles. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) leads `he beech renourishment pro ects 4or ihe City and
coordinates cbsely with Miami-Dade Couriy (Co�niy) as }he local sponsar. Utilizing ann�ol Counfy beach
wid�h measurements submitted to ihe Sm*e, fhe USACE estimotes beach eroslon .otes to determine If
a renourishment project is necessary. Alihough the USACE ond County are the Siate focilitotors for beach
renourishment projecis, the City ossisis with haffic management dunng the renourlshment events and works
with local stakeholders(e.g., vendors) to odvise ihem of timef�ne expectations fo� when '�t will be safe to move
co�cessons bocktothe beacF orea.
As sea levels nse, coastal erasion is projected to accelemte os eleva�ed ocear woter levels allow woves to
reach higher beoch elevotions. In 2022, Congress authorized a 50-year eHtension of ihe Miami Dade County
Coastal Sform Risk Monagement (CSRM} outharity fhor will support USACE routine renou.ishmont projects
for ihe City's beach oreos'. Howeveq the current cos's o�.o p�anning time raquired for beach nourishment
projecis could mdRe it diff�icuh for ihese p�ojecis keep pace with accelerated emsion rates due to seo level
rise and intensifying coastal storms. The City is olso part of USACE's M�iom�-Dode Bock Bay Study, aimed at
reducing coostal storm risk'hrough 16e implemenfonon of monogement measures, sucn as siorm sdrge bariers,
floodwa'Is, elevo�ea bWld�ings, floodproofirg, and no'�rrbosed in{rashucr�re fo protect vulnemble coas'al
o�eos. ��^c st.,dy ti r.rrerly pro!ec�ed ar co�ole•�z� oy 4ugust 2027.
IR .
{ +I �
;I� � � . .. . .
� �'. �rt�.
_ �
� ,� _� �` �.:� .:��a � ���- :�
. � .. _zSou/Co.MO�ait. �. - - . 40m -�..
570
_ _ _ _ _ _ _. __ _. ° - - �
ihe strotegies below provide o set of op�ions fo�rhe City to consider�or ongoing oceanside protecrion ihraugh
ihe ead of the cenrury. S'mce ihe beach ond dune system a�e owned 6y ihe State, most of ihe proposed
strotegies w91 involve sirong advocacy and robust colloboroilon with Federal (e.g., USACE) ond Coun�y
portners. The s'rotegies provide o suite of app.oaches thot �include enhoncing ihe dure sys*em with hybrid
gray/green infmstructure, redesign'�ng public access +o �he beoch ond ihe stm�egic re�imogimng oi the Ciy's
coastal areas io preserve ��s eco�omic and recreational benefits despite �isiny sea levels.
Eoch sirategy ��ncludes a summory documenting implementat�ion consderations, a mugh order of magnitude
cost, metrics and ihresholds ihot could indicate an appropriote time Por ihe simtegy to begin,ond a case study
example, where oppLcoole, of where ihe sirategy hos been applied within the City or in other .mu�lc��palifies
w�ith similor needs. The srroteg��.es are also presented in an adoptatlon pathways diagrom a+ the end of this
section to understand adap'a'ron thresFolds ond �he po�cot�iol t�im��.�g of stro-e�y implemera��ion.
� Sf�afegy Uoms Flood ilmards Addr�d
Numb�r
Conlinue Routine Beach Renaurichmenl ^ ��
�$) Ma��^�n r. henc�vi d-� oosed o^ me �ndarod CR>M ��� �
rc .c..��sFmc � . nad�ic to rro'mrsr c�oaec >ard. � �
_ _. .___—_-__._._. .
Dune Enhonesmant
��,� Incmase I*e heighf ond w�d�h of dune features ord forti�y (
wch�otuml elernen�s ro provlde an mcreased natur�l bu'4er � W
for inloro nfmshuc�are and ossefs.
— _ _
. .. . . __ . . . . _ .. _.
Rede�ign Pu61ic Acces�
Alter rhe hoa�fanal access path angle o���ns!all wolkove� ^ /� /�
�$3 stmct�res�ho'spar o�e�the C�ty's dune s�stem,ol"�.owin9 ../ � �r �A�
for p��61',c beach access wFde minlmainy poten�wl Flood �� � ""'
pothways ord nega�rve dune impacis.
Hybrid Dune Syats s
�5•4 Remforce dunes wrth arr�oriny nata -als behlnd or under the � �
dune�earures os a fino' Ilne oi delense to prevent shoreline � W
�etrea• '�mpoc�s m ���Icna infrast-�cture and assets.
Reimagine Coastal Areaa
��.� 2eimo9me Fow the coastal 6eachironl Is utrllzea,ineluaing � �
smll�g back ar ehr^�af ng develapment In fovor of expanded � W
mcreanonol opporr�m.nes ano enhanced �aWral spaces.
Eapa�d OHaFore W ve AMsnuaHon
OS6 Create a nenvork of o4fshore s'motures,such os arti4ltial �
ree�s or brea4wa�ers,to abso�b wave ene•gy o�d reduce �
o.osior ���mpoc n the shoreline.
Strategy Theme'.
Kceping Wafe� Ou}, Nature-8ased Flood Profection, Sira}agie Re�oealion
571
_ _ _ . _ _ ` , ' . '�
Current Strategy
Shatsgy Theme: Keeping Watar Ou4
hlaodNaza�d(sJAdd.essed EstimoredCosr(e.e0
OSl Continue rouTine beach � � Q Q Q Q
renouriahmenf � W
Sirategy Description:
The Ciry's beochfront �s subject to annual erosior from naWral wove processes and periodic severe siorm events
ihct reduce beach widih. Since 1980, iFe USACE and the County have completed 38 �enourishment projects
on City beaches, ihe second highest number of renourishment activities In ihe state . The 50-year eztension of
the Miami-Dode Coun!y CSRM authoriry will provide USAC61ed support for regular beach nourishment along
fhe City's coastline'. Renourishment prajec}s are anticipoted to occur every 3 to 4 years based on modeled
condinons. �or ihis stmtegy, the City will continue fo coordinate with the USACE ond County to routinely
renounsh the C�ty's beachf�on� to preserve a beach w�dih �ho� can support imditional oeacnfront uses ond
flood proteM�ion for landward propert'ies and infrosiruciure.
Flood Proiection Lifespan:
Pro�ectetl5LR4mour! .. . . . _ ._-._ _..___ . . ___.__. ._. __.
(feet) �0 -� �2 -3 -< 'S +6
$tratagy Start: Sfrofegy End:
0 faat of SLR 6i foat of SLR
IneC�ny��sregulodyre ms�r �ywll',��wly ,acdiu
�5s beaches h coo�a��no-�or w,R e wn��SACC
iFe Ca�ny and lISACE. �o peroam wu�ne beacn
unshmem projeCs Ibough
�he e�d of'�e centvry�o mmma�n
. rhe tles�.ed beach w�dm and
p�omded adeqmre p-o�ec'�on
�mT srmng c azral wave eve�h.
,. ,, .�.:i , _. . ._ ... _. . .. .. . ... . . ...... . . . . .. .. � , _ . � ,.. ._.
rJ7z
__ _ _ __ __ _ 1
Sfrategy in Action:
Case Study: 2022-2023 Miami Beach Renourishment Project (Miami Beach)
The City's most recent beach renourishment proje�- �
was completed in ihe summer of 2025. ThrouaF
ihe Dade County Beach Erosion and Hurrican-� ���
Protection Project ihe USACE placed roug�l, � ��
835,000 cubic yords of sand along 2 miles r,' � • •�� �•s
shoreline near Allison Park,Indian Beach Park,Mid- ..-�= "- .yar �,q y.', (
Beach Park, and olong 271h Street. Tha astimated - Y + � �
cost of the project was over$40,000,000's
' � . i -_i y�. M�.am 9eacnPenounli. nlVioiaa'-
_ ,,,�„ , .. ,, . ,.�� �. Sovice:US.A.myCarpsaiEigineers.
�ITI���10118:
Required Coordination
Each renourishment project requires exiensive plannwg ond coordinotion wifh F¢deral, Stafe, and County
partners. The City is subject to ihe approval processes or ihese agencies, which can result in extended
permlt fimellnes or unexpec+ed chonges ro the schedule, cosfs, and scope. The C�dy's limited contml ovcr ihe
renaurishment effors moy lead to deloys In sand replocement, leaving �it vulnera6le ro strong wove events
ducng rhe infer�m.
Preject Sehedule
Under the new Mlom��-Dade County CSRM authorify, renourlshment projects ore expecred to occur every 3
ro 4 years based on recem erosion models. However, os sea level rise accelera�es, erosion rates are also
likely to increase. W�ithout regala� upda'es to locol�ized erosion models and associared ad�usiments to the
renounshment schedule, project freq�ency covld lag 6ehind erosion rotes, resulting in o dimin�ished beach
profile. Additiorolly, while ihe 50.year extension fo ihe CSRM oims to provide routine projecis ihrough 2075,
such efforts wJl Lkely 6e required ihrough the e�d o4 ihe century. 1he CSRM or a smilar fromework wJl need to
be updated prlor to 207510 address evolving erosion conditlons.
Cost
Beach renourishmeet projects reouire signif�icant capitol Investment. Over ihe 50 years of ihe M�om�-
Dode County CSRM outhority, ihe total cost requlred for an'Icipated orojects Is over $368 mlllion, with the
County .equired to cover more thon Folf (55J°/) 04 the cast. Alfhough the Clty does nof dhectly fund beoch
renourishments, cach project 'mcurs costs ro the City }hmugh staff tlme needed to s�pport oc'lons such as
beach closures, t.a'fi� monogemenf, ond p�ov�ding occess fo� pro�ect veh��cles ard moch-rery. Sea level ��se
could increase the �eed for more frec�e�' 6each rencor��sh�eot pro;ecis, }hereby elevor�mg 'he assoe:ated
annual costs.
Inereaeed Compefition
As sea level rise occelerates 6eac� e-os or ocross ihe Southeast Fbrida region, ihere moy be �nc�eased
competirion among odjace�t coastal commuN�ies to obtoin Federal fundin9 ond mord�naYion fo.
renounshment activities.
573
�
Sand Reaource Availability
Rero�rish��ng �he Clty's beaches requ'ires signi?Icont amounfs of sand. Historically, sand was 'r�ckea ��r from
inlond q�arnes, howeve� due to depleting land-6ased sources, the updated CRSM identified of4shore borrow
sites necessary for fufure projecis. If ihe frequenq of beach renourishment projecis is increased, ihese
offsho•e areas could olso be depleted, forcing the ideniification of olternotive sources lowied farther away
ond �ncreasing ihe vssorated wsis for ocquisltio� and transport, Increosing project cosis o�d potentlolly
required envimnmertal reviews could alter or delay antic pared projec�s. Addihonally, ihe newer sond may not
be ihe same grain size or quality ihot �is allowable environmentally and has been historically cho•acteristic of
the Clry's beocFes.
Adaptation Strafegy Options
As �he City continues beach renaurishment efforts io reploce sond lost to erosion, odditional siraiegies could
be implemented to mointain beach w�d�F ond protect coastal mFrost�ucture be�ween projects. This sect�ion
descri6es patential strategies ihe City may need to consider os supplementol or replacement options fo
mitigate eroson and provide coastal pmtect'ion.
The odditionol s*rategies are not alwoys �mtended to be applied in isolotion, and some may be most effective
and offer ihe greatest benefits if oppl�ied in tondem wrth another sirategy (e.g., cantinuing •o nourish ihe
beach fol�owing o s�orm event while also enhonc�ing the dune system�. S'ite specif�ic appl�cotion of on odditional
simtegy or com6ination al strotegies should be based on ihe expected level of flood protec+ion, suitobility of
local site condit�ions, �implementarion cosis, ard cniicohty of infrosiructure londward o{ihe beoch. In combining
ihese s'rafegies w rh existing efforts, the Cify can more effectively preserve existng recrea!ional opportumnes,
erhance '�e �a'u.ol 6cocF c�v��.ro�me^, ond moin'o'm o naturol buffer agains' coostal flood �am-�s.
� ..
!
�
M�`� 1 '
• �,M�-
f:��
_ .'U e. � .... .
9eacnacc �.no;nr.5ou.ro:ndobeSrock
574
��o,-_ �.. �
_ _ _ ___ _ __ ._
Strafegy Theme: Nature Based Profection
FloodNaza.d�s�Addiessed: Esr�maredCos�Level:
OS2 Dune enhancement � � Q Q Q
Strategy Descrip�ion:
Dune enhancement refe�s to ihe process of naturolly improviry and res!oring coastol sand dunes to Increase
their a6dity 'o provide flood and erosion profection whJe also p.eservmg local biod�nereity. Key elements of
dune enhancement could indude the oddition of sand to expand ihe dure system's landward position and
he�;ghr, add�ing nat�rve vegeration to srobiLre ihe dune feature, and dune reconsimcuon for areos where dunes
hove been lost or severely eroded. The City's Dune Manogement Plan provides guidance and specificotions for
enhoncemeM pmctices, includiny �invosive species removal and ploniing of naturol vegetation to sbengihen
ara support ihe integrity of ihe coastal dune system. Tne Ciiy can continue and increose ihe scale of ihese
enhancement efforts to promote o resilient caastal dune rystem.
Flood Pro}eefion Lifespan:
Froiectetl SLR Amou���.
(fr•-. -., .t .2 -S -d �5 �6
�
Strafagy Pla�ning: Stratsgy Siarf: Stratagy End:
0 fsat o4 SLR 1 foo}of SLR 4 feat of SLR
ne���yc oey� . n5 - .c : �.yc -��s�ar� �^�s A� < �e �evlavelr� . e,a�°%oi�-e
� eosedd�neenFancerem sra�egyao^�ao-o`zealevel. Qryid�nasarep.oec-ea�obeemasea
eflons ai crren�seo levels n r V°,ol �he C�ys d�ra dun�g a I-peme��a��ual c^arce s�orn
uttl��z�ng guidance I.o^��Fe D��e ould he emased m the surge ever�.Wah+ns acole ol��mpons.
vreas c
Vora�emo-� Ph� �o momveems�on '-pamer�onr�olcnancerc.m thaC�y�aycons�dero�Fers�a�egies�o
� -� - � . _.. , �. .e�ge vert. vnsene ro.res.�c ��es.
t 1� _ -�+='�
' . ., —
i. � ��f� � . � � � .
� �' `�a x,► �, �3��, :;
*,�'. ��' 1':��.f ..-�- ,,�_�.ajf,
� `( L
1 � , y`.����y- '�. ,
� ..'�':� � ��4, ._ t ' � ��"5' M ,�. '„
er .:: � y.1 � ��y` � �
� ���' � `� '}� .
� S � 3.
� �'�,;� � i iry,�i:,i.�'
�l I �'��� " ,` .
�'� , ��'Y.^Y.� •_f • '
�•L' �.�1I• ' ,�f-.� .` . . ... - .. . .
� T
• . .
_ -,-.,: ,:.. ,. . .,_, ,. ���:-.
: � , ,
575
_ _ ___ _ __ _ . .` _ °. �
Sirafegy in Action:
Case Study: Dune Restoretion and ..,,.,,,q,..
Enhancement (Santa Rosa County, Florida)
Beginning in 2018, citles along iha Florida Panhondle,
including sevefol in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties,
have implemented dune restomtion projects to <ombot
coastal erosion and storm damoge. These efforts hove
focused on restoring and stabilizing the coastal dunes along
Pensacola 8each, Perdido Key, and Navarre Beach. These
projects aim to limlt erosion impacis by renourishing dunes
with wnd, planting of native vegetation (e.g.,sea oats�,and
instal�ing sond fencing. The resforation effoAs are credited �
with mitigating s}orm surge and erosion impacts during _
Hurricane Sally in 2020.
ApplieaHan to Miami Bweh: - . .�` . . . . . . . . ...
Since iha eady 1990's, ihe City has partnered with ihe Sudnder Foundotion to orgonize volunteer dune
restoration projects fo ramove invasiva species. RecenNy, ihe City has applied for ond baen awarded
several granis to eapand its duna restoration afforts,including a$iM Resilient Florida grant with$500,000
in matching funds from an ROA. The Ciiy is also a finalist for a $20K grant from NOAA, depending on
federol 4unding wailobility. The City ean Wilize ihese funds to scale up its dune enhcn<ement efforts
and incorporote best monogement proctices ihrough coordinatlon with Escambio ond Santo Rosa
counties and other communities engaged in similcr initiotives.
Sfrategy Considerotions:
• Additlonal resaurces moy 6e requ�ired to effect��vely support ihese projecis. Nature-based elemenis moy
mtroduce new or increosed maintenonce dema�ds, and the effect�rveness of these enhoncemen�s will
require dedicared monitoring. The Dune Managemeni Plon provides bes� maintenance pract��ces and
speclficatlons fo• Invasive species removal and nafive plantings tnat could be used ro sopport formal
irainings aheod of increased enhancement projecrs.
• "his s+rotegy does not requ�ire ihot o un�i{orm enhancement method 6e deployed for the entire dune system.
The Cay con pnontize enhoncement metFods based on site chomcteristics and monitor the effectiveness
of each opprooch.
• Botn the height and wid}h of fhe dune will need to be monitored to ensure dune heahh. P�ocement of
oddl+ional sand on fhe dunes will requ�re coord���a�ion witn}he County, FDEP, ond USACE.
• The Dune Monogement Plon wos released in 20'�b. ihe Gty should consider regularly (e,g., every S years)
updahng ihe Plan to provide guidance and recommendahons ihat are appropnate lor o6served sea level
rise and eros��or rates.
• Should parts of ihe dune system be severely eroded during a storm evem, c�rre�t federal requiremenrs
ollow for the use o{ federol suppo�f �o rebdild dunes to a height, width, ooa prof��le that existed 6ePore tne
s�orm. If the G1y elecis+o elevate ihe duces further,ihe Cfy would be respo�sible for ihe cost.
576
�
Sfrafegy Thems: Nafure Based Profecfion
Haod Hom�d!sf Addressed Eslimo/ed Cos�Level:
OS3 Redesign publio access A ,� /'� Q Q Q
Sfrategy Descripfion:
ihe GTy's dune system cwrendy has on e#ensive neiwork of 6each public access locations that cut ihrough the
dune system. The creo�ion o�d mointenance of ihese gaps in ihe system hos lowered �he dune elevations and
removed dune vegetdhon within ihe poihwoy oreos, providing po}entipl flood ppihways for h�gh coasral wate•
levels to expose landward propertles during storm events. Thls sirotegy focuses on coordinoting with FDEP ond
local stakeholders to update the eaisting beach access locations by redesigning the pathway configuraY�on
to be or��ented at an angle to ihe shoreline, reducing iheir ovemll numher of access poinis, or creatiny beoch
access via elevated dune-walkover siructures. The redesgn options will maintoin pedesirion beach access
while protecting and preserv�iog ihe elevation and healih of rhe natural dune system.
Flood ProlecTion Lifespan:
Pmjec[etl SLR Amourt
Clecp '0 .� 4 �5 +c •S �6
� _ " _ _ _
Slrategy Planning: Strategy StaA: Strategy End:
0 feet of SLR 1 foot of SLR 4 feat of SLR
e �yco� beg�� p.�a�-a-g reCycanplo�-oro- n;clec� olicalow���sc.wc
. . . ea a..re enno�ceme-� ih s s�-a�eoy a� � � BJ%of he C�y s au�as o�e
e"!or o eni seo levels o level.v.r n 1)%0, p�a 'ed m be expm o du.
�nl�.ang g�ido�ce f-om!he �rne C�ry's tle�e o�eos o Icperceee or��ol cFo�re c
Dune Management Plan•o auld be exposetl•o'he � surge evene Wnn rh.s
improve eros��o�p�o�ect��on lor Loe�cem annual chance cole of��mpac�s,the C��ry mvy
me dune system, sterm swge eve�t. f co�side�other s��otegies m
prPsene�he bxochfro��.
577
_ _ _ __ _ _ __ , :,,° ° . _ �
5lrategy in AcTion:
Case Study: Dune Walkover Structures (Playalinda eeach, Flortda)
To protect fhe Canaveml Nationol Seashore's � ��-a�
eatensive and frogile dune systam, o senes of wooden ''"`
dune crossover structures were erected ta provide �
public access from ihe parking lot and resfroom
areas to The beach. Many of }he structures are also �
wheelchair accessible, promoting equitoble access
to coastal recreatianal spaces. Similar slruMures � � _ _
exist across ihe State, including Poss-a-Grille Beach, ,�- -
Melboume Beach, and Jupiter Beach. Dune crossovers ' '
remain diffi<uh to permit and to replace due to sform
impact potential. �/,� /�- � •
ApPlieafion To Miami Bsaeh:
The City could constmct a similar series of crossover s}mctures to reploce many of }he ezisting bea<h
access pathways that currently cut ihrough the dunes. The Ci}y should also consider making ihe features
wheelchair accessible to increase access to beach recreation areas. The City could also exchange best
practices with other communities 1Fwt hove olready implemented this sirotegy to understand ihe best
materials to use ond construction options}hat may limit damage during large coastal siortn evenh.
Strategy Considera}ions:
• Struc�urol design musr account for long-term dwo6ility, especiolly ogoinsf the 'impocts of erosion ond
severe weather events such os hunicanes, ensuring fhe walkovers remain funciional and safe #or publ�c
use.
• Ihe Clty has 173 beach occess points,which moy necessitote a phosed approach to d�ne redes�g� fo keep
ihe sf�ategy cost effective. The C�ity co�ld also cons�ider reduc.ng ihe numbe� of access ooints to reduce
areas �or pofenflol erosion and monagement requirer�ents.
• Detoiled planning is necessory ta mmimize disruption to exlsting dune systems during mns�mcrion, ��ncluding
managing and restoring affecied areos of notive vegetation and addressing poteniial erosion risks.
• Ef4ective publlc oufreach and edocafion are essenflol to ensure proper use of wolkovers and fo redure ihe
usk af cnauthorized access that could campmmise the �integr�ity of the dure rystems.
• Const�ucfion of rhe s+rucrures must comply wi•h Beach and Dune Walkover Guidelines Coasal Consimction
Conirol Line Progmm set by �DEP to avoid the poteniwl for projectile wood planks.
• Successfal �mplementotion of ihis sirotegy will requlre routine inspectlon ond molntenonce of ihe
redesigned occess polnis ro ensure occess�bility ond coastal pmtec*ion.
• The redes��,gn or }ronsition of access polnis should be des��gnetl to support �n�egrotion w��h �he Beachwolk
o}-grode, where possible.
578
Cc�o�,ide . . .� . , i. . . _ . . .- . � �
.. . . ..,.. .. ......... . ._.. .. . . ............_........ . . � .. .... . .
Stwtegy Theme: Keeping Water Out
____ --------- -- -
FloodHam.d(sJAddressed: EstimotedGosrLevel:
GSa Hybrid dune systema � � ���
W
Sfra�egy Description:
Hy6rid dunes combine ihe noturol protecTion offered by dune sand and vegetation with physical reinforcemenis,
such as rock reve�ments or seawolis, ploced behind or beneath ihe dune system_ This re�:nforcement aims
to provide a lost resort of flood protec*ion in ihe event ihat the oceonside beac� and dune buffer ore
campmmised.
Flood ProtecTion Li4espan:
P�olerteU SLR 4mour; . ._. _ ._ . .__ . . . . .. . . . _ _ .
Oe�O .p .. .2 -3 -e �> -E
� �
Stratagy Planning: Shafegy S}aA: Strafegy End:
0 feaf of SLR 1 foot of SLR 4 faef ef SLR
r�aoiy��.'oeg. de�•�y.�a -�.ecy�a�Pio�ro��a, aar�e�oiseoie�ei .�sa.
pa�.e�e��a� a _ �o� ' �yo�id iFis sno�egyo' ' � c�90"/e o� tte Gry's
�oo se �
�e�o ..w se� . � .os��7 of�ne C��ry"s dures a�e p-ojered io be
mpm � oiea on la� �du� .. eld be �npoc�ea a �np a 1-per er
Vthe tlone sys�em. eaposed ro o*, em n�ol chonce s�orm swge
arn��al cha�w sm�a� vent W��h-h�s uale o1
swgeeve��. a�impacrs,!heC�iymoy
cors�der a�hersemteg�es�o
p.eserve rhe beacM•am.
579
__ _ _ _.. _ _ �4
Sfrafegy in Adion:
Case Study: Cardiff Beach Living Shoreline Project
(Cardiff Beach State Park, California)
In 2019,ihe City of Encinitos and Californio State Porks partnared to implement a living shoreline pmject
To address frequent flooding and erosion of Highway 101 and create coastal dune habita}. The project
involved installing engineered rock revetment topped by a sand dune system. The project also included a
five-year monitoring program to assess ihe projecYs effectiveness during high tides and significant storm
avenis. In January 2024, a large wave evenf impacted the park but demonstmted ihe effectiveness of
ihe simtegy. Alihough a large amount of sand was eroded from the dune, the engineered revetment
remoined intact and avoided flooding and undermining of Highwoy 101.
7,��M� ����1�
� t = ���. . ��.
t . � � . Y•.���
� . � . r ' . �' . . .� � '�' i
Appliealion lo Miomi Beach:
Similor to ihe CiTy of Miami Beach, Cardiff 8each State Park has a narrow 6each area with urban
development located adjacent}o the wastal duna system. The Ciry could consiruct a similar angineered
stmcture on ihe landward exteni of ihe eaisting dune sys}em to "hold ihe line" and prevent domage fo
ihe modways and other development located immediately landward of ihe dunes.
Strategy Considerafions:
• Hardemng af dune systems wlll requlre coordlrafion with {edeml ond state emironrvental agencies, such
as USACE and FDEP,to Ilmi} environmental ond blodiversity Impocis.
• The cost o4 transi�ioning fhe entire dune system may be signiFitant and unnecessory. The City could
reseorch and prioritize the coasral oreos most suifable for ihls tronsitian based on ihe locolired crosion
mies and the criticality of ��nimsfructure loca�ed londwa•d oi the dunes.
• The dunes are currently managed as a natural system and implementing hybrid dune strucfures would
represe�r a significont shi4} �n regbnol 6each monagemen}, The City could �implement a hybnd dune pilot
pro;ecf follow�.ng a large siarm event ihot resul+s in a large loss of fhe dune structure, so that ihe natural
system is not unnecessarJy oltered.
• Plocenent of hybr�d dune sbuctures con be conpleted in tandem with of{shore wave attenuation devices
�056J fo provide p�oteciion for eros�ion Fo�spots.
• A Beachwalk is lowted d�iredly beh�nd -he Ciry's dure sys�em. Any Hybnd s�ructure (e.g., revetmert or
sheetpile) will need !o consider potemiol impotts to ihis oablic occess pathway.
580
�
Sfwtegy Theme: Sfrafegic Relocation
FloodHmo.A!sJAddressed BnmoredCosr�evel�
OSS Reimaginacoastalareas ,� � QQQQ
... .."""��.
Sfrategy Description:
ihis sirotegy focuses on redergning ond repurposing ihe City's coastal waterfrort areas to expond natural
shorel-�ne spoces while reducing the e.fent of development at risk ta seo level rise. The strategy could mclude
an inaemental removal of at-nsk development to allow coas!al oreas to transition into notural space more
wpable of provid�ing o buffer for Flood hamrds.
Flood Protection Lifespan:
Pro�ec[etl SLR Amo�r[
Rc.,;� •p • e -3 -t o �6
�
S1ralegy Planning: Sfralegy S1aA: Sfrategy End:
3 fest of SlR 4 fest of SLR 6.fcet ef SLR
Pota���ol�eoesgnor TheCnyco�ldoog.� iFoC�ywll
�'g�.�oi o�of ve mplem. i�g cha�ges I kely hov
C ry's coosiol mcos m wostol oreos or 4 ao�sa�a�tly ossess
�equire s�gn ficor feer of sea level as now�o repurpose
roo�d��a��a�and p�bbc ma. o•he��oe�efied ns cooswl areas
engage�em.'6e pla�r.�q snategies may foll snon thm�gM1�he ead ol
for�Eis snategy e!loo o(pmv�d�ng�he daxired rhe cent�ry us sea
<ould begi�o�3 fee�ol level of mmml wove levels-ise.
sea le�al�ise. o�a ems�o�pm�ecnor.
581
- _ ._ .. , , .,.. . . �
Slrategy in AcTion:
Case Study: Waterfront Setback
Requirements (Tampa, Florida) `
v , �
The City of Tampa has implemented increose�; s ' y
waterfront setback requiremants to protea A
properties from increosing flood and erosion nsk-.
Under Section 27-290.8 of Tompa's zoning codc
all new accessory siructures must maintain .�
minimum setback of 30 feet from ihe jurisdicilonol
high-water line along }he Hillsborough River and
other dasignated waterfront areas, which is an � �� �� " � ' � ' ' � '� � � ��� � �
additional 5-feet more ihan FDEP requiremenfs. This ordinonce, part of fhe City's bmoder resilience
simtegy, aims to creote a buffer zone ihat reduces the impact of siorm surges and high-water events
on residential and commercial properties. The utback pmvides space for potential green infmsimcture,
such as riparian buffers, ihat con be repurposed into recreational areas.
Applieafion to Miami Beach:
Miami Beach could leveraga the Resilianw Code to implamant a similar redesign of ihe City's waterfront
by incraosing woterfront setbacks. Like Tampa's opproach, ihe City could estoblish dasignated land use
zones with e:panded sa}backs to support ihe widaning of notuml or public access spaces, induding ihe
coastol dunes or the Beachwalk,to provide ecological, recreational and flood resilience benefits.
Sfrotegy ConsideraTions:
• ihis approach represents a shift in ihe Clty"s curren! coas+al development proctices and relotionshlp with
ihe coastal prea. Th:s sirategy's success wo�ld requlre �obusr public engageme�t and buy-in, induding
from develope•s and p�operty owne�s.
• ?he Resilience Code �Chapter 7� estoblishes current �setback and zoning requi.ements for coasral
development to accommodate future sea level rise in infmsiructu•e upgrades. Erpanding o. �pdating these
setback requ'vements for certoin development cauld support the iransformotion of coastal ond shorel��ne
areas �nio less developed, natural spaces ihat o44er increased Flood protectian for other City asse+s.
• This simtegy is li'<cly to mqulre chonges io muliiple zo�ing lows and land use policies, indudmg ootentiol
omendmenis fo existing land use plans, wh�ich could face res�stance from developers or oroperty owners
concerned abo�t Iim�,Ying usable lond areo. The C�ity moy need to consider incenine pragrams to increase
support.
• ?he City could promote ihis simtegy by �implemenfing demonstratlon projects on publicly owned parcels to
showcase the benef�ds of these !ransitions. By developing naturol spaces ihat enhonce p�blic access and
recreation, ihese sites co��d preseM �he value of repurpos'ing at-risk coosfal oreas for broader community
and emironmental benefits.
• Long-term monitoring of flood risks and property vulne�a6ility would be needed to determine thot the
revised serbacks continue to pmvide adequare p�otect'ior os sea levels rise.
• 'his strategy could coniribute to enhonced biodiversity and ecosystem services by preserving natu�al
buffers and enhondng ihe coostal dune system. This stmtegy could be accompGshed In coordination with
052 (Dure EnFarcemenr� and 054 (Flybrid Dune System).
582
c _-i i��c.r i ,nd pi�r s �� ,�rs.,.. , �
.. . . . ._ _. _.___ ..... _. . .___. . . ..... . ..... .. .. . . .... .. . _
Strafegy Theme: Keeping Wa4er Ouf
FloodHazard(sJAdd.essed' BtimotedCos�Leve/'
OSd Expand offshore wave � Q Q Q Q
aftenuafion �
S}ratagy Descripfion:
O;fshore wave ottenuof,nn devices refer to siruciwes ihot ore designed to mitigate the energy of ocea�
wo�es, �yp�colly for ihe parpose of protecting coastal infmst•ucture from flood or erosion hamrds. They moy
include }he offshore placement of revetment stones (breakwater) po•ollel to ihe sharel�ine ar artificiol reefs
ihot m�imic corol habitat while also disrupting the formation of woves. The County hos several ezisting and
plonned breakwater o•ojecis to address areas of severe beach erosion, while the Reefline and University
of Miomis U-LINK labomtory have aeployed p�ilo� stvdies on t�e effecirveness of notuml wove attenuofio�
devices, including seohives and coral reefs. This simtegy proposes that ihe City support the design and
integratioo oddi�ional projecis w�dh existing effors to estaolish a more comprehens'�ve level o! beach and
erosor proteciion.
Flood Protecfion LiFespan:
Prolectetl S�R 4mourt
:leet) .0 +. . -3 -t 5 •5
�
Strafegy Planni�g: Strategy Start: Sfwtagy End:
3 fset of SLR 4 feet of SLR 6.faet of SLR
�^e po-en-�.d nra'�ia+on The Gry moy neea�a tFe�,y moy
o'!slam wave ns dc�o��s�ore oo��o�s ���d �o cor.�e
..a.ion feat�res to reduce beach emson �mPlener��ng or
, c signdloam ot 4�eei of sea le.el rse �na�G�g affsFom
�eqwr
mo�rdlnanonandpubl�m erB�%oftFeCry's eanenunibn
angoger�e�;.-he plonn�ing afd�es ora p�ojacred feawres wraugF the
for rh��z si�a�egy effon ta be e.posed to a end of.he ce�ury ra
could beg�i�ot 3 feei of 1-pe�ce�t a�r�al chanca � o�of•he
sca level i�se. s*arm surge evenL o C��ry's beachkonr.
583
,. �
_ _ _ _ _ _
Stra�egy in Action:
Case Study: Miami-Dade County Artificial Reef Progrem
Since 1981,ihe Miami -Dade County Artificiol
Reef Program has established 17 artificial �
reef projecis consimcted from materials like x�
casf concrete, limestone, retired vessels, and . �
surplus militory equipmeni. These offshore
structures help to obsorb and dissipata wave
energy, reducing shoreline erosion mtes and . s� . �
protecting coasial infmsiructure. The sites ;s�y,� �%�' �"P" �� •
selected are prioritized to pravide enhanced � '�' .y p„�
hobitats, fisheries, and recreationol diving . �
opportunities. The Program hos included .�
several studies on ihe effectivenass of the
subsimtes used and associated habitat
creation ond erosion reductions.
Application to Miami Beaeh:
The Ciry could ezpand collaboration efforts with ihe County to es}ablish additional or more lorga-scale
artificial ree4 sites offshore olong ihe City's Atlantic coastline, particularly in areas wifh signifiwnt
erosion. Increosing ihe number of ihese sifes could enhance coostal resilience by mitigofing wave anergy,
reducing erosion mtes, and providing recreational apportunities to support local tourism.
Strafegy ConsideraTions:
• The insiollotion of offsho•e s+ructures will be led by fede�al, state, county, and uriversity portnere. The City
should 6egin coord�inoting with relevant federal and state rev�iew agencies eady 'in rhe plaaning period
ard suppo�t dato collection, where possible. "he insfallotio� will olso reqJve an assessment of potential
envimnmenial �mpocts and compliance w�th regula�ory permii processes across multiple agencies, such
as Miami-Dade Courty Deportment of Environmental Resources Management (DERMJ, USACE, Ronda Fish
and W�IdL{e Conservofion Commiss�or, and FJEP.
• Wave attenuafior moteriols should be selecred +o reduce negative impacis, such os ottract�ing �invosive
species, affecting littoral sand ironsport or hordoottom habdat, interfenng with locol wate�circulotion ond
q�ality, or potenfiolly impoctin9 exlsf�ng breeding g�ounds or habltats for marine specles.
• Impropedy sited attenuatlo� devices con accelerate erosion to adjacenl6eoch areas. Proper slie selechon
and design for offshore wave attenuation siructures will require eoastal hydraul-ic modeling ond sed'iment
tronspart studies.
• Trodaionol e�gineered structwes suc�as seawalis,breakwaters,and oiher barriers wlll Ilkely�eed long-term
maintenorce and improvemenis to mee' the destred level of {lood protection. Noture-based approaches,
such os artific�iol reefs, hove ihe potentiol to bewme more sel4-sus�airing wi+h less mointenance
requirements over time.
584
Oceo�s�de Flwd P.meceon Adapmricn P�rFw�y��,�- . �
......................................................................................................................
..__"_—� �----__-_.
r- v. .. .. z:��� zo�o
,�Gr./.p.._ p vL_...i.
Gmlectetl SL� - ��-�- -� - - -�
Amount(feeU � � �� �3 " '� �6
� $torm swge even� Stwm wga vwnt
Impactsll%ofdunes impach>80Yofdunes
C��.
OVI �o� � och
,e�o�e:l.me� Srormsurg��wM
�mpacn>60%ofdu� �'
�� crho�ccDe� ♦
0� Reaesegs, ` . . .
p�ol c acc
OP4 �yc'dtl��c �
srre-.
�e�ogin
OPS ��as�al - - - '- -
�.pa�a
OP6 �rrs�.o-a wa.a - - - -
,r��„�no�
� K=_ePi^gNcA4t'- `,. � � i v�[art
� LiongnlhN�.i,• � • . . .)c�rale9Y
� viao;anaoni,-.-. � . ,,,I2nnorsVatxer �
� rvate�e-�autl Pr--o¢r � - . r�-�p, Planni�� � �eaa i.^ie
� Snateg¢Relaartc� � � —'1 alSDategy irzm�=-
[�zeng sro.m s�ige llaodmg enem uws de/ei.m�ed by rhe�ede.olCmerge�cyMo�ogeme�r Ay��ry�FEMA�tipe�cenr v.�ool cM1ence(i e. 100 yeoi/
cooslol wo�er elemeon(6 2/ee�NAVD88f.Pro�e[�ed sep leval rrse vmaun�s were odded b IM1�s bosaline o oe�ermine lu�ure dune�mOac'➢a�cen z
Lnpoc. odunazwe�eozsersedb�a.eAoy�ngeocM1sm�me�ryo/baaing�oenorioe.�enran�orFeC�ryicoosraldonezysrem�nC�Srodem.m,ne�M1e
pe¢en�nl dune a�eo p�ojec�nd�a e+penence iloadin��mpoc/s
585
'�
. -
Seo level rise hos irodi}ionally been a primory considemtion in �he Cdy's plonning efforta to reduce or
avoid potential flood nsks. However,ihere are other relevont metrics thaf the City could also moniror to
provide an understanding of how rising sea levels moy worsen flood impacts or ploce additionol siress
on the City's infmsirucfure and natumi systems. Monitoring ihese metrics, along with sea level rise, can
help to identi4y key thresholds ihat may serve as eady woming signols ihat existing simtegies may no
longer 6e sufficient.
This section indudes a list of proposed metrics and thresholds that ihe Ciry could consider to inform
the most effechve strategies for long-term Oceanside flood protection. Additionally, a suita6ility mairix
is provided to identify metrics thot could 6e used to inform each sirategy induded in ihe Oceanside
Flood Protection Pafhway Summary.
Mefriea
Metncs are measurable indicators thot ore used fo fmck ihe effectiveneu of odaptation actions over
time. They are useful in helping make decisions on when ta iransition between different adaptation
stroreg'�es based on chonging seo level conditions and ihe observed effects.
AdapTation Thresholds
ihresholds are a pre-defined chonge in ihe existing physical conditions or social talarances For Flooding
impacis and serve as early warning ro signol ihat ezisting simtegias are losing iheir effectiveness ond
could benefa from supplementol or olternative adaptotion simtegies.
Moniforing Plan
Monitaring allows iha City to tmck the defined me/rics aver time for evidence of specified adaptation
thresholds being met to avoid large potentiol impacis to }he City's assets and facilities. While the City
hos eaisting plans and methodologies fo irock some of ihe proposed metrics, others will require the
development and implementation of new monitoring progmms.
586
_ _, �
Metrir. Dunes Exposed fo Flood Events
Adapfafion Thrsahold: Percentoge of dunes eroded
Sea level rise will worsen emsion of ihe shoreline and dune system during large coastal storms by
ollowing waves to impoct Further inland, increasing the overoll e:tent of dune erosion. As the
percentage of affected dune area grows, it may signol a decline in the system's capacity to provide
effective coastal flood protection. These thresholds can serve as morkers fo� evaluating The need for
add�itional measures, such as dune restomtion, sirucfural reinforcement, or reimagining of the coostal
waterfront as a natuml buffer from hazards,to enhance �he City's overall coastal flood resilience.
Monitoring Plan:
High-resolu�ion satellite imagery can be used to identify emsion hotspots along the City's shoreline
and track changes in dune sTmcture over }ime. Aeriol surveys and on-ihe-ground inspections can
olso iwck ihe extent of dune damage afrer significant storm evenis. This data can be compared
with observed coastal water levels to understand conditions coniributing to dune erosion. The CiTy
could olso establish partnerships with local organizations or universities to monitor ond document
ihe position and elevahon of dune features, such as the dune toe, following major storm evenis. This
information can be used to determine the health of the coastal dune system under increasing erosion
and gwde if prooctive reinforcemenf or restoration efforts are necessary.
Metric: Beach Width
Adaptation Threshold: Beach erosion greater ihan USACE design templo}e
A loss o4 6each widih compromises ihe protective function of ihe beoch as a buffer 4or landward
infrosiructure. If average annual erosion outpaces notural sediment accumulation or renourishment
efforts,the beach ond dune system moy ultimately fail to provide ihe desired level of flood protection.
T6e USACE currently monitors ihe City's beoch widihs in reference �o a design template i6at specifies
a required beach witl�. Erosion o4 the beach widih beyond this design templote hos been used an
�ind'�wtor ihot o ranourishment pmject is necessary prior to the}rodi}ionol schedule.
Monitoring Plan:
High-resolufion satellite imogery can be used to identify erosion hotspots along ihe shorel'ine and
irack changes in erosion rates over time. Systemotic field surveys, such as those already being
condacted annually by tha County, can support these effods. Aerial survays and oo-the-ground
inspections can also irack ihe eztent of erosion ofter significant storm evenis. This data can be
compored with observed coastal woter levels to undarstand conditions coniributing to erosion. The
surveys can accouM for seosonol emsion mte changes or increasing sform-related arosion evenis.
These measuremenis can be used to adjust renourishmant schedules and plon additional intervenfions
if erosion exceeds ihe defined ihresholds. These eiforts are likely ta be condutted by ihe County and
supported by the City.
587
'�
Metric: Dune Heigh}
Adapfation Threshold: Peicen} of dune height decline annually
6osioo-driven declines in dune haight lessens the protective funM��on of ihe dune for landward
in4mstmcture, as ihe dunes are more likely to be overtopped during storm evenis. If o bss in dune
height outpaces natural sediment accumulation or dune enhancement efforts, the dune system may
ultimately 4ail to provide ihe desired level of flood protecTion.
Moniforing Plan:
High-resolution satellite �magery can be used fo establish o baseline dune crest height,which will vary
along the seven miles of ihe dune field. Satellite imogery can also be used to identify erosion hotspots
along The dune system and imck changes in dune elevation over time. Systematic field surveys,such os
ihose already being conducted annuaily by ihe County, can support ihese effons. Aerial surveys and
on-the-ground inspections can also imck The e#ent o4 dune height loss after significant storm events.
These measuremenis can be used to adjust enhoncement schedules and plan odditional interventions
if erosion exceeds acceptable ihresholds. These eHorts are likely to be conducted by the County ond
suppoAed by ihe City.
Mefric: Floading of Landward Properties
AdapTotion Threshold: Number of times flooded per year
Flooding of landword pwperties and infrasiructure indicates thot ihe beach and dunes are not at
a suf{icient width or height to provide flood protection. Uacking the frequency of flood impac}s to
properties and assets adjacent to the beach can assist ihe City with ihe timing of adaptafion
simtegies. Flooding will also need to be defined �a.g., depth) to provide a measurable metric fo tmck
consistently.
Monitoring Plan:
The City could establish o historicol flood impact imcking progrom to document flood events across
ihe City. The pmgmm could be informed by viwal inspections of coastal properties following high
water or coastai storm events or rely on a dtizan science program for ihe public to report observed
instances and severity of flooding.
5S8
............................................ _ _ _
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Dun�Ano qooding of
Eq�ewr�M 6�x6 Ylldlh Dun�II�igM Lsdwd
Fbed ENnb irap�rlb�
Canlinue Rouline 8each O O
Renourishment
� Dune Enhancement O Q Q Q
� Rcdcsign Public Access Q O O
Hpbnd Dunv Systams O O
� Reimagine Coaatal Aroaa Q O O O
Ezpand Offahora Wcve AHenuation O O Q O
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589
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.5 Next Steps
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5. Next Steps
ihe Adoptafbn Plan provides a phased implementation plan, consisting of slx adaptat��on pa'hwoys
�na' ofier long-term fload mtt�igofion actions with 'he timing initioted by defined adaptation ihresholds
to supoort }he C��ty�s sea level rlse adaptahon decision-making process. In odd�t'�on to t�e pro�ected
t ming of sea level rise, ihe pathwoys aiso consider other faciors, sucF as ihe lifespan of ossets and
�^a�mtenance/repair costs, as determining focmrs for the iniflotion of a srmtegy. The Adaptation
'lon ��,s desgned to allow for act�ons to be idcen mmediately to prepare for shor-term impocis while
rcorpomting ihe flexihility of options to adapt, for mid- and long-term planning horizons. The 4ollowing
oonsidero+�ons w�ll be ��:mportant for �mplementarior o{ihe plan'.
• Continue Inter-Daparfmanl Coerdinafion - Internol coordination among City Depvrtment staff to
shore ihe adaptation pathway app�oach, strategies, metrics, and monitoring plon will be req�ired
to Ir�plement the Adapta'ion Plon. City siaff were engagea during development of ihis plan to
re��ine the sfmtegy detaJs, meirlcs, and monitonng mechanisms. Hawever, d is �importani thai eoch
deoa�*ment mntinue to use ihe plon os o+ool to provide long-ierm flood protecflon of ihe assefs and
nfms'ructure tFot ihey monage ond 4or cons�s�ent Citywide enhoncement of overall flood resilience.
• Integrota wifh Exiafing City Plan Updatea- h ��s olso importonf ihot Clty Deportmenr sfoff look Ior
woorrunihes�o �ntegrore odootatlon stmtegies into new i�emtlons of the Clty's exisfing plonning ond
vs.an�ng documents os they are updated. Whlle mony of }he C�ity's evisting approoche5lo provide
lcoa protect on have reduced or el'im nated existing flooding for same areos of the City, ris�ng seo
levels pase o long-term ihreat to C�ity ossets and infrostruc7we. The adaptation pathways discussed
n ihe Adap+ation Plan offer a set of updates for mony of ihe City's key plonning documeMs ta
co�s�der long-term sea level rise rrends as well as rhe potenflal timing Por when ihe plan may need to
be uodated 'o avo�id pro�eMed flood impocts during 4uture sea level rise scenarios.
• Establiah Moniloring Program� - An ocgaing monitonng plan will be requlred to understond
!hc ��im�ing of strotegy implementafion. Mony o4 the monrtonng mechon'isms described in ihe s�x
oaaptohon pathways rely on setting up 41ood monitoring irack�ng systems ro undersrand ihe locah�on
o�d extent of flood�ng as it occurs, and ihe comb�inot�on of flood sources ihot conaibute to ihe
mpocis. Monitodng rystems are mosr ef(ectiva wlih o hlsfory of o6servot��ons and moy not requlre
extensi�e staf� or funding resources ro �init�iote ��mmedlately.
• Ideniify Strategy Funding Sourcee - Identifica*ion of funding sources to carry out adaptanon
s-ote9��es �ide�•illed ��n thls plon wfll 6e edtical. As an immedlate next steq the clty can scan near-
�e�m strategy optlons ro Idenfify inose ihat can be included in ihe City's annual 6udget or fhose thai
wr,l �equire extemd funding, such os Sfate and Fedeml gronis.
• Continue to engage with fhe eommunify - It is essentiol ihot residents and b�siness owners
connn�e �o be port o4 the dec�is��on mo.ing process to understand how flaad��ng impacrs the quolity
of life and how infrostrutture improvements hove decreased observed flaoding.
a^.ni�g for and odapting 'o chonging seo level conditions a o cnticol chollenge focing mony
-castol communl�,es. ihe City Fos long-been rons'�dered a leader in flood adop'ation and is oct��vely
-�plementing ��.n{rosrructure improvements and policy updates to enhonce flood resiLence ocross ihe
7 •y. The Adaotatlon Plon reoresents an additionol decision support tool ihat provides Ci�y staff wlih o
' _ e�s'r�!egy oF'ons to cors�der or�i�corco�o�e ��nto ex'is��ng olons oased on �he obxerved �,eed for thcir
. . �- . . -� +, _ �_ , . ., .. c ._ _ , _ � . ,'. oosit�ioned �o
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591
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� Appendices '
- 592
Appendix A - Initial Strategy List
����� , . . .
� � � ��_ �, � ��..� - � o��- _ ��,�� ��- e_ ���
. °m-ecion �or ^ieas,.res io-seared ossets(oryscai
� � SharedAsseK in4•asfructure�
2 I Mcltiple Governance �� Plons and Pol aes �I Rev ew and Update Penod�ically review and update
�, � '� �'. Seawoll O�dlnance ' ihe Clty's minimum seawall helght
I �. - '�� As Neaded '� ordinance to accounf#or evolving
'� '� - I '� sea level rse projecnons
_.. .._..... ._..... ... . ... .. .e_.. _.... .. . ._..._. _....... ........
3 �� Multiple I Govemance ��. Communimtions/ I Develop a - Develop private p�operty sea level
'�. ��. Ouireach �'. Horneowner's SLR '�, rise homeowners gwde to assist wiih
�. 'I �'. -I G�ide . unde-stooding vul�e�a6ilities and
�', . I '. �, pn�ate adaptonon opt�ons.
_ ..._.. .. ...._... .. .__... . ._;.. . ..... .. .. ._ ... .. .. ....... ..... ... .
4 �'. Mult�ple � Governance '. Plons and Pollcles �'. Incorporate SLR �: Commue to mcorporote sea level
�' '. �I Inm QP Plonning � rise projecnons mo capi!ol pmjecrs,
; ��. '�. ond Design - planning,and devgn.
5 - Multiple �. Governance . � °und ng �. Oeate Local Conhnue to erplore ocal
�. I �. Impmvement ', Inprovement Disiric+�s)to{und
�. �� ��, � Dlskict(s)ro Pond � seawal , pamps,road �als�•ng,and
' � ��. '. SLR Improvemenh � ome• ��nves�menis
6 '� Mel4ple ' Goverrarre . Comr�unlcatlons/ �. Develop Cllmate . Confinue fo•eflne onLne outreach
'�. . �� Outrevch Ham•d Ouireoch tools b educate-he publlc about
�'� ' - Materials � future flaod •�sks
. .. ... . ..... . .� . . _._._. . .:. . ..._.. . . ....... .. .... .... ...... . . .
7 '�. Mulnple �. Governance ��. Commonicotlors/ Implement Cfmate '. Require sea level nse hozard
� '� Oun¢och Hamrd Real ��. disclosures for �esidenhal real ¢stvte
'�. '� Es+afe Disclosu�e '�. `�ansactons
�I �. Requlrements4or ��
' ' ��. -lome Sales
! . . _....... ..... :. . .. .... .. . .. ....... . .._. ... . ... .. . . .
._.._._.._........._... .. .... ..
8 �I Multiple I Govemance � Monitoring -Momtor and '� Rev�ew sea level r'se and ex�rene
. ��. � '�. Uodate Cllmote '�, precipi�otion projechons every 5
'. �� �', I °mject�.ons Every S ��. years to iniorm plon�ing and des�gn
. . '�. I Years �
9 �. Multiple I Governance � Plans and Pol c es �' Assess Options fo� . �evelop siroteglc�eloca'on plo�ol
�. '� ' I Asset Relocanon � c�itical asse�s�hor are m hlgh-risk
. � '�. �'. and Managed ��. flood zones
I ��. '�. Sho�eh�e 8etreat
'�. �� �� of Froquc�'ly �
'� �� - ��. .9ooded Areas ��.
'. _..__ ...:... ...... . .. ._..... . ..... . .
� 10 Storm Surge . Govemance '�, Plans ond Pollcles '� Review and Update �_ Revlew Reslire��ce Code fo�cho�g�ng
I � '�. '. 9wld'my 4eslllence � sea level a�e projecnons based on
I ' '�. '� Code lor Changing ��; fedeml or reglonal updates
; '�, �', ' Sea Le.el Rise -
. .. I ?roject�ons .
.. __._ ................_ . . ._.... .. . . : .. ..... . ... . ��. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . ..
593
Appendix A- Initial Slrategy List(continued)
. S'��^Su�ae Cove��ancc Plo�s ana Pcl'c.es � Upda'c .:tl ty Ca^t r�e �o mple^cn� �•Ibry design
Oes g^ S�ancmds s'anda�as �o ircluce consdemtion
�� . o� sea le�el •�se ar7 f�„��re Ilood
�'. ��. ��.. ' ��. elevafors
.._ ....... .. ......... ....__ ..:.... ..__.. _..... . . .. ....... . .. ... ._
12 ; Mulnple Govemonce �� Plons and Pollcles '� Estobfsh Consls!ent �', Coordl�ate across Clry deporrmenfs
j ��, '. '' SLR Sce�orios for '�, *o use compomble sea level ��se
��. ', I '� Clry Plonnl�g and �. scenarios lor conslstent level oi 41ood
. .. '�. '�. Des gn '�. pm'action
.... ....._. ......... .. . ... . . ;,..... ..._.... ...... . .. .... .... .. ._ .. .
IS ' Multiple '�, Govemonce '�, 9meryency '�. Develop a Socially '�, ConFlnue to update the resoonse/
�', I Operahons '� Vulneroble '�. evacuanon plan ro asslsf elderly o�d
. '�. '�, '�. Assistance '�, other dlsadvartoged community
�'. ', ', '�. Response Plav . members needed assismnce�n Ilood-
. . .. '�. '�. prone areas
. . ... . . .. . ........ . .;. .. . .. .. �:. .. . .. ...... . .... ... . . . . . . . . . .
I4 '� Mulnple � Governonce -. Plons ana Pohmes �' Davelop Historic I Coninue fo evaluate and �mplement
' . � ! Bmlding Flood : Buoyant C�ry des�gn gu�idel�nes fo�
� '� I I Guidel��nes I flood pro�ecr�on o� histonc bwldngs
� �. ��. '. �. within ihe Clty
IS Multiple � Govemonce '. Commun cotions/ '�, =apo�d ond/ Continue ihe exisnng �PA Pmgrom
��. � �'. Outreoth �'. or Extend '� where the Crty orovdes gmn's
��, � ' '�. Pnvate P�opery �'�. to match up to $20,000 of home
�I I Adapta!lon ', improvemenis �nat mcrease resillence
'�. � �'. Program Gm�f �', ro flooding and connnue .dent�.fyiny
�'. . �', Progmm '. cand�idafes for FEMA home elewnon
' ��. '�. gmm prog,ams.
16 Multiple Governon<e . Commoncorons/ �� DevelopProperty ' Prapertyaw�e�swhosufferdamoge
', '�. O�heac�� �� Tax ReLaf Progrom �� to ihen oroperty as th¢ resulf o#o
'�. '�, . 41ood moy be ellyl6le for ce�ra�n
', I - m1+ed forms o{pmperfy tm �elief .
_.._... ......_. ._..__ .... .. ....... .. . I� . .. . .. . .. . . . ..
� 17 �I Sbrmwoter '': Governance �: Stormwater I Formalize blue- '. Develop a policy rhat stotes ihe
. ��. �'�. green s'ormwater � ob�ectives of ihe Cay's BCSI Concep•
��. mfrasrtucnre �� Plon, includlvg reqdremenrs�or•he
'. -�. requlremen's I�m � Ciry. Update codes,ordinances,
'� '�. -�, exlsting pol��cy, '. zoring,and permitting requlrements
' �'�. plann�ing,ond �� ro reilect the BG51 pollcy. Include
- '. managemen� ' BG51 pracLces and stmregles
�� - - ' systems. �� �in master plann�ng and land use
�. �. . �'. alanning.
. . _....... .�... .. .. . . :.. . .. .... . .. ... ... .. . . . .. ... . . .. . . .
'B Mclnple I Governonce ' Monttoriny j Develop o�d '�. Jevelop a formahzed storm damage
' �� mplem.e��a Storm . monrco�ing progrom to be carried o„�
� � �omoge Mo�aorir9 �� byG!y sfoff to monitor,observe,a�d
'. �� vrogram rewrd storm impoc+s
594
Appendix A -Initial Sirategy List(confinued�
19 M�I'iplc Go�e��anm Com „ im�lo�s/ O�f-each �o Oubeaah ro Clry waste collecr o�
� O�neoc� tesde^ts o�d curomers rega�ding storage of
. �. 7�smeues on waste and rerycling In (lood prone
. ��. '�. : Wosre Stomge areas
20 Multlple Governance - Plans and Pd�mics � Increase Waterfmm . Fsmbllsh ond/o� Increase wored�onr
, �. I Setoac4s �. setbock distonres to mrtigate
. �I '�. � damage �o wo'e�4ont shuctvres
'�. '� ' during Flood events
_. ......... .. ... .. .. .. ....... .;.... . ... ... ... ......... ... .. . . .. . . .. .
9 j Mulflple �� Govemance ' Flood Protection ' Implement '�. Coordina�e with Coumy,Stafe,and
. '�. : Voluntary Buyouls '�, Fedeml Govemment to Impleme�t
�', �I '�. : for Vulnerable ! a volunfory'ouyour pwgrom for
'�. '�, '�. ' Propenies . vulnemble ompemes or repefitive
' '�. �'. � loss pmperties ro reduw fm�re Flood
� ��. I ��. damages and loses ro st�uctures.
22 Malnple �. Governonce Plans and Pol c es �'. Review and Cpdate Continue ta work wirh USACE and �
� '. �� I Beoch and Dune ' Mlami Dade County m Idennfy
'�. �'. �'. Manageme�t Plans ��.. and implement sea lavel nse
- �I ' vulnerobilrnes ard op*ions�into 6each
� � ' �'. and dure monagement plannmg.
23 Multiple Govemonce Plans and Pol c as I Mamstream Review nfy planning and vision
�� ��. ��. '�. Cons��stent SLR '�. documenis fo incorporate up-to-dare
� '�. ��. �'. Language Into ', seo leve) nse lonyuage
. I I , Gry Planning ona '�
��. '� Des.gn Docume�'s
24 Stormwoter Inlormotiond �. Assessmert Assess Green �. Assess ard reqWre green ono greem �
�', �, ' Infms'.uc+ure � bl�e �ia6asimciu.e opportu�ties
'. '�, �; ; Ooporrunif�.es m reduce inflows fa stormwoter
��. � �'. �'. ' mfrasbucNre. 'heM38G51 �1an
'� '�. '. �identrfies the follow'�ng BG51
�I �'�. pmences with tFe most oppl�icabtlity
'� '�.. to MB as: bloretenflon/b�oswales/
� . '�. roin garders, blue and green �oofs,
_ , ', : conzbucied wedands ond iloohng
�'�. '�. '� wetla�d Islo�ds,de�e�tio�bas:ns/
� ��. ��. surface storag¢,enhonced hee pds/
; : ��. ��. +rerches, Injectbn wells, pe.meable
' . �, ', '� pavements,ra�inwater horvest ng,
�, �, stormwoter planters, subwrfoce
� '. � inlihmfion and sto�age, r�ee canopy,
� '�. - � and wet ponds.
25 Mulnple ' In(ormanonol '. Assessmen! , �evelop ond Co�nnue to pu6Lciee ond updoie ihe�
. : �. '. Mvinfaln o Seawall inventory o!e�lsring seowalls rh�ough
'�. '. � , Inventory '� GIS'ools (locotion, ownarsF�p,
'�. � - � �'. condifan,elevatior)
595
Appandix A- Ini}ial Slrafegy List (continued)
26 M�I'�.p�e Inlo��nat onal Da�a Co�lecrlo�/ Survcy Cly -wlm-c wncthc� adon onal f rSh
G�ps 3.,ild�nys-Fts `lom clewr�ors a�d o-ne�cr ca�
� ' . eqdip.me�� e�eva'�ors o' C'�'y-
'�. � �. '.. owned 6ulid��n9s ore needeo ta
I '�. '�. '�, '�. idemlfy stmctures most a'risk o!
. �, '�. '�. !, flood damoge ond in(orm design o(
'�. - '�. '�. elevafbn/Ilood proaflr9 measures
_. .._..... ... ._.. .._.. ... .J_.. . ._..._ .._..... .._..... . ......._
27 -'� Multiple '�. Info�motlonol ' 08M '' Inspect/Raplace '� Contmue to implement SSES and
'�, '�, '�, Aging Stormwoter �'. the 5-year alflcal needs plan 4or'he
I - ''�. and Wasiewa•er -', sewer system
, I � '�. Pipellnes ��.
_.. ._...... ..'�. .. . . ..... . ... _�:... . .. . . ... . . . . ... ... .. .._..... .. .... ..
28 -�, Mcltiple '�. Operat��,onol � 08M � Implement the '�, Implement fhe SWMMP Update
�I I � : SWMMP Gincal � pnmP�¢ieg $95 MIILan fo�enticol
'�. ��. '. Needs PmjeNs �'. �eeds stormwote�pro�ecis
29 Mahiple Informational Commun cahons/ �, Develop SLR Bes' Develop a�d dlsseminate gwdo�,ce
� �. '�. O�heach �. Pmc+roes for . ta basinesses on rhe best practices
-. ��. �'. '. Businesses � for -educng-he potentiol impacts
'� '�. � '�. of+looding and sea level rise on
��. '�. . '�. '. iheir 4acilaies ond+ha servwes ond
'�. '�. '. �, systems ihey rely on.
i0 Storm Surge Informotional Assess�nen' � Invest.ga'e ConM1nue to oarticipafe m the =EMA
'�. , ' ��. Feas 6d ry of ' CRS o-agrom to malnmin or Improve
I � . - Inaeasing �EMA �. 'he CAS sco�e.
�. . Community Ranng �
� � . . Sys`em�CRS) Class '
31 T�.dal Inlorma�ional Assessment �. Pe��orm ' Perfarm onalysrs ood/or mode6�g of
. '� '. '�. Grourdwater '. shallow gmundwater response to sea
� ', '. -I Shoaling Study �. levelnse and potentwl+orsa*u�ared
. '�. I ' g�ound canditions or eme�gent
. '� � �', �'.. groundwoter Floodmg fo impact
� � � '� '. mfosimcture
32 iidal Informational ��. Assessme�� -�� Perom Sal�inity Perform analysis and/or modelmg
' �� � '�. Inimson Stedy , of solln�ty Inhusion '�nto gro��dwa'er
. ', �. �. and po*ennol Impacrs on srveet
. � � . sheefs a=d landscapi�g
ii '�. Srormwate. Inlormononal �. Assessment �� 5'udy Climote- �� Perfo�m a sady or lite�atore -eview
I ' ��. I Driven Cio�ges - 04 pro�ec�ed changes �in ert�eme
'�. . ��. . n Frrreme '. precpnorlon events due to d��mote
I - '�. I Preupnotion '� chaege and Impacis on locol
�'. � '�. �� ', 4looding and s+ormwoter system
- � �'.. pe^o�mance
_. ....._... __.._. .._.._ .. .. ... . ... . ... . .._.......... .. . . . . .. .
596
Appendix A-Initial Sfrategy LisT(confinued)
34 � M..It�ple Ir[o-Ta�.�ana� Co�nr��^im",o�s/ 6s•a61s6Haad I�rerigoreescblsnnen-ol�esae�'
� Oi�reach Impoc�s Mon tanng � ood m acis mon �o•n� omg-o-r io
, . �. �mg•am documert ilood Inpach �a�w��.o�s
� ��, � flood condttions Could oe a cmwd
- ' '�. ' sourc�ngpladormforcollecting
. '�. ; photo and vdeo documentation ol
. :. �mpacis.
.... ..__... __._. _._._ ;._. . _._... .. ..... .. ._...... . ......._
35 i Multiple i Irfmsimcture ' Flood Profection - Harden Flec*ricvl �I Connnue coordlnoting w ih FPBL tn
� '�. �. Substations �'. rontinue developmg fl000 hordening
�. I sirotegies for elecmcal substotions
�'. '�. and equlpment
__ _._.._ ...._... . ......... i...... ......... . ... ... ... ._...._ ........
i6 : Muliiple '�, lofmsimcture ? Flood Pmtection '�. Rel000re Cniical ��. Erplore ieasmdity of repwposing
, ' � �I Assers from ext�emely vulnerable oreas.
' - '�.Vulrero6le Areas '.
.._ ..__... ... ..._. .__.._ ..:..... ._..... . .. ._... . .. ..... . . ... . ..._
i7 '�, Storm Surge '�, �nfmsfmcture -'. rlood Pmfection ' Evolmfa Back Bay � Evolua'e feasblLty of o sio•m surge
��. �', . -: Srorm Su�ge Ba�rer ��.. borrier to pmvide I�land flood
�'� ', '�. i Feasbll��ty '�, pro*ecflon through coordl�otion wrth
� '�, '� as part o4 rhe 115ACE CSRM 9ack Bay
. . . ,�. '�. Study.
3B $tormwatei InfrosNucture Stormwater '� Consolidote � Consolldofe gravdy-bosed o�
', i Coastal ' p�mped sformwater ourfalls o�ihe
j �I, , �' S�armwoter �. open coast and bay fo reduce the
'�. '� �. Outfalb '�. num6er o{out{alls fo marage
_ ..._... ..._... ._._... .... ..:. .._.... ....._.. _.._.. . ._....._
39 ! Storm Surye �'. Infmsimeture '�. %lood Protecfior ��. Con•inued ��. Contnued beach re�ounshment and
: i I Beach and Dune �� dwe moniroring Ir <oardination w�ih
� . '�. Reno�•ishment �� USACE �SRM st�dies
....._.. ... .. .... _._.._ .;..... _. .._. . ��. .... . . _... ... ..... .. ..
� 40 Muhiple �: In6asnuc+ure i Flood Profeciion �. Raise Cntical Co�tinue eleva'�ng and odjus�ing
'�. �. , '- Roadways �� crriml roadways to molrtol�occess
j �'. �'. ��. '�. du-ing/offer flood evenis and
��. '�, , ��. orevent floodl�g during king fldes
� '� '�. and extreme precipltarion evenis
4� /dultiple , InfmstmcWre . Flood Protecton ��. Roodproo{ CoM�nue�o protect stormwater
'� '. I '�. 5-ormwote� Pump pump stafions by flood p�oo°�ing
� '� I �', Smnons bullding or oddmy perimefer
� - ' �', floodwall and elevatmg elecirical
'�. . �. I '. componenTs
_ ._._.. .. ....... , .__... ... . .:. . ... .... .. .. ...... . . ... .. . . . . ..... ...
42 '�. M�hiple '�, Infmsfmcture '�, Flood Pmfect��on � Floodpmo� '. Coniinue to oro'ect wasteworer Ilk
'�. ��. '� Was�ewoter Lrft . stanons 6y flood oroof��.ry bailding
� '�. � '. Statons ��. and elevating elecrncal comporenis
4i M�klple . In4msir�ciwe ' Flood P�otectior �' Instoll"emporary ' Coniinue to Install tempomry Ilood �
'�. . ', , Flood Banlers for '�. barriers ;e,g., 'ige�Dam, pop-up
I . - I Gty Poclllties '- barriers at erhy ways)o�vulnemble
'. '. �. . � City lacili�ies prror to storm events.
. . . � . ... _..... ... . .._..._._..
597
Appendix A- Initial SlraTegy List(co�tinued)
4d M�It�ole I�'msni.c•ure -lood Pro�ec�.o� . 7ep4cc V..I�c-a61c ..a-t �.,c 'a elevatc dccn col
-iecr�ca, 3oxcs 60. - ^ ena�irg we' weame�
'. gm��dwa�er ele.auans w,r�m o�e
I . '�, �o iwo feet of Ihe ground surfore
'�. � '�. '�. �.: for replacement with wate�tigM
�'� : '� . ! altemotives
_..... . _.. ... . . __.... .i..... .... ..._ .... ..... .. .. . . ... .... ....
45 � Storm Surge i InfmslmcNre ', �lood Protecfio� '�. Elevate Elechical ��. Coni�nue to elevate electncal ponels
'. . ��. �'.: Ponels -� to be above t6e FEMA BFE .sea level
� �, '� �. . rise
46 Storm Surge Infrasfmcture °lood Pmrecron • Elevote imffic � ' Eleva�e vulneroble�mffic conhol �
� �'. ��. �' Connol Boxes ��. 6oxes to oe above ihe F�hW BFE -
. I '�. ��. sea le.el nse
47 ��. Mukiple . Infms�mcnre I Emargenry ��� Eleva�e Bockup - Add elevated bockup power/
�� . Opemt'.ons '. Powar for City I. genemrors with fuel for several days
, . �� �', FocJqes . {or olncol Cliy foclll*ies'o m�.nlmize
- I I '�. �� mrermPnons
� 48 Stormwoter Infrastructure ��. Flaod Protection �_ Reholn Exlsting Connnue ��nstoll�ng s�ormwoter pumps�
� '�. '. �' or ConsYuct �, m loco•ions o�*requent flaoding
, �'� : Adduional '�, or ot gmnty-arnen stormwoter
, -, Stormwote�Pumps '�. oudolls Ilkely�o be inpatled 6y sea
� ��. '� level nse�.n accordonce wrF the
�.' �'. '. SWMMP Lpdote and Nelghborhood
'�, '�. , Improvement Pro�ecis: retro{It
.. �. �. �., �� existie9 ouTp S�ation5 �o pump
�'. '. �'. �'. ogoins' higher sea levels i� fhe lu'ure
49 Multiple Infrastmct�re '�. Flood Protecton �� Idenrify ond Cont nue m evaluote porks,
' ��. '�, : Convert Por4s Into �.. open space,ond gol4 courses for
� �. '� -�. qoodahle Parks �. sro�mwo�er retent or during heavy
�. � '�. �. m�in events where possible
50 '. Maltiple Infmsiructure Rood Prorecr on '� Ident'y ond Contnue'o protec�,ele.ate, or
. ' �. =levote Sho•el�ne i reconsimct low-lying shoreline
��. '� �. SimCures '. simctures
.... ....._.. .. .._... .._.. ... ....;.... ._.._. , ._...... .._._. ......__
9 � Siorm Surge - Infrosimcture Flood Protecflon Insbll Siormwoter _Analyze�eastbllttyo4 �installotmn of
�. ��, �, �. Pumos n Tidally �� pumps�n tidally��nfluenced Ilooded
: �'. ��. � qooded Areas ' areos.
� 52 S�ormworer Irlmsimcture Srormwote• . Ins-all Addltional �� Cont n�e Ircreasing �he n�m6er of
'� '�. �� 5'mrriwoter Inlets Inlefs/mich 6as'�rs In flood p�one o�
'. �'� �. . �, disronnected areas���accordarce
�� . �'. �' wrth ihe SWMMP and 4eigFoorhood
�I I '�. Improvement Vro ecis.
598
Appendix A-IniTial Slrategy List(confinued)
55 M�.Inple Irmsh.,c�u�e =1aoa Pm�ecno� Ele�a�c -mcrgency Asses. eiewno� o�d adopmt on ol
-oc �y Nark�ng lo•s pora�g lors b�m�Ico' erre�gency
�. . 'aol nes such os poLce ond ire
��, �. �. '. �. stafions, emergency opemrlon
' '�. '�. �. cenfers In assoclanan with
' '�, '� �I '� floodproof�ing or budd�ng retwflis o�
�� � '�. '� ihe supported fociLties.
.... .. ._. ... ......_. ..._.... .;_.._ _.. ..... _..__ ._..._. ........_
54 � Stormwater ' In4ms+mcture ' Stormwatar I Complete � These Indude ihose ot Colllns Canal
- '�. Identi?ied BGSI '�. and M�ami Beoch Golf Club. 71ue-
- '�. pilo'projects : Green Sformwater Inhostructure
�'. �: (BGSQ solutions nave a multrtude ol
' - banef�ns,includmg Improved water
'� '� qual�ty,stormwoter detention, urban
. �� . '. hear ��slond m�t�gor�on,e�hancea
' . I �'. aesihahcs,ard g-oundwater
; � '�. rechor9e. Poten'�.ol srmtegies ��clude
��. �.. b�ioretennoh green rools,conshucted
'�. '� wetlands,tree pts/��encnes,
� - . �'. �'. Injec�ion welis,pe�meable pavenent,
'. - . I ��, ro'.nwater harves'i�9,stormwater
'�. �. � ': plonters,ond subsurfoce nfilirotion/
��. � ' �-. s!o�age.
55 ' Multiple . Irkostmcture '�. Srormwater �: Road Ra vng, Raise, repave,and regrade ex si��ng
I '�. �'. : Repav�ng,and '�. roads to mingo�e modway ilooding
'� '�. � �' Regmding ��. and d'�rec+ runoff to collection po�nts.
56 Stormwofer Infmstmcture , Stormwofe� �'�. Upsize Sto�mwoter , Cont nue ro opsize s+ormwater �
' I '�. In4rastruciere . infrosfruMure(e.g.,pipes,ca+ch
� . �I �I basins,curb Inlets,ouffalls, pumps)
� . '�. '. to accommodate hi9her�onof4
�. . '� . orFlcipated due to future cl'imote r
� � ��. '� chonge
57 Stormwater ��. Ir.fmstmcture Sformwater ' Connect CoNlnue tve expansion ond
'. �' Disconnec�ed mpro ment ol ihe nefwoh af
, �. � Dminage Areas -, sto�mwo•er coqecno�sys�ems, I.e.,
��. '�. �. fo ihe Sw�mwote� . urb I�lers,cat<h baslns,cubens,
�. '�. '�. '�. System ', and dralns to prevent runof! Irom
� '�, ' '. '� poo��ng m crnical areas. Cornect
� '�. - �I - oreas�o pumps ond/or outfalls.
. �. .__ .. . .. . . .... :.. . . . . . ...._... _ . ....._
58 S�ormwoter Irfmsfmcture Sbrmwate� Insmll Stormwoter �, Contnue Imp�ovi�g wate�q�allty
� �. '�. Wa'e��ualuy �'. trearmer •� rhe collection ond
� �. �. hea�ment ��. dischorge systam by msta�lwg
' '� '� Improveme��s �msF racks,water Quafty oumps,
� �� ��. �, hydrotlynomi<seoamtors,and
�� '�. �. �. . mea6mne 4:hmtion simcmres.
599
„ , . . _ ,
Appendix A -Initial Sfrategy List(conti�ued)
59 S�orrwmc- � a=r„c'ure S�mmwoter � Implemen� � Implemeni G '�ca Nectls P�aec-s
So��wo�er G i ca. CNP;�s aesceced ,� '6e So�^.wa'e�
i
. Nceas P.o�ees Mos�er Plan Joda�e A CNV is a
�. ', . pro�e<t thal addresses sto�nwater
. �: ��, '�. ��: and �wsa�ce (loodmg �o provide
'. � '� : both benef��clol ono rosteGecflve
' �I, ' ' solutlonswithlnbrge!edareas,
: ! which are complementary m
� : Neigh6orhood Improvement Projects
' -. ard moylndude solunonssuch
. ' ! as: mmor road mising, up4zing
i stormwate�Inlrasimc'ure,cannecring
. �I dminage areas,and water quolity
' '�. �. '�. improvements.There ore 20 CNPs
�' . ' ��. ��, idemified �or �implemerra6on over
� , ��. ��. ' ihe next 10 years.
60 Sroimwate� �� Infrasimcture �. Stormwoter � Install Backflow � Ins+all backflow prevennon (e.g.,
'� I Prevennor ot . gates,valves)at s'ormwoter ouNalls
. ', �'� S�ormwote� �� �o prevent h�gh tides Irom back
'�. '� '. Outhalis �. 4lowiny into�he sta�mwoter system.
_. . ... ..... ...._... . .I . .. .. .: ...... .. . . . ........ . .._..... . ... .....
bl �I Mulnple I Infmsiruc'ure I Srormwater ' Instoll Ors fe '�. Msml! onsire generomrs at
'�. ; . Generators at '�. stormware• pumo statio�s ro pmvlde
', �' � �. Stormwater Pump '�. continuay of power supply durin9 ond
�. '�. � �' Stanons �'. a4fersto�m evenis
... ....... .. ......_.. _._.. ... .. : ._..... . .. .. .. ... .... . ... .. ...
62 ! Multiple �. Infmsfmcture �', Flood Protectlon ��� Enhonce Shorel��.�e Co�hnue enhoncl�g shorellne edges
�I I ' Nobrcots wi•h Liviny usng wetlands,mongroves, hybnd
: '�. �'. ShoreGnes coral reef structu�es, humoo-made
� '� �. '�. islands,and other fving shorellne
� j � �'�. techniques fo provide ho6ltot ond
�, ��. �. . emsion profechon.
_ _..._.. . .. . .. ... .... ..... .. . . .: .. _...... . .. ..... .. ._.... .. .._.. ..
63 '�, Mulfiple ��. Infwstmcture '�. �lood Protecna�. �. Reinforre Exlsnng ' Re�.tiorce natuml dunes 6y creahng
'�, '�. �'. ��. Dune System Using ��, hybrld dune systems,whmh�molve
I �. ' ' "Hyb�id Dune” �. b�rying rock armonng within ihe dune
. � - - Aoproaches '�. core ta �noke du�es nore res�stant to
� ' . ��. . rosior d�n�g s e�rs
� 64 �. Mcl'iole Infrasime�u�e ��. Flood P.otection '� Cons�mct Seawall , Combine 6viny shoreLne techn ques
'�. '�. ��. � � L�nng Shorel'ne '�. ond hod�inoral seawalls*o enhance
� '. ��. Hybrid Shorellnes '� shorel�.ne hob�ta�while also providing
�' I � '�. flood and e�osion pmtec!�or
65 M�Ihple � Infrasfrudure . Plood Pmfection �� Eievate or Elevate cn c�al,vulnemble s�mcfures
� �, , � Floodproof above pra�ec�ed flooa elewnons For
�. �. �' Resldental ond s*�ucNres �hat connot be elevated,
'�. �. �. �. Commerclol � mstall floodpmohng impro�ements.
�', . I - 5'ructures ' Ro�se o.floodprao4 exte��al
' I � . elecrrical/mechon.cal eqwomenr.
600
Appendix A -Initial StraTegy List(continued)
66 M�Ifiole In=msirucrure =1oad Pmfectio� .. adi� w•F ..,, we aoordlnattng w��ih
. Coun�y a�d LSAC- o�goi�g 'JSACE Cocstal Storm Ris4
� � onM.amrJodc Managemcrl;CSRM; progmmsor
'�, . '�. '. Back 3ay and . ihe Bay ard Cceaa
'�, �' '� Oceanhont CSRM �
'�. - � ! Studies -
_.. _.._... ... _.. .. . ......... ..:._ _...... ....._.. _..._.. ..._...
67 ':� Storm Surge i Infrasimcture �'. Flaod Pmtection � Ins'all Local Flood '�. Evalua'e 4easibility of local storm
�', I - Gates/Storm Surge -'�. surge barriers at canal ard chonnel
' '�. ' Borriers to Reduce �'. mou�hs to reduce back bay srorm
�'. �'. � Bac4 Boy$urge '. surg¢flooding olong •itlol channels
'�. ' : Flooding '�.
_. _.._. _....... _...._. ..:.._. _... .. .. ...._._ ......... ........
68 j Mulfiple '�, Infmsfmcture I °load Pmtection ��. Prowre and Stage ��. Coninue idenG(ylny rearrenl
�', �; �'� Portable/Tempa�ory �. flooding/ponding areas ond stage
'�. '� '�. Stormwater Pumps '�. poroble/�emporory pumps for City
�: - . '�. to Respond ta maintenance s1oR ro respond to
�' . '�, Local�ired Flood�ing �, IocaLzed 1looding
69 Multiple Infms�mcture Rood Protecnon Inrall New � Dmmage wells are stmctu.es tna•
. '�. '�. � D�ainage Wells ro ��. collect and monage sto�mwater,
'�, �', �I �. Manoge the =trs! '. direcnog �t undergrourd to be sto-ed
I '� '�. '. Flusn of Stormwater ��. or in�ilrra'ed.
. . . . . .._.... . . ._ ... . .... .... . . . ........... . . . . .
�70 Storm Surye Infmsimcture =1ood Protecflon � Cons'ruct � Identify opportw.�,fies 'o constmct
�: � �� '� Vegetated D�nes .- naturol dwes along segmenis of
, '. �' Along Ocean4mnt � 6eochfronl thot wrren+ly have gaos
' . Gops �' �m the dunes
77 Multiple Infmsiructure Emergenry Raise Fre Hydran�s Rrnse flre hydronts'o rva ntoi�occass
� '�. ' Opero`�ons � Aoove Rood levels ��. and function during flood even's
72 Stormwoter Infmsiructure Stormwoter . Consimct Conshuct undergraund stormworer �
��. ��. '. U�derground �'. defennor basins to capture and srore
'_ '. ��. I Derenrion Basins '. srormwote�fo�subsequen� �reatmen*,
� � , � ' p�mping,and dlscharge
73 Mul*iple Infmstructure rlood Protact on '� 4etro{�+or Relocate Retroii�or rebca.e exis+ng
'�. '�. eeachfront '.. beachiront restrooms to protact
'�. '. '�. �I Restmams agalnst futwe{looding and/o�
�I � '�. - '� emsion
74 Mulnple Infms+rucru.e 9ood P otect o� �-. Eeaand Blueways E.pand pahs,open space,ond
, . '�. '� and GreenwaYs ': Pathways along waterways and ��n
'�. '�. ' �. '- {lood-prone oreas by Increosmg
��. �' � �I '. room fo�water starage and creanng
I ��. '. ��. �' natuml buffers ogainst waves and
', � ��. � �'. debns during s�orns. Room can
�. � '�., � '�. be c-eafed terougF se'backs and
''�. - '�. vdan�ary 6uyouts.
... _..._..._. ..__._.... .........,.._ _..:._. _..__ ._._... ... ..._.. ....... .
60�
Appendix A-Initial Sfrategy Lisf(continued)
]S M��'�de ir=rest��aiuc load P�otecnon Crea�e Gree^ana Grea+c a �elwo�k o�smal soace.v
31uc Nrgh6����ooa, c�waie- ir ya�as shee's. a. .�
. pa�.s oy remw�r9 paver^e�r end
. �, . , �, mcorpomfing �mn garders swales,
�'�. '� ; nees,and o�her permeable materials.
76 Sto�m Surge Infwsime+ure Flood Grotecf on ��� Consiruci Artibc ol Co�twue p lof ng and �invest gate
'� '� Reefs and �� fhe�eas bJ.�y of scaling p�o�ecis
' � �reokwaiers �' 4ar ortficlal reefs ard 6reokwoters
' �. �. ' .. oHshore to ottenuate wave e�ergy
, '�. '�. ��. '�. ond prov�de hord subsirote nabita+
77 Sbrm Surge InfmsM1ucWre Flood Protect on ! Restore and Con�nue restanng ond enFanang
, '�. ', '�. =nhance Exis+ing ', exis'�ng dunes through vegetahon
'� '� �� '. Dunes ' management and plan*ing,
. ��. �. promoting grovrtb of nanve
� �. �I ' '� vegeranon for eroson protection antl
'�. �. � . �. �ooifot bene4 ts
78 ��� Multlple ' Ope•at onol � [me�genry Pu�chase � Invesnga�e procurament o4 odd*onal�
'�, � Ope�anons � Emerge�cy � watemmh for emerge�cy response
� �. Respo�se �� dunny 41ood events
� '� �'. �. Wo'e�cmft
79 MulM1ple Operot onal Eme�genry �� Develop Altemate Conauct road Infrostmc�ure
, '�. Opemt o�s � Rood Jetocr assessment fo°�oodmg and explore
. ��� . � Rou'es '. aNerna'rve tmnsoortaflon roures for
' � � � '�. key streets In case of 4looding
80 Stormwafer Operotional Srormwater Improve Catch Inv¢stigate catch basins debns �
. �� ' �. 3as n Dabris management pmcrices ona develop
- �. �. � Management procedures�o clear deons�or
' . � '. ��. ¢xpected etorms
........ . . P... .. . ... . . �. P"...... pt Explore mmmuniiy-based storm drmn
81 Stormwater . O emt onal . 08M -, Develo Ado
. �� ' �� o Storm Dmin" �� deanng p�og•am,such as an"Adopt
' �. �. Pragmm �. a Sto�m Dm�in" omgmm,where
�. ��. � � res�derts valunteer ro keep storm
'. � - � dmins cleo�of debns
82 S�o�m Swge Operat onal Emeryenry I Creore Veh cle Creare a Cly vehlcle ore-storm
� Opemtiore � 5'orm Relocat�.on � relocotio� plon�Includ�ng eme�ge�cy
'�. �'. '�. Plon � �esponse vehides)
6�2
Appendix B - Final Strategy List
M�b plc ..c�einance Cont nue �o inco�pomte • BIu�Green Srormwo�er In'�oshuc+are ;9GS1)
ccnrre�t, up-to-date JLR
prqecnon longuage mto+he �
��. ��. des�.gn of capnal pro�ecis �'.
.... ._.. .�.. .. .... . .. ___. ..._._. _....... _.._.. _.._... ..._....
Muliiple ', Operatlanal '� Develop Sa4ety Plons for �. • Develop Ahemata Flood Detour Routes
�I � Roads and Publlc Rlght of ! . purctiase Emergency Response Wotercmb
Ways
. I �. • Activote•he 41ood comm�nlcoiions resporse plan
� Mult ple � Infiosirucrure Assess and PJot 81ue • Formallre blue-green smrmwoter mfrosfmcture �
. - and Green Stormwater requiremenis into e��isfing pdcy, pla�nl�g,ond
�. -: Irlrastruct�re Opportunities �. managemem s�s�ems.
�'�. I �. • Evaluore BG51 p�lor projec�s for obd�y to galn
'�. '�, �'.. regulofory approval and implememotion ieasibility
'� �, • Implement BG51 ptloi projects to monttor and
' evoluo•e effeaneneu(bosed on opponunaies#or
' torget neighborhoods�
- • Evaluate neighborhoods experiencng slgn�iflcant
��, ', Flood��ng fo�opporumi�es�o be green and blue
�'� ��. ne"gh6orhoods(�ncl. blue woys and greerways)
, �'. �', (woter reternon areas)
. • Iden�iiy and converf porks into Floodaole oarvs
' : • Monttor effect�.veness af proposed projects
(allevmte flooding In a smoll urban sefhng) (small
vs lo�ge s�orm events)
�'. � • Es�obllshlondscaping (easihdrty af proposed
, �. pro�ecrs j�n o smoll urban satting)
, '�, , • Detmmire fradeo!!s�o implemrnf pmjecis
�'� ' �. • Iden�ry areos f�om the SWMMP to mplement BG51
Mult ple � Infmshuctu�e Protecr and Elewie Crincal • Road rorsing,repavirg,ond �egroding
��. '� Clty Dlst�ibured Infrostmcture , . Narden electncal subsmtlons
' �', (roadways, M1ol{ic comrol, '�
; : pipel�ines, fire hydmnts) . • Floodprooi wastewater Lh smnors
• Elevote �mf6� cortrol 6oxes
�I �. • Ele�ate backup powe• (or GtylacdAles
'� • Elemte emerge�ry foctl�ty parklrg brs
' - � • Roree I�.�e hydranrs abore flood levels
. • Install+emporary Hood borners for City fac.LAes
�� �. • Elemtesho•elinesimct�res
._ _....:. .._._ ._.._.. . ......... �. . . . . . . . .. .
603
Appandix B-Final STrategy List(tontinued�
Mul��ple In4�as�rucwre Re�ro�i a^d -^�ance inplemenr fhe SWMMP Crtical heeds �mjoc�s ond
Stormwo�m Sys Nclghbo��ood Imorovenc�t Projcc�s
'. Hiyher',n.e�sty 7a r�oll ;•ncL . Inspeer, reploce, ond upgrode agl�g s�o�mwote-
'� pumps, p�pes, dm nage ond wasrewater pipebnes
. '�. areasJ ��
'. • Upsae smrmwater Infmstmcw�e
�I �. • Connact disconnected dramaye a�eas to �he
�. �. stornwater system
�, �, Insmll backHow pravention ot stormwoter ouf4alls
, �. nsmll new dra�nage wells to ma�age srormwoter
'�, �, • Conshuc� Underground Deten�lon Bosins
, .. • Procure and stage portable/*emporory srormwofer
�', ' pumps�o respond to local�aed 41ood��.ng
� • Install slormwoier waier q�alify freatment
�� improvemenfs
�� �, Improve cafch basin de6ris monogement
j . �. • Floodpmo� stormwo�er pump stotions(�ncl.
. .. �'. generotors)
- I . - Install additional stormwater inlets
MuPlple �. Govemance CoordlnotewirhCountyon �
��. �'� Flaoo PmtecCon for Shorea :
I '�. Assers �.
�. . _....._ ...._.._ _.._.. ....._......
Mult ple �. Go�ernance � Develop a Socially '�. .
�'. � V�Inemble Assisrance '�.
��. I Response Plan '�.
. . ... ___...... ._._. ......._...__ ._......_.
Mulfiple � Govemance Inves gate Feasl6il fy fo '�.
� �� Solidifyo�IncrevseFEMA ��
� � Community Rating System
� - (CRS�Class
Mult ple '� Gavemance Mo�'a�in Shoreline ' • Review Seawall Ordinance effecnveness as new
� '. Protection Infmstmcfure SLR projectwns and obse�ved condlno�s
. - � water4m��setbacas-Mai��al�seawall
'�. ' '. inven'ory
'�. � • Ide��ify sho�eline simctures to 6e elevared
_ ...._.:. ........._ __._ .._..__ ......... ..... .. .. .._._. __.....
s�4
� . ., � ..r ..�o �. ..i Flar
Appendix B-Final Stralegy LisT(continued)
Sto�m Su�gc Inbastr�emre Com nve Beach ond • Implement Durc Ma�ageTen'�lon
Dwe RenowsFmer! ana Fortrfy owes fvougn ma�og n� �ece�o��o^
'� Enhancemens � mchvdleg inmm �g, exo-ic reno.al,and �a�ve
. �'. . plannnys.
�'. �', �. • Consimc/Reinforce exis!ing d��e system �s'�ng
'� '�. '�, 'hybrid du�e' opproaches
� • Evalua+e how to reduce the flood �isks assocloted
. :� wRh dune crossovers
'�. • Contin�e to pllo'and enoand consnucnon of
'�. � olfshare wave at-enuation mf�asbucrure,such as
'� �'. arti4iclal reefs and brea4waters
_. .._:_ ._._.. _... ... ......_. ....._.. .._... . . . .. .. .... ...... .. .
Multipla Opemtionol �- Purchase Emergenry '�
�'�. Response Watercmh
Stormwater ... Informahonal DeveloP`Adopf v Storm.... . .... .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . ... .. .. .
' i Drain"program .
7 do� �' Informationvl Devalop Stro•agies and �• 7erfo�m 9roundwa*er ond saliwoter �inbusion s!udy
'�. '. Monito�ing Approoches{or . . plant sal' foleran�and �ahve specles
�'. �. Groundwa�e�and Saltv.oter �.
�' Inimsion �
Muh ple ��. Opemtional Establish Rood Impacis
'�. '�. Monl'oricg Prog�am �
�. ......... .._...... ....__ ..__...
Mulipla �� Governarce Coord��natew'hCountyond - �
� USAC[ on Miami-Dode 9ack '
. �. Boy ond Oceanfmnt CSRM �.
� �� $iudies �
Mult ple '. Informat��.onal Confmue fo develop and � • Bulid upon ihe�2esillence Code ana P�w¢e
��.. aavacate`orSLR/Flood�.ng �� Prope•�yAdap•atro� ��ogromtodeveloo
� . Resources lor Private �'. homeowner's gwde to assist with understanding
. I PropeAy Owners and �� °lood vulnerabJlfles ond opt�ions.
'�, �� Businesses • Davelop cLmole hozara ou+reach matenals
. '. • Implemenf and expbre'he �easlbd��ty of eeoandl�g
'�. '�, Pn.a�e Prooerty Adap�anon Progmm Gmn-
Progmm
'. • OutreocF to residents and busaesses on woste
�. '�. ' storage
' - � • Coordlnote with fedeml,stalc,bcol,a�d pnvate
. �� enriPes ta aevelop furd�ng aod 6nancmg tools for
resLence�morovements for pnvate proper�es
' � SFo•e�he FEMA Vol�n�ary BcycW program with
reoenirve loss p�open es.
� • Explo�e rhe purchase o#vulneroble propenies b�
s'or�^,wo+e�mowgeme^t a�d refe��lon.
. .......: ..__. .. . � . . . . . .
6�5
Appendix B-Final Strategy Lisi (eonlinued)
Muhple Govemarce ' Jpda+e ond 5�rvcy Cay
BuJd�.ngs F�ish Roor
I Flevo'ions ;F-tj as needed
Molnplc . Ope�ouonol '. Ident,fysr.otegles�o� .
- '�. hlstonc pmpertlas ond �
�� �'. neighbo�hoods 4rom�he �'..
�. ' Buoyanr Clty Guldellnes m �', '
'�. '. move lorward wi-h�n the '�.
'� � regclamry envimnmem and '�,
', '�. conside�budamg code and '�.
'� �'. zonmy code upda'es(Incl. '�.
I '�. utiLty smntlards,hlstonc '�.
'. huildings� '
� Mult ple '�, InFosimcNre Protect and Elevote Cnflcal • Elewfe backup power for crty faahnes �
�I �. Crty FacJltles . • Flevate eme.ge�cy foc8lry porklrg lots
'�. �I � • Iretoll temporory flood barnars far City facilities
... .....�. . ...... .. .. ...... . .. . ... . . .�, .. ..... ... . . .. . .... .. . . .. ..
Muliiple - In6astmcture '�. Elevate or Floodp�oo� '�.
'� Residentwl ond Commerc�ol �'�
� '�. Stmctores
._ _..', ... .. .. . . ._._.. . .... . . .. . ......__. _......._. ___... .___
Mulnple �', Govemance � Explarei.ans4erof �
��. - Develapmen!R�ig��s ��.
'� '�. Opportur�ties '�
� -� .. .. . . . . ......_.... _......._... _....... ...__
Storm Surge '� Irfrostruc�ure Consiruct Artblcial Rcefs ��
� '. and Breakwoters ��. .
. . _.__. ..___ ............. ..._..._
Storm Smge �. In4�osrruciure Install Loml Flood Gates/
I '�. Storm Surge Barners w ',
'�. � Reduce Bock Bay Surge '�.
'� ��. Fload..ng ��
s�s
Appendix C - Evaluation Criteria and Scoring Methodology
. . . � . . . . : . . . . .
Engl�eerwy EVC-I �m!ects cn*icol �� 5 - P�ooides pm�ecnon to 2'00
� G�'y osseh �. 2 n•owdes ormectior m 207C
�, � I - P�o.�des protecr.on �0 204C
I � '�. 0 . Does nat pmrer agamst future SlR
..._.. .... . .: ...... .. . ..... .... ... .. .... . .. . .. . .. ... .
�':� ENG2 '�. Abiluy ta odopt '�. i= Highly(lev'ible wahour wosnng cwaol imestment
' '�. b changing '�, 2 , Moderately flex�ble but may resuk In wost ng some capaol Imesiment
'. cllmote �
� �'. condinons - � _ ��itle Neai6�illty and/or would result In subsla��lol waste o! caprcol
'�. �'. Investment
'�. = 0 - No Elevi6illty wttho�i complete rebu�ld
ENG-3 � Addresses ��. 3 Addresses three flood �ypes
�' �'�. mult�.ple flood �'� y : qddresses two flood types
rypes
�. � � 1 = Addresses one flood iyoe
�. . .. .._...... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... ..
Em ronmental , ENV-1 . Improves wate� 3- P•ovides suos�on�ial woter cually benef rs
I : quallfy �. � = Prw�des some water quollry bene{Its
'�. I I - Prowdes Ilm ted water quallty bene�lts
' �- 0 - Projecr would not p-ovide eny water qua4ly bene6fs
ENV 2 ' Protecis '. 5- Frovides subs�annol hob tat bene4its or ecosystem services
'�, enhances,or '�. 2 , p�ovides some hobl'ot 6ene���!s or ecosystem serv:ces
�: � eypands sensiine '.
. . hob4ats and ', � = P'ovldes lin�aed habltot benefds or ecosystem services
�. ecosystem '�. p = Project would not provide ony hab�itot benefds or ecosystem serv'mes
�. servlces -
� ......._ ..._....... . . . . . _ . .. . . . . . .. . .. ..._.. ..
ENV-3 . Red�ces � 3- Provides mosronnal greenhouse gas 6ene411s
'�. or o4'sets I y _ Drovldes some greennouse gas beref�is
� �'.. greenhouse gas �
. '�. enissions �, � = Provides Ilrided greenho�se gas 6eref�fs
I ' � 0 - Project would not p�ovide any gree�house gas benefits
___. _..._. . . . . . _ .. . .. . . .. . . . .... .._ _._... .. . .... ..
60�
Appendix C- EvaluaTion Criteria and Scoring Methodology(continued)
Soc�ial � SOGI I^ipreves 3 � P�w�dess�os!a�nalp�ol< eecbnbenef��.rs
oubb.c naait� p _ a,a�ces some pubhc heoltF benef�as
. merrics(e_g.,
'�. �� pubLc occess �. I . Pror.aes IlmBed p�611c heolm 6enellts
I � recrea�lon, '�. 0 = Projed wauld not p�ovide any p�bll< heolth bene4iis
- �. or access to '�..
'�. emergenry '�.
� SBrviCPSj '�
SOC 2 �. Enhances ' S Provides subs�anriol imnsportotion reslllence benefrts �
'', '� res:llence o4 tFe �', p . p�a�ides some transportaflon resillence 6eneflis
' �. tmnsportaflon
�� nefwork �'�, �= P'oNdes Ilnited tmnsportation resllence 6enehfs
'�. '�. 0 = Projecr would no�pravide any rransparafior benefRs
._..... .... . .! ._..._. ... ._ . .. . .. .... .. _. .... .. _... ....
�''�. SOG3 '�, BenefRs soclally j S= Provides substannal dlrecr 6enefits ro wc�olly vulnemble communihes
: vulneroble �'. 2 _ p�a�ides���dhecf 6eneftts�o socially vulnemble communnles
�'�. communifies �
'� I '�, I = ProNdes Ilnited benefltt fo soually v�lne�able commumfles
�', �', � 0 - Project would not pmvide any dvect or ind�i�ect benefns ro soaally
'� ' . vulne�able commurvties
SOC 4 Reduces r sk of �, 3- Pmvides suvstant al risk reduct on bene���'s
I I �.njury or loss of ' 2 , p�ovides some nsk red�cHon 'oenefits
' I'ife
' �. 1 = ProNdes Ilm ted rlsk reducFlor 6ene(�ds
� �. '�. 0 = Projer would not provide r sk reductlon beneflis
��.... ... ......':. ._.._. ......._ ._. ... .. ..._ .. .. .... ... ..
Implementanon IMP-1 '�. Funding/ '�. 3= Fundable wi�hin evlsnny cap�tal/operoHons budge+
Feaslbillty '�. ��: Flnonc�ing Is �' 2 , yyould reqoire mod��fpng existiny 6udgel or exfemal fundiny,source
I i paAially ar 4ully ��. �d¢nfl4led ar Gkely ro secure
' allable or can '
I ��. be o6tolned �. � - would requve exte�nol lundmy,source unkrown or unLkely
'�. '�. ' 0 - No known funding source Idemified
�. _.._ .. . .. .. : .. ....... ....... .. . .... . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .
�'.�IMP-2 ' Copdol Cosfs ' S= Limlted capltal Invasiment requ�red
���. ��. 2 - Modcrate capltal Investnent requlred
'�. � I I = Substantiol capital imes�menr requlred,buf feaslble fo�und
. ��. '� 0- Pwhib�iYrve capitol Imes*ment requ'ired
'�. . . . _ . . . .... .. . . . . .. .._... ....... .. ._. .. ...
�'� IMP-i ��.Maintenanw � 3 - WIII redu<e ex¢t ng O&M costs and/or smff ourden
. '�. Costs ond SmH . y Requires Ilmlted 08M cos•s and/or Increase��n s1a{f hurden
� ��. 8u�den
� ��. �. 1 = Subs�antlal 08M ros+s and/or increase n stoff burden
�, � . 0 - �rohl6ll ve 08M costs ond/or�:ncreose'.n sta{f burden
IMP-4 � A6J.ty.o 5 Can 6e implemented unde u�reN pallcies ana regulai�ons
, . �mpleme�f .. 2 _ Can be Implemented wiih minor chonges to pollcies and regula�ions
I '� glven current � �
�', professio�al I � = Ca�be�nplemenfed wu4 subsantlol changes to pol�.aes and
'� market '�, �egolations
�'. capablludles, � 0 - No possibility ro Implemenr given eaisLng pollc�es and regulat�ons
� pollaes, and ' fha!cannot be changed
�� regulot�.ons � __ _
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Draft Miami Beach's Sea Level Rise Adaptafion Plan
- Public Comments
Public CommenT #1
Due io global warming sea level rise every year .7 inches. As per sfat�ist��cal data every 20 years sea level rise
7 incties. 2050 will sea level rise olmost 7 inches. Year 2100 Flonda will be 7 feet underwater. So we need
save our coastal orea to make a sea wall segment by segment. In order to do ihe sea wall we need to do ihe
feasb-iliry s�udy find ihe base of the ocean and seal pmperly. This Is the basic concept of ihe sea wall. We mn
save our coastal orea from flood.
Public Comment #2
I' Is with some surprise and despite a nod 'o flooding in Romingo Park neighbourhood and an eaplicit
acknowledgement of fhe vulnembl�ltles of ihe current Flre S�ation 1 In the o6ove referenred Draft, that I flnd no
menf�or of Coniributing Buildings in ihe Assessment Methodology; See fig. 2.1 despite fhese meeting ai least
2 0� ihe 3 stoted critedo, including as an ensemble as deflned by ihe fedemlly recognisad Histonc Disir�ic},
cenired on FPN and comaining most oP MB's Coninbufing Bu�ddings.
FurtFermore, the Evolualion Criteria fail to Include reduction o4 risk of loss of either Cantribunng Buildmgs or
Affordable/Workforce Housing, disproportlonarely found as 4aturolly Occurring A'4ordable Housing wifhin said
Contrlbuting Bu�ildings.
F�inally, ihe 4oadways Flood Protection Strotegies fail to envislon roadway sllmmirg so as to accommodote
w'ider swales for both stormwater retention and so as to accommodate greaier mature canopy-widih sireet-
rrees �o red�ce tempem!u.es and act as green pedesirion/m��cromobllliy feede./access corridors, strotegy
RW6 nofwithstandirg, g'�ver its foo lote anFlcipated �Ime�oble.
I copy FPNA and MDPL and irnite commert.
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