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390-01 Ethnic Report 1992 ~. --- Jews, Hispanics, Blacks and Others in Miami Beach: An Ethnically Divided City or a Cosmopolitan Multiethnic City? By Abraham D. Lavender, Ph.D. OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES ON ETHNIC AND NATIONAL IDENTI1Y Number 1 . 1992 .. ... JEWS, HISPANICS, ~ AND OI:HERS IN MIAMI BFAOi: AN FlHNICALI:l DIVIDED CI'IY OR A <DSM:)ro~ KmI'IEIHNIC CI'IY? Abraham D. I.averoer, Fh. D. Department of Sociology an:i Ant:hropology Florida Intematiooal University North Miami, FL 33181 May 1992 Met.rtpJlitan Miami, Florida, alcn:J with New York an:i Los Argeles, is one of the leadin:] inten1atiooal centers in the United states (Rose, 1989: 464; Arsenault an:i M::lnnino, 1988: 185). Within the meLL,+"litan area, Miami Beach, at the height of its status as a fim::Jus resort city in the 19505 an:i 19605, was the shini.n:] jewel of the area an:i pc1w1erful in wctL,+"litan politics an:i eoollcrnics. In the 1970s, as the resort b.ud,M'"'G'2S faded an:i the metropolitan area (especially the city of Miami) beo:"n- an inten1ational trade center (especially with Iatin America), Miami Beach lost its local preeminence. Miami Beach today is one of several geograpucal centers of power in the metropolitan area. azt, the Miami Beach of today is very different iran the Miami Beach of only a few years ago, an:i in the last few years Miami Beach- more than any other local area-has received extensive media attention for its inten1ational an:i COSIIlCp)litan flavor. As Fain says, "Today there are cigar- SIIW:lkin;J CUbans in white guayabera shirts plazrinI dcminoes in the park.. .~in:J into old restored hotels an:i apartments in the South Beach Presel:va.tion District is a new I'TnmlnUty of ycun;J an:i often qay newcc:mers...'!here are Jews iran Russia in South Beach, many more Russian than Jewish, an:i there are Asians an:i Haitians as W'IelI. on occasial Canadians fini their way down iran the north (North Miami an:i parts of Brcward Camty, that is). Virtually everybody finds a place al '!be Beach" (1990: 11). 1 :~ :; '..' Numerous local arxi non-local journalists have described Miami. Beach, givin] a good view of recent c:han;es. New York magazine writes that '''!be deli that used to sell take-out matzo-ball saJp is gone lXlW. Near where it was is w~ of steel, a biker shcp that sells Harley-ravidson lllE!llDrabilia. In the very spot where the F'aItDJs Restaurant [a ~l-known Jewish restaurant] ax:e cli.shed up its legeroazy kreplach, the stran:i, a chic restau:z:ant famded by Gary Farmer.. . features lin;ui.ne with ~'llrII'l caviar. A little farther up Washi.nJton AveruJe, saoewhere between the Kin; ravid kosher deli and the 0Jb8n",' ~, there's Flashbacks, a kitsch nostalgia eq:orium..." (Eethany ,:11'f-', t..: ,': 1992: 18, 20). South Florida magazine writes that '''!he new Miami Beach is "'4:ff.t developin] a full-tiJIle resi.derx::y that's part-Hi.spani.c, part-Hanptons, part" West; cosmopolitan at a Em'opean pace" (Albin, 1991: 33). '!he Wi , ~i<.' notes that a vibrant gay ~11'1i.ty is developin] because of the "Unn51'1"" ~!? ,,"\! cx:mbination of cosmopolitanism arxi small-town frierx:Uiness" (Freiberg, 1992: i.' 5). Shcwin;J major eca.....d.c c:han;es that are ac::c:arpmyin] ethnic arxi cultUial c:han;es, the Miami Herald notes that '''!he F'aItDJs is lXlW '!he stran:i. Winkler 5 & 10 is an Art Deco fast food restaurant. A roanin:r house in F.spamla ~ 2 :.!, -... ~~_:.:;;.: ::; ~;!- ,;... '. ;'';'',:,";:: :,'i~~N. ...; '" :..:.,::",,:. .-.' ,'. Road has sidewalk cafes open at night, and yaJn; ccup1es are ~in:1 tor banes fran top to bottan" (Tanb, 1991: lB). ArXi, New Miami magazine wri~ ..' that "In 1992, the key issue for Miami Beach remains the inflClii of yaJn1 professionals to South Beach and points north" (Westlurd, 1992: 54) .',.;, .~ Miami Beach has again beo:,..- famus as an i.nteJ:natiana.l vacatial 'el bIt it also is i.nteJ:national in its residenta1 pc::p.tlatia1 arxi its voters. Because of (1) its large elderly Jewish pc::p.tlatia1, many of tb3l born in Eastern Europe, (2) its large number of residents born in ratin.. " .~ American arxl the eari..........n, arxl (3) its g:rowin} nJDi:ler of forei.gn-b:lm retirees arxl yo.n; entrepreneurs arxl professimals :f1:an many areas of the world, the foreign-born not ally CXIIprise 39.8% of the registered voters of Miami Beach, t:ut represent several major ethnic groops of diverse natialal origins. Nearly every Iatin American arxl caril:Jbean area, OYer nineteen Em:q:lean c:omtries, six Middle Fastem c:omtries, arxl other areas of the 'NOrld are 4q.d:esented <mag the foreign-lxml voters. Another 3.1% of the voters are :f1:an areas asscx::iated with the united states, mcstly Puerto Rico. only 57.1% of the voters wre bom in the fifty states or the District of COluniJia, with every.one of the fifty states ~ represented. '!he District of COluniJia arxl eleven mid-Atlantic arxl northeastem states aoco.mt for 38.2% of the voters, eleven soothem states (except:jJg Florida) aoooont for 3.6%, arxl the twenty- seven other states (llry"Qlmt for 8.6%. only 6.8% of the voters wre bom in Florida, arxl it is prd::)able that ally a small J'1IJIIi:ler of these wre born in Miami Beach. Other cities in the meLLl..}JUlitan area have high percentages of foreign-b:lrn voters, t:ut Miami Beach is UI'IIIlatc:hed in the ethnic, national . origins, arxl religioos diversity of its foreign-b:>m arxl its reprt:atial as an emergin] cx;.c:m. PJlitan city. In the larger lu=l...l..}JUlitan area, ic:.c::I_ freqJently have been cast in ethnic tenns instead of in substantive iSl;ll"""" (M:t1l, 1988: 152). Ethnic syni:lols have been "invoked specifically to avoid a.l.h=oSin] saDe of the mre difficult substantive policy c:cn:::ems that are especially related to the problems of poverty arxl ethnic oa1flict" (stack arxl warren, 1990: 20). aIt, at the same tilDe, it is prejicted that Sa.tth Florida as a sin]le sociological arxl geograpu.cal unit has the patential to deve1q1 a ~nti.ty dw:acteri.zed by "Dultiethnicity arxl universality rather than ~uolp rule" (Wallace, 1991: 3 " SC). Warren, Col:bett, am stack Slq3'est, of the area in general, that ." "increased. vct.in; across ethnic lines does 1J.L Sai<<; sane vwu.r.tmu:ty for the creatiat of new coalitiats within the ranks of the electorate" (1990: 176). In short, . there are preclictiats that met.r."+'Ylitan Miami can be a ''perfect SUnbelt coalitiat" city in which ro sirgle class or ethnic g:rcup holds exmplete power CNe:r political dec:isiats (Bayer, 1988: 136). Miami Beach, because of its diversity am <X"""lo politan flavor, oc:uld have a greater likelihood than lOOSt areas of Dade cnmty to devel~ the SUnbelt 1IX:ldel. 'lbi.s paper addresses three questiats: (1) What are the political identities of the major ethnic g:rciJps at Miami Beach? (2) To what extent are these ethnic g:rcup political identities chan;irg with }'Ol1ll;Jer age groups? Ani, (3) What do these ethnic patterns suggest for the political :future of the city? Will "C'?"ftlo politan" Miami Beac::h be a part of the "perfect SUnbelt coalitiat" or will it be d1aract:erized by divisive ethnic politics? Me1:hodology it ,. To answer these questiats, this paper analyzes the 37,018 registered voters in Miami Beac::h as of February 1991. Althcu;Jh elections are nonpartisan, --90.7% of the registered voters list a political affiliation, with nearly all be:irg either [>>\....adtic or Aep:lblican. In general in the united states, there are clear cliffexeuoes between [>>\... ;.r....1:s am Rep1blicans a1 many iSS'''...., am political affiliatiat :iit.r.....-,jly influences votes at can::lidates am ; ","C'"ac: (Miller, 1991: 566). Heooe, political affiliatiat is used as the -$IJre of political identity. '!he fem: ethnic groups analyzed are Blacks, Hispanics, Jews, am others (:referred to locally, inclur:iin;J Jews, as "An;'l.oslt). 4 . .. .. '!he United states c:ensnses for ~lic:able years 'NIere used for pqlUlaHen figures for the elderly, Hispanics, am blacks. Jewish pqlUlatien estimates 'NIere obtained by usirg the Di.sti.rx:ti.ve Jewish Names (DJN) Ted1ni.que, as refined by IaverDar (1992a).. '!he pqlUlatien estimates for others (defined here as n:n-Hi.spani.c:, rx:n-black, 1'1CiIl"'0'ewish) 'NIere obtained by subtractin;J the three major ethnic groops (Hispanics, blacks, Jews) fran the totals, am adjustirq where necessary for overlaps between ethnic groops (e.q., black Hispanics) .1 '!he nmi:lers for voters 'NIere obtained or c:atpIted fran the FebJ:uary 1991 voter re;istratien list for Miami. Beadl, Dade CaJnty, Florida. Nt.mtlers for blacks 'NIere obtained fran the re;i.St:ratien list. Nt.mtlers for Hispanics 'NIere based en the re;istraticm list, bIt 'NIere adjusted for estimates of United states-born Hispanics. '!he elec:tialS board c:a.mts as "Iatins" c:nly those pecple Ixlrn in Spanish-speakirg ocuntri.es (am Puerto Rico) , . am classifies United states-born Hispanics as non-Iatins. In order to count voters of Hispanic ar~L..i as Hispanics instead of as n:n-Hi.spani.cs, a surname tec:hni.que was used. '!he Di.sti.rx:ti.ve Hispanic Names ([EN) Ted1ni.que was used by which an estimated number of United states-born Hispanics was substracted fran the Non-Iatin White figures provided by the Board of Elec:tialS, am added to the Hispanic numbers provided by the Board of Elec:tialS. '!he Distinctive Jewish Names (DJN) Tedmi.que likewise was used to separate sune...1:ed Jewish voters fran the Na1-Iatin White figures. '!he Na1-Iatin White figures fran the Board of Elec:tialS, after United states-born Hispanics am Jews 'NIere subtracted, is the "other' categozy in this study. 2 Because of scme daJble countin;J (e.q., Hispanic Jews am Hispanic blacks), the totals for 1980 am 1990 are aba.rt 1 to 2 percentage points over 100%. 'lhree age groops are used: Yarg, 18-40: Mi.dd1c--aqed, 41-65: am Elderly, 65+. 5 A unique h;Je Di.st:rih1t.i.cm In order to urXIerstard the present and future of Miami Beach's ethnic and political <> "'1. <lSition, it is ilIp)rtant to understan:l the history of the city in terms of its unique age c1i.st.ri.b.rticm (Figure 1). In 1940 Miami Beach was a small town of only 28,012 residents, with only 2,441 (8.7\) elderly. By 1950, the p"p'1lation was 46,282, with 5,591 (12.1\) elderly. 'lbese elderly perc::entages were net Ul'1IJSI...." bIt in the 19508 the elderly percentages be;an to c:::harge. In 1960, 17,777 pecple, representin;J 28.2% of Miami Beach's p"p'1laticm of 63,145, were elderly.~'1his was a high percentage relative to mst cities, inc1u:iirg other cities in I:Bde Ccunty. art:, the 1960s were to see an eJePlosive growth in Miami Beach's pcp.Uaticm, and in the elderly percentage. By 1970, the pcpllaticm was 87,072, la1:geJ.y due to growth of the elderly group who by 1970 l'lIJDlbered 42,433, and acccunted for 48.7% of the city's pcp.Uaticm. Miami Beach was the mst "elderly city of its size in the united states," and had "a pcpllaticm profile unmatd1ed anywhere in the world" (Redford, 1970: 263). In 1970, the city manager argued that Miami. Beach faced a pcp.Uaticm crisis, and that the city was unable to grew more because of lilllited space (Gjebre, 1970: SA). In 1972, it was lq..Ol.1:ed that "most observers feel the dramatic increase in the city's elderly ~.1laticm has peaked. M::lst of the elderly are poor, and as the blildin;Js in which they live are denx>lished, they will be replaced with high-rises or hatels far cut of their finarx:ia1 reach" (Barger, 1972: SN). In the 1970& the growth rate did slow down, bIt mst of the growth still was acccunted for by the elderly. In 1970, the elderly CCIlprised an even higher percentage of registered voters than of the pcp.Uaticm. '!bey were "Well aware of their political power, .. .. 6 Figure 1. Miami. Beach Groops: Percentage of Pc:p.l1ation, 1940-1990* 100 '" 20 80 60 40 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 -- Other ("Anglo") + Jewtsh -B- Black * Elderly * HIspanIc " *See the Methcdology Sectial an:! FI.AJt....A:e 1 for a d;"""'~c::ion of the groops. 7 .. and re;ularly reinforce[d) it at electiat time..." (Redford, 1970: 265). Althoogh the toorist i.n:nJstty qposed the image of a retirement city, a retirement t'Y'Wnrrnruty was established. Scme c:i:Jservers had seen the "stream of migrant elderly" as a t:enpJrazy ~la1 as late as 1967, but the l1I.III'tlers increased and by "the 1960's and 1970's this pCpl11atiat group daninated the Beach" (ladner, et al., 1976: 94). '!he elderly discoorage:i yoonger peq>le fran ux::JVi.rq to Miami. Beach as pennanent residents (Redford, 1970). '!his tH~it was ac:xx:II'plished largely thraJgh cx:n::k:mini.um rules and regulations. l3efore the practice was prohibited by federal law, sane c::croani.niUlllS directly excluded ~ pecple, particularly peq>le with children, on the basis of age. By 1980, the city had a pcp1latiat of 96,298 pecple of whan 49,836 . (51.8%) were elderly. '!he elderly c::arprised 64.8% of the reg:istere::1 voters. Elderly ]"'"<'''''''''' were iJxp)rtant in loc::al elections, and vot.i.n; rates were high. '!his elderly primarily~ewish growth actually had beg\.m to d1im3'e in the late c' . ~. 1970s, however, and in the 1980s a major c::harge ~",.. evident. In the 1980s, there was a high ltm'tality rate am::I'l9 the elderly residents of the city. Many elderly (especially in the sart:hem part of the city) lIICNed because crimi.na1s began to lIDVe into boarded up and deteriorated 1::ui.1ciin;Js ,J;,eSUltin:J !ran a city-i~ 1::ui.1clin;J umatorium (IU};Jer, 1987: lB). 3 As !l.1ir noted, "'!he elderly were at evexybody's 1IIIm::Y becallS(> there was a JDa1IIIKJth redevelqment prup.aw slated for Scut:h Beach (Scut:h POinte) with a three- lnD'..h....J-sixty-milliat-dollar bc::ni sale sdleduled to be done in two pw;es. '!hat was at a st:.arosti.11 for the lIICJDeJ'It, while neither new 1::ui.1ciin;Js nor repairs were a1 the ageroa" (1990: 279). Partly as a result of the con:titions in Miami. Beach, especially Scut:h Beach, and partly because of ecollcmic .' 8 . . ~ ... ~ :J c:on:titioos of the retirees, ltr:lSt of the Jewish retirees frail the northern United states started goirq to larger hoosirq units in northern Dade, Brcward or PaJJII Bead1 counties instead of to Miami Bead1 (Sbeskin, 1990: 1). '!he expan:iirg Hispanic p:pllatien of Dade Camty (of all ages) started lIIC\I'irq to the city in large rmmbers, arxi ~ peq>le of all ethnic ~ lOClVE!d to the city (especially in the last few years of the 1980s) as the city Ul'lden;ent an eCXlllcmic revival. By 1987, Allman c:x:W.d say that "Miami Beach is no lon;er a retirement mecca. art lIlld1 ~ peq>le frail Miami are beg:i1minJ to rejuvenate the old-age ghettos.. .Enrollment in Miami Bead1 p:lblic schools is risirq as ~ families, many bf them Hispanic, settle there" (1987: 366). By 1990, the elderly had decreased to 27,892, a net decrease of 21,944 in ale ~~. '!his was a drastic decrease, arxi despite the lIICYeIIlel1t of large rmmbers of yam;JE!r peq>le into Miami Bead1 especially in the last few years of the 1980s, the city's p:pllatien decreased slightly to 92,639 by 1990. '!he elderly 'OOW represented 30.1% of the p:pllatien. '!his translated into 35.1% of the voting' age p-puation, arxi in Februa%y 1991 the elderly c::x:IIprised 48.1% of the registered voters. 'lhcse elderly remaini.n;J also were gett.in;J older as a groop. '!he percentage of the elderly ~ were aver 75 went frail 24.3% in 1960, to 36.6% in 1970, to 55.3% in 1980, arxi to 60.7% in 1990. By the late 1980s, sane elderly had beglm to recognize their decreasirq influerx::e, arxi OOject to d1im;es. Plevinsky, a retired newspaper editor arxi local civic activist, criticized the city for passirq an ordinance which banned ACIFs (Adult a..~~te Livirq Facilities, Le., ca~~te hcmeS for elderly ~ require less care than in a nJrSirq bane) frail cperatirq en ocean fra1t prcperty. He wrote "We are the elderly of Miami Bead1. We are tired of I::lein;J plSbe:i aroJl'l:i. We are tired of beirq rd:lbed or lIIlgged. We resent I::lein;J blamed for all the 9 . .. ills of Miami Beach" (1987: 17). AlthaJgh. the elderly still canprise Oller fem- out of every ten registered voters, their political influerx:e has declined. '!be increase::1 age of the elderly tTmllllnUty makes vct.iIg (even absentee vct.iIg) more of a dlore, the n:llIIber of activist leaders who can deliver large blocs of votes has decreased, am politicians are qivin; in::reasin; attentioo to :yaD'l;Jer voters because of ~ future t:rerx1s. In Oc:t:cber 1991, the M;;m; Herald acx:::urately S1.........rized the chan;1es: "In their heyday, frail the ease of their aDId1ai.rs, Bella Deklo am her friends called the shots. A retired qarment -...crker frail New York, Deklo had the credentials of a Beach power broker: elderly am Jewish. Her stren;th was in J'1IlIIIbers; there were thc:usan:!s like her. Arxl they all voted. '!hey still do. alt Deklo am her senior citizen friends are no lar;Jer the mainstay of Miami Beach politics, a p:::JWerllaJse vct.iIg bloc: tucked <NaY in Sooth Beach hotels am high-rise CClI'ldanini.ums... 'Elderly peq;lle made Miami Beach,' said Deklo. . . 'I don't think they notice us anymre'" (Westa1, 1991a: 32). '!be Etlmic GJ:"QJps Miami Beach also is unique in its ethnic .:~ .,,,":lSitioo. Miami Beach's I ,I , ..pc;p1latioo was 40.6% Jewish, 46.8% Hispanic, 5.2% Black, ani 9.5% others accordin;J to the 1990 census (Figure 1). BecaIJse of double c:amti.n;J for these peq;lle who are both Jewish am Hispanic or both black am Hispanic, the adjusted total is 102.1% (I.avE!OOer, 1991b). alt, the current ethnic 'I ~ " o"'1<lSitioo is a result of Miami Beach's ethnic history as lilell as a result of recent changes, am the past needs to be """",,,iT1lE!d to understand the likely cha.nges in the future. . 10 ... "- " A Jewish City: Paradise am Poverty Miami Beach was incxll.porated in 1915, c:x:upri.sed of the lam-hold..irx3s of Jdm s. Collins, carl G. Fisher, am the TnMl'l1!:: (J.N. am J.E.) brothers. '!be Collins am Fisher lan:i had "Caucasian Clauses" which prchibited Jews am blacks frail CJW1'1in;J prc:perty. '!he Tnmm.1-C::: prcperty (SaIth of Fifth street) prchibited blacks, bIt allOfolled Jews (Heyrock, 1969: 18). For several t'\~ after its incorporatial in 1915, Miami Beach c.:xmt.i.lDJed to have blatant anti- Jewish r=.L...ictions in taIrist am .,.,. odations, hals:in;, social life, am other areas. In the late 19205, for ~'e, the Pancoast Hotel advertise:i that it catered only to a "nice family clientele except for Hebrews." other hotels had signs sayin; "01ri.stian Clientele," "Gentiles Only," or "No Jews." In the 19305, ~'JSe of bad ecollcmic times followi.n; the Deplessial, sane Olristian owners ignored the restrictive clauses am sold residential property am small hotels to Jews. A few wealthy Jews also bought property. '!he Jewish percentage of the pcp.1latial slowly increased so that it ~ abcut 4,500 (16.0%) in 1940 (Figure 1). Ib;;t lived sc:uth of 14th street. Despite the residential c:il.anges, social r=L...ictions remained against Jewish residents. For exanple, the Bath Club was noted for having cabanas "far CNay frail the few prospercus Jews who had ruined the Ranan pools of carl Fisher" (KsS's""'""'1'1, 1979: 102, 105). '!he prestigious Miami Beach Wc:men's Club, which had been fCAJJ'Ded in 1926 am had btoc, ..~ a center of social activities, retained r=.Ldctions against Jews for ~ (Heyrock, 1969: 40-41). It was only in the 19405 that the Jewish percentage started grcw:in; rapidly. At the en::! of World War II, the Jewish pcp.1lation was estimated at nearly 16,000 (I.elmuan am ~pnrt, 1955: 14). Many Jewish ex-soldiers who 11 . ~. .~ i :1 J j :. \ had been statiClled in Miami Beach durin;J World War II returned to the city to begin families after the war. In the 19505 an:! 19605, most of the new residents who a.a::nmted for the P1encmenal increase in the elderly percentage lileJ:"e also Jewish, so this also helped lead to a rapid increase in the Jewish pcpllatioo. Yo.Jrger Jews also cx:nt.i.rued to live in Miami Beach, bIt}ix)re referred to the Jewish migratioo as representin;J ttpexhaps the ally mass migratioo of the elderly in modem tiJnes" (1988: 146). '!he Sc:uth Beach area, with the least re:..L..lctiCl1S an:! more small apartments, provided an "amiable climate an:! the security of the growin:] east-&1rq:lean Jewish tTmWTInti.ty in Miami. '!he Sc:uth Beach was a canfortable place for many of these peqlle, liviD;; 00 Soc;::t1 Security an:! their savin3s f:ran their bmir--;es in the North. Bit by bit, the Scuth Beach area ~ less of a Jewish middle class t'YTllllllnUty an:! more of a Jewish retirement spot, an:! ocnoem was expresse::3. anew that the Scuth Beach wculd 1:<<, I,""" a blight 00 Miami Beach" (Ladner et 81., 1976: 9). largely as a result of the elderly Jewish migratioo, for several <:'1"""""""- Miami Beach was the most Jewish city of its size in the United states. It is estimated that by 1950 the Jewish pcpllatioo in Miami Beach l'UDItlered about 24,000 (51.9%), <::cqlrised of Jewish retirees an:! ~ Jewish families. By 1960, the Jewish ~llatioo 1'1UIIi:lered about 46,000 (72.8%), an:! by .J.970 the estimated nuni:ler was 70,000 (80.4%). DJrin;J the ~ of grcwth of Jewish toori.sts an:! the Jewish t'YTIIIIIInti.ty, signs advertisin;J tourist a<~~ .,.,. -datials "For Gentiles Only" increased. ''EveJ:y roan a view wit:hc:Alt a Jew" was a sign a'1 a hotel near the Beach, an:! in the late 19305 ale sign read "Gentiles ally, no dogs" (Redford, 1970: 214). In 1945, a graJp of Jewish ex-soldiers, led by &1mett Rct:h, visited hotel owners who still had restrictive signs an:! convi.nced most of them to :rem::Ne the signs IT 12 . (Redford, 1970: 22). In 1949, under the leadership of O. Lee ~l, a n:I'l- Jewish (Presbyterian) city <:nrm;~iooer, all re..L..lctive signs were c:utlalrollSd. In 1951, Powell lole11t to Tallahasee to lead S'~'ii'fully the effort to pass an anti-RU Klux Klan Act which prohibited the bJrni.n;J of crosses and the warin;J of masks and hoods (Redford, 1970: 222). Powell also pJShed for laws prohibitirq Nazi and CXIIIII.mi.st symbols, and a.lm:lst got into a fist fight in Tallahasroo with the Grard Dragal of the RU Klux lO.an (Barger, 1971a: 40). azt, as Albin notes, "'Ihcu3h 'Gentile Q11y' signs were banned fran plblic places in 1949, plenty were left en reoepti.a1 desks" (1991: 34). M::lst resi.denti.a1 J:=>L..lcticni against Jews were largely igoored by the 19505 because of ecollcmic factors and .............tse it be- _n... .in:::reasin;Jly difficult to enforce clauses in deeds. azt in 1952, an ex-naval officer ~ was Jewish, B. J. Harris, after b1yi.n;J a lot en SUnset Island Nuni:ler '!'we, was denied membership in the property owners associatien that ~llLulled the island. The association refused to :remJYe its anti-semitic policy after Harris pretested, and Harris sued. A lower coort roled against Harris, orderin:J him to sell his property. Finally, in 1959 the Florida ~_ Court roled in Harris' favor (Heyroc:k'; 1969: 4; 1('P.'S....,~1'1, 1979: 110). In 1969, the local newspaper in Miami. Beach received praise and criticism for "roc:ki.rg the boat" for a series of articles en r=L..lctive ccvenant:s l:1!IIIain:in;J against Jews in residential property. '!he article showed that SUnset Island Number One, SUnset Island Number '!'we, and IaGorce Island still had J:=>L..lctive covenants (Heyrock, 1969: 3). Mehlin;J cx:W.d state that "there is not a sin;Jle golf or dinner-dance club to which a Jew can belen] without hi.din:1 the fact that he is Jewish" (1977: 120) . Despite the disc:rimp'latien, Redford CXI1Cludecl in 1970 that the Jewish 13 . "" presence had c.:harxJed Miami Beadl fran "a small, socially seccn:!-rate W1\SP resort to the gayest, richest Jewish city in the world" (1970: 206). Behin:l the glaIlDr am the perceptioo of Jewish S1~S, however, there was considerable Jewish poverty. For the poor elderly JeItlS, there was "ally contempt for the city's 'glaIOOr' am the questioo of whether it waxes or wanes" (Horwitz, 1977: 182). In 1969, for exalIple, "the plight of the old peq>le of SaIth Beadl cau;;ht between risirq rents am fixed in:x:me" was an issue in all the cc:mnissioo races, am rent c:cntrollllO.1ld be instituted in a few years for a short time (Rr:::lberts, 1969: SA). By 1980, the Jewish pcpl1atiat was down to about 65,000 residents, about 65.7% of the total. a.rt:, because of the Jewish C'YTI1IIIInUty's elderly sta'bJs, high percentage of citizens, ani ..L......~ interest in politics, a1m:lst 4 cut of 5 voters -were Jewish. In 1983, Jewish residents of Miami Beach -were a1'XJered when a city p,lblic meeti.n; was scheduled to be held in the IaGorce CcuntJ:y Club. The American Jewish Camnittee oojected to the meetirq beirq held in a club that ''has 1003' maintained a membership policy that r=L...lcts JeItlS, blacks, TNaDeJ'l am other minorities" (Tasker, 1983: 18). Ironically, the meetin;J was to ni."..",..... Project 2000, Widl ~d ask attemees w.at :Jdrrj of city they llIO.1ld like to have in the year 2000. In 1985, a Miami Herald series of articles al restrictive clubs . found "no blacks, hamfu.1 of JeItlS, no ~ as sirqle ~" aItal;J the Bath Club's 460 'IIPIllho:>'t"S, ani "no blacks, no JeItlS" am:lI'l;J the SUrf Club's 680 meoileIS (the SUrf Club is in heavi1y~ewish SUrfside, three blocks fran Miami BeaCh's. northern city limits). A reporter wrote that while havirq lunch at the IaGOIOI., ti!,; CcuntJ:y Club, he overlleard ethnic jokes fran two adjoi.ni.rq tables, am at 1;he'j, 'F Irxlian Creek CcuntJ:y Club am SUrf Club was told off-color 'nigger' am 'Jd]ce'",:~ jokes by ~ after beirq introduced as a reporter fran the Miami Herald c~. ~l'i 14 .~': . II . (Fisher, 1985: 19A, 1SA). As Redford said, "'Ihe story of anti-semitism en Miami Beach is an ugly ene, and ene the Beach is anxiaJS to forget; but to ignore it walld miss the whole flavor of the town..." (1970: 206). By 1990, largely because of the same reascns that the elderly pc.p.1latien percentage decreased, the Jewish i'LUlJULtien had decreased sharply to abo.rt: 37,000 residents, c:atprisi.rq abo.rt: 40.0% of all residents. In 1990, ene local newspaper article was entitled "'Ihe Jewish 'Riviera' en the Beach Di~rs," describi.rq the elderly decrease, and the ratin American and yaJrg professicnal increases (Sewell, 1990: lOC). By 1991, a little over half of the city's registered voters 'N'iere Jewish. Like JOOSt ethnic l"Y'WI'II'IInUties, the Jewish l"Y'WI'II'IInUty always had been more diverse than it has "IlT"""'red to pecple not Jcncwledqeable of the group, but this has beo ..~ even more accurate of Miami Beach in recent years. With the decrease in the l'll.DIi:ler of elderly Jf!!MS, .yaJrger Jf!!MS also c.....~dse a larger percentage of the Jewish l"Y'WI'II'IInUty. 'Ihese include a grcwirq J'ILII\lber of Orthodox Jewish families centered in the mid- Beach, Hispanic Jf!!MS centered in the northern end of the city, recent Russian Jewish ilIIni.grants, and ~er professional and artistic Jf!!MS as part of the c:han:;i.rq Beach. Before World War II, "no Jew cx:lUl.d be elected to the City O::uncil" (Redford, 1970: 222), but after World War II, with few excepti.cns, it beo'...."... diffia1lt for a nat-Jewish cardi.date to be elected. SLu..!t noted in 1991 that "Although reliqien hasn't directly been a part of Beach ~igns in ~, .~ the fact remains that [Mayor] Ilac:A.d is the cnly nat-Jew nc:JIi serving en the Beach n-nmi~c:ien" (1991: 1l). Several mtable ~Licns since the 19505 have been D. Lee Pcwe1l, the old-American white Arqlo-Saxcn Christian male who ., defen:Ed Jf!!MS against bigotxy, Elliott Roosevelt, Chuck Hall, and Alex Daood. 15 . . ~. Rcosevelt was a sa1 of the late President Franklin D. Rcosevelt am Eleanor Roosevelt, both heroes in the Jewish C't"I'"ftlIlTlity, Franklin largely because of Social sec:uri.ty am Eleanor primarily becal1se of her liberal record . Q'1 Je.1S, blacks, ~, the poor, am others. Elliott Rcosevelt was elected mayor in 1965, bIt was defeated in 1967. 1v:xxl~ to Redford, Rcosevelt was defeated largely because his ~Jent [Jay Denter) was a ''Nice Jewish Boy" who c:anprlgned in yitTIid\ am had an Israeli wife who c:anprlgned in Hebrew (Redford, 1970: 265). In 1969, Denter was opposed ~sfully by aoot:her Jewish cantidate, Ellis Rubin. Rubin, a Replblican who had made anti~ a major part of his activities, wcw then the attorney for the united Tenants' league in its efforts to get a rent centrol law enacted by the City CaJncil. Rubin had DlJSic in yitTIidl am other northem Elu:q)ean 1an;Juages at his rallies, bIt did not p,lblish literature in Hebrew because he did not want to "make this a religioos or ethnic c:anprlgn" (Miller, 1969: 2B). In 1971, Denter did not nm for reelection, am was Sl]~.,n by 0nJck Hall, fcmoerly Mayor of IaJe Camty am a cantidate for governor. Hall received 84% of the vote against a Jewish ~Jent. A radio newsman asked Hall hc:M it felt to be "the token gentile mayor," am Hall replied "I'm more Jewish than most of the people who voted for me" (Barger, 1971b: 1C). taood, a Catholic, showed his SlJI.lXltt of Jewish o.1lture to priJoarily elderly Jewish voters by sud1 activities as dancin:J the Hera am sin:Jin:J Hava Nagila. Perllaps of even more iJIIportance, taood frequently visited am s1:ron;Jly suworted Israel, in::1udin;; visitin;J Miami Beach's sister city in Israel dI.Jrin;J the Scud attacks of the Iraqi War in early 1991. taood served six ccnsecutive two-year teJ:ms, in::1udin;; the last six years as mayor (frail 1985 to 1991). In the height of the elderly Jewish political influence on Miami BeaCh, .. ~ 16 I . . :. ~ :j I I I .' I "1 I ethdicity was iltp%tant. One reporter wrote "Electiooeering, Miami Beadl sty~, is the circus ccme to town, a Fa.1rth of July celebratiat in roral mid- America and the eldest Sat's Bar Mitzvah all rollEd into ale package and '-"1.~ into six short weeks" (Miller, 1969: lB). att, ethnicity also was intertwined with ccn::em for elderly i$,.<:I- and with the issue of poverty. In 1969, for exallple, another l'~ter noted that "Q1e c:an:1idate seeks votes by strolling alc::n; the =ot..._"ts singing scn.:lS in YiMidl, another c]"i..- to be just liJce Golda Heir and a third loses his voice railing against 'cruel landlords crushing the lives axt of people.' Because of the highly ertDtiC2'lal flavor of Miami Beach politics, ie is easy to fall for the trap of regarding the whole wrks as a sort of ethnic, three-ring circus. It isn't. It's a deadly serialS bJsiness with high stakes involved" (Roberts, 1969: SA). Despite their temency to vote for Jewish can:tidates, the Jewish voters of Miami Beach, unliJce ethnic voters in many other areas, have net insisted that only fel1c:w-ethni.cs be hired for the tcp administrative positions in the city. ~ most of the ~ of Jewish political p:lWer, the city manager and l'1lJIDerCIUS other tcp administrators have been non-V'ewish. In recent years this hiring pattem has beo IN'> very =oL...ouJ, so that, iiarlcally, in 1991 only two of the ~tely twenty tcp administrators were Jewish. 4 Hispanics: Delayed!t:M!ment frcm the Mainland .'1. In 1940, Miami Beach had about 78 Hispanic residents (the exact figure is net available because the census grooped people bom in om and all the West In:ties together), ~lsing only a'le-foorth of ale percent of the pcpllation. By 1950, the Hispanic population of Miami Beach was only 218, c::atprising about 17 . ale-half of one percent of the p:p.Uatia'l. In 1960, ally a few nr.nths before the mass migration iran 0Jba began as a result of Castro's dictatorship, Miami Bead1 still had only 735 Hispanic residents, ~isirg 1.2% of the p:p.Uatia'l. sin::e the Olban exile began in the early 19605, the Hispanic settlement patteJ::ns have varied tremen:bJsly in different areas of D:lde , Chmty. Amn;J the six largest cities in tade Camty, Miami Beach has l~ . .:f.<i., behin:l three of the five mainland cities (Miami, Hialeah, Coral Gables) in. the .....f.. grt7oolt:h of its Hispanic p:p.Uatial. North Miami and North Miami Beach, -u"~< .. ~. the north of the original area of Olban settlement, and cut of the path oftbe generally ~ expansion of the Olban l'Y'I'I'II'Inti.ty in the first years of 18 percentages . In 1960 the Hispanic p:p.Uation in Miami already catprisec1 an 10.3% of the total pc:pl1ation. &It, in the 19605, that percentage lola1ld -",' quadruple. In 1970, not quite ten years after the large exile began ftt:m. ". the city of Miami was 45.3% Hispanic. It was 55.9% Hispanic in 1980,.aD:! in 1990. Ccnsi.derirq that Miami has a black p:p.Uation which also is iIx::reasirg and T'Ol CXlIprises 27.4% of the total, Miami prcbably has reached its eJq:leCted maYill'llm percentage of Hispanic residents. Hial 5.6% Hispanic in 1960. It was 44.5% in 1970, 74.3% in 1980, and 87.~ Coral Gables was 4.0% Hispanic in 1960. It was 17.2% in 1970, 29.6%..iri and 41.8% in 1990. In 1960, North Miami was 1.7% Hispanic. It was 9.A . . ~ 1970, 14.7% in 1980, and 24.6% in 1990. In 1960, North Miami Elead?-.wU Hispanic. It was 4.3% in 1970, 9.6% in 1980, and 22.1% in 1990 (F~ As noted, Miami Beach was ally 1.2% Hispanic (735 peqlle) ~ 196Q ,j.;'" 1970, the Hispanic p:p.Uation had. .irX:reased more than twelve-fold",t::O . (10.3%). '1hi.s increase caused satle recogni.tiat of future Hispanic growth when a lcx::al CUban-bom architect 1JL'~ CCI'1Vel"tin; Espanola Way into a "Little Havana. II SUpport came fran the tCAJrist aqercy, bIt the 1JL'~ failed (Miller, 1970: 3B). In 1972-twenty years aqo mtinJ at the c::x:.r1f1ict between the elderly ani resort hoteliers, a Lq,.o01."ter CCIlCluded "Idi to this already volatile scenario the rapid influx of r.atins ani an even larger group of high- rise dwellers, with consequent c:han:Jes in lifestyles, ani ytU have the settin; for Miami Beach' 5 future" (Barger, 1972: 5N). By 1980, Miami Beach' 5 Hispanic popllaticm had abCAIt doubled to 22.2% (21,408 residents), ani the sa.rt:hem tip of the city sooth of the MacArt:ln1i causeway-Fifth SL......et (l'lClii referred to as Sa.rt:h Pointe), Wich had been an area nx:stly of Jewish retirees, was referred to as an area of "contested ethnic daDinanc:e" (Rose, 1989: 473). It was a'lly in the 19805 that Miami Beach saw the Hispanic growth pattern that Miami ani Hialeah had seen earlier. By 1990, Miami Beach had beo 1.112 46.8% Hispanic (43,342 residents). '!he 1990 Hispanic popllaticm .included a large percentage of yourg families. Whereas in 1980, 43.1% of the school-age children in Miami Beach wre Hispanic, by 1990 the cc:nparable percentage was 60.6% (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 ani 1990). By 1991, 85 to 90 percent of the children at Ida M. Fisher Elementazy SChool in Sa.rt:h Beach wre of Hispanic origin (Tanfani, 1991: 3), ani abCAIt 75% of the children at Biscayne Elementary SChool in the northem part of Miami Beach wre of Hispanic origin (Rubin, 1991a: 16). 0:n;i.derin:;J the lal:ger &om. 'YLaPUC patterns in the Dade 0::AJnty area, it can be expect:ed that the rate of Hispanic growth in Miami Beac:b will mt be as great in the 19908 as it was in the 19708 ani 19808 (when it doubled eadl ~), bIt the Hispanic percentage will 0CX1tiraJe to increase by a large percentage in the 19908 (Figures 1 ani 2). 19 -. . Figure 2. Six Iargest J:aje Cities: Percentage Hispanic, 1960-1990 Percent 100 80 - ----..-..."......------..-.......--..-....----.... ~ 60 40 :J ''- ." 1970 1980 1990 ~ -- Miami -e- Mtaml Beach + Hialeah "'* North Miami ""*" Coral Gables -+ N. Miami Beach :iI 9 1 20 ., -, . . '!he delayed Hispanic movement into Miami Bead1 ~y was not due to st.ra'l; active anti-Hispanic feelin;J, bIt rather largely.to the location of Miami Beach in relation to the original Olban areas of settlement ani the path of expansion. '!he early Olban exile nnm'Il1'li:ty teroed to settle in the Little Havana ("Ia 5agUesera") area slightly to the west: ani sart:hwest of da.mtcAm Miami where a small Olban CXIIIIIJIli:ty was already established, ani where there was sufficient hoosin;J affordable to exiles who had lost mst of their savings ani SOJr'O'i!S of :in:- 1.- (Boswell and 0Jrtis, 1984: 34). Little Havana ~1'Il<> a ~ , cxn:m.i.t thrCllgh Wich Olban :iJmni.grants generally expan.jed westward ani northwestward into contiguous areaS Wich had hcusin;J available ani affordable (Rose, 1989: 472). Coral Gables largely was P"'''~ aver because of its e>cpensive hoosin;J, ani Hialeah (and neighborin;J Miami Springs) wre favorite areas because of the availability of affordable larxi ani hcusin;J. Miami Beach, to the east, was not contiguous because of the bay, ani had a lack of hcusin;J large erx:ugh for and affordable to families. In addi.tion to location and lack of hoosin;J, as Redford noted in regard to blacks not 1IIClVin;J to Miami Beach, the area of Miami Beach (Salth Beach) closest to the Olban ethnic areas on the mainlani already was a c:::c:IlilClct ethnic area (Jewish). Generally, exparxiliq ethnic groups do not move into other ~ct ethnic areas until they are short of expansion space contiguous to their ~rt areas of settlement or until they have devel~ a sizeable gra.1p Wich ~ loo1ci.n;J for mre e>cpensive hoosin;J <!MaY fran the original :iJmni.grant settlement (e.g., see Silver, 1988: 110). Despite the 0Jbans' bacJcgrcund as an island ani beach people, their eCQncmic difficulties as exiles also slowed their retum to the beach-ori.ented life that many had lcncwn. An excepti.CI'1, althc:u3h small, wre Olban Jews. Many 0Jbans, non-Jewish -. 21 . . an:i Jewish, already were tamiliar with Miami an:i Miami Beach frcm pre-Castro visits. '!be oorthem part of Miami Beach had a special app-l to Jewish 0Jbans, ~, not a'1l.y because of familiarity an:i the proxiJIlity of the ocean, but because "Tenple Memrah (Ca1setvative) in the area was the m:lSt hospitable of all Greater Miami c....~Lo:yaticn;" (LiebDan, 1977: 302). Mayer Abramcwi.tz, ralXIi of 'I'enple Memrah, was the lead:in; ralXIi in welCXIIIi.n;J 0Jban Jews. Because of sane problems with En;lish, 0Jban Jews also SOCI'1 fomed separate synagogues at Miami Beach (Sacks, 1980: 2). Today, the two largest pri:marily-Hispanic synagogues in ra:Ie cnmty are bath in Miami Beadl. '!be 0Jban Hebrew ca~..qation ('I'enple ~ ShnaJel), oc:uprised largely of 0Jban AshkenaziJD, is in the South Beach area. '!he Sefhardic o...~o:yatiat of norida ('I'enple Moses) is at Nol:maniy Isle, in the oorthem part of Miami Beadl. Alt.hcu;h there have not been avert I't:=Ldcticn; against Hispanics in haJsin:] an:i social life, there have been sane avert anti -Hispanic in:idents. 'lbe m:lSt visible in:ident was in 1983 when the mayor, nII'U'1i.n; for reelectiat an:i expressin:] concern over the alleged perx:lin:J release of over a tha.1sard Mariel refu;Jees !ran an Atlanta priscn, suggested that roadblocks be placed at roads leadi.rq to Miami Beadl to prevent the Mariel refugees frcm rea~ the ~ city. 'lhat suggestiat failed, but the mayor was ""'OO"";''''ful in gett..in; five of six t"YTIIIIli,:::,::ia1erS to vote at first readi.n; for an ordinance that woold require spcn;ors of Mariel refu;Jees to register with the city. 'lbese acticn; caused a ~ in the Hispanic l'YTn,runity, which viewed the acticn; as anti-Hispanic, ~i;lllly after the j\Jd;Je involved in the release noted that ally about two hun.h.=.l of the refugees woold be released, that these rel--HS" did not have violent criminal recozds, an:i that a1ly a few peq>le woold be released at a tiltIe. '!he Anti-Defamatiat League of B'nai B'rith, a prestigiam Jewish ~ 22 . . organization opposed to clisc::rimination against arrj group, cc:n:3emned the actions as exacerbati.Iq ethnic divisiveness (TaIb am Kranish, 1983: lA). A loCal Jewish law professor, not:.in:J that the mayor's Jewish ancestors cx:W.d have experienced the same type of treatment earlier in the century, =-LLuII::lly criticized the mayor plblicly. '!he tTMWfti ~c:ial then decided to defeat the }'L' y.)Sed ordinance, am the mayor withdrew fran the race for reelectioo. \'bile a few Hispanics have been accepted into meIIi::lershi.p at the :t:=>LLicted clubs, these Hispanics have terDed to be nc:n-OJbans. In the words of the past c:bai.rman of the Spanish-American league Against Discri1llinatial (SAIAD), "'Ihere is hesitation to accept OJban-Americans at these clubs" (Fisher, 1985: 12A). In June 1991, Miami Beach was cited by the United States for jcb clisc::ri1llination against Hispanics am blacks in the police am fire departments (Weston, 1991c: 2B). As of 1991 few Hispanics se:t:Ved on city boards, am there was no Hispanic above the level of assistant deparbnent c:lirector at City Hall (Weston, 1991b: 23). As Meyer said, "So far, the Miami Beach city Catmission's makeup does not :reflect the (demgrap1iC] charges. '!hat will cane, too, in time. '!he city of Miami Beach has done little to prepare for or respom to demgrap1ic charges" (1991: 80). Shortly after these writi.r'J3s, a 0Jban- American ~ the act:.in:J Persa1nel Director of the city, b1t as of 1992 he is the only top-ranki.n:1 administrator who is Hispanic. As of 1991, Miami Beach had one t'Y'Wmli-ioner who was Com in Eastern j ,I ~ !m'cpa, lived in CUba. for thirteen years after escapirg fran Nazism, am 1tKJVed to Miami Beach in 1960 to E'SCaIX" fran Castro. No other persal either born in or a resident of a Hispanic c::amtry has been mayor or ~i ~c:ioner. In 1989, two Hispanics am one Jewish female can:lidate married to a Hispanic am usirg a Hispanic surname ran for the City C"nnmi"'8ioo, b1t all were \JI'lSI~sful 23 " ~ .. against ~ll-finanoed incumbents. As the 1991 elec:tiCl'lS ~, Westa1 noted that "Even if a Hispanic t'YWI'III;-=ia'ler isn't elected in Novetiler [1991], Hispanics al.na;t certainly will play a DCre forceful role in the Novetiler electialS" (1991b: 22). It is the "slOlrler bIt steady stream of ycurg Iatin professiCl'lals lIOVin:.:J to the Beadl !ran Miami. . . that will register to vote am eventually beo .."" a force in local politics," local leaders are quoted as sayirq (Tanfani, 1991: 16). St:J:'eet quoted political p.n:tits as sayin:.:J that there is "a significant Hispanic Jewish t"nIWIlIl1'1ity, llot1.idl is equally determined to see better LqJL :s911l:atial in city gcIIOCLUIlI=ut." street also noted that with runoff electiCl'lS required for the:first time in 1991, cCl1i::lined with the increased J'111l'Ilher of Hispanic voters, "the Hispanic influence at the polls will intensify, al.na;t every political observer agrees" (1991: 11). In the electialS in November 1991, CAIt of 27 candidates for mayor am the ~ six t'YWI'III;<Olc::ial seats, there were four Hispanic candidates, the most ever. Two ran for the same t'YWI'III;<Olc::ion seat, am all four were UllS''''''''''''''''ful. However, at , I I I, t,,; ., !) least two of the Hispanic candidates received substanti.a1 endorsements !ran nan-Hispanics. '!he ~;c:sioner wile had lived in 0Jba, Al:le Resnick, was re- elected. Another newly-elected ~; <Olc::ia'ler, Neisen Kasdin, has a Olban-bom spoose. Ani the newly-elected mayor, Seynn1r ("~'her, was helped in his ~gn by his wife Fdith (,,~'~.r wile had taught Spanish in the local school for years am ~gned in fluent Spanish. '1 j ~ 1 Blacks: Excluded bIt Grcwin;J .. Rlen ~ Beach was fa.n3ed in 1915, "Caucasian Clauses" prciribitai blacks !ran owni.rg property, an:! allClWlEld blacks to live in Miami Beach ally if 24 I ';.1 I " , they lived in servant quarters al white e.rrployers's pr'q)E!rty (Redford, 1970: 96). A small village for black laborers and their families was allowed in the early 1920s near 41st street and Pineb.ee Drive, bIt the village was not reb1i.lt after beirq destroyed in the 1926 hurricane (Redford, 1970: 223). Half-hearted efforts to designate a ~"":jClted beach for blacks al Fisher Island were stcg)ed in 1930 (}('~""'1"".'1, 1979: 112). As a result, blacks were not allowed to use any beaches. In 1934, "Beach police stcg)ed and turned back a motorcade of black EP~ clergymen ..me were al CCI'1Vet1tial in Miami. and merely drivirq thraJgh to see the sights" (Redford, 1970: 223). It was not until the ~ly 19609 that blacks~were not required to carry work cards (}('~.....1"".'1, 197690: 113). Arrj black seen in Miami. Beach after sunset was "stq:ped by police and told to prcxiuce a work card or go to jail." In 1970, Redford c:onclOOed that Miami. Beach's attitude toward blacks had been npreserved remarkedly ~, all tl'Un:3s CCI'lSidered, for fifty-five years" (1970: 96). Because of the early clauses and later actialS, Miami. Beach always has had only a small percentage of black residents. '!he same forces that TNOUld be unS':lOOeSsful in keepirq cut Jews TNOUld be S\~"ful in keepirq cut blacks for ~n..... .' j j ~ '! ~ ;1 ~ I In 1940, there were only 736 blacks (2.6%) in Miami. Beach. By 1950, the l'AlIIi:ler actually decreased to 607 (1.3%), by 1960 further decreased to 493 (o.a%), and by 1970 had decreased even further to 319 (0.4%). A high percentage of the small black lTnWnI11'li.ty c:luri1q lII.Id1 of this time CCI'lSisted of females workilq as dcmesti.c:s. In 1940 and 1950, females ocupri.sed al:nlt boo- thirds of the black p:p1latial, increased even more to 77% in 1960, and still cx:mprised 70% in 1970. '!here were fal families with c:hi.1d1:en. In 1970, for exauple, cut of 319 black residents, there were only a c:hi.1d1:en urxler the age 25 , i ., . ~ I. i- i . . 1t,.1 :.A'_~. rj , ., . ~ ~I of 6 ani ally 15 sd1col age (6 thraJgh 17) children. 'lhese 15 children cxmprised ally 4.7% of the black pc::p.ilatial in Miami Beach, while the ~rable figures, for exanple, were 26.1% in Miami ani 26.7% in Hialeah. By 1980, the black pc::p.ilatial was more even by qen:1er, ani included children of all ages. Liberal ~,.. .LCltiC Jewish politicians like Jack Gordon fran Miami Beach played a major part in the Civil Rights Movement in Dade Camty (Rieff, 1987: 148), ani Miami Beach had a significant graJp of liberal (lOOStiy Jewish) whites, l::Jut larger factors ather than racism also n;<=l"r'IIIraged blacks fran livin; in Miami Beach. '!he 10W'-in:xme homes ani apartments in the city were too small for families (black or white), ani the mo::omho>rs of ''Miami's small black middle class are too lII.Id1 a part of their own l"Y'm1InInUties to exile ~lves in a predcminantJ.y Jewish area" (Redford, 1970: 272). In the 19708, the three :'~ decline in Miami Beach's black population was reversed, ani the pc::p.ilation more than do..1bled fran 319 to 894 by 1980. Despite thiS growth, blacks still c:a:nprised ally 0.9% of the pcp.1lation. By 1990, the black pq:.uation of Miami Beach had increased five-fold to 4,798, although it still cx:uprised ally 5.2% of the city's pcp.1lation. A1tDn;J registered voters, blacks c:x:uprised 0.6% in 1980 ani 2.6% in 1990. While this was still a small percentage, the increase was large ani inlicative of the future. '!he black t'rftmInUty also is .....,...",,;~ more diverse, inclur:tin] Hispanic, Haitian, Jamaican, ani ather CariJ:lbean blacks as ~ as United states ; blacks. Of the 947 black voters in early 1991, 281 (29.7%) were Hispanic aOO;or Caril:lbean blades. In Dade Camty in general, "foreign--born blacks settle in close praxiJni.ty to native blacks" (Rose, 1989: 474). '!here was not 26 - ~ of a native black t'Y'nIIIIl1'li.ty in Miami Beach to fill this role. Rather, Hispanic blacks movin;J to Miami Beach in recent years have teOOed to settle in the soot:hem end of the city (across the MacArthur Ca'lSe:ay fran the Hispanic area at the mainland) and Haitian blacks have terded to settle in the rorthem end of the city (across the North Bay Causeway fran Little Haiti at the mainland). '!he black ~l1'li.ty also is a relatively }'Qll'KJ group for Miami Beach. For exanple, "For the past few years, Treasure Island [in North Bay Village just cutside the city limits, bIt ircludirq many Miami Beach c::hi1dren] has seen a dramatic boan in the enrollment of Haitian students, reflectirg a growin; Haitian t'Y'nIIIIl1'li.ty with yoh; c::hi1dren in the north end of Miami Beach" (Rubin, 1991b: 22). In 1980, a'lly 1.6% of the sc::hool-age c::hi1dren in Miami , j. 1 Beach -were African-American, bIt by 1990 the percentage was 8.3% (U.S. aJreau of the Census, 1980 and 1990). 'lhere still is sane perc:eptiat of not bein; lWelCXllle. .In 1991, one of the few black bJs~~le at Miami Beach said "it bothers me a lot that blacks don't go to Miami Beach becanse they feel unwanted. I've been to places and they ask you for faJr or five IDs, when a driver license should be sufficient" I .1 I .1 1 J (Rodriguez, 1991: 20). Black political activism is still virtually unknown in Miami Beach, bIt the rate of :in::rease of the black cnmml1'li.ty and the experierx:e of political activism. held by many of the new black residents suggest that this situatia1 0CI.lld ~ in the 19905. Salle Hispanic blacks ccW.d be part of iJx:::reased Hispanic political participatiat. Haitian blacks J ;j cuu:ently are :::ot..o.A;jly p:rotestin:] :t:~ive ocn:titia'lS in Haiti and discriminatory imnigatiat policy. A Haitian ))<ol.. '<iCltic Club is active in oamt:y 1)-4... LCltiC politics. In the process, Haitians are gaining invaluable political experierx:e. 27 . others: '!he PotpaJrri "An:Jlos" ~ In Dade Camt:y, non-Iatin non-blacks are referred to by the Board of Elec:tioos am satlE! other agencies as NDlHs (Nal-Latin 1i1i.tes). '!he media, am many irxtividuals, frequently refer to Nlltis as An:Jlos, a tem whien is acx:urate a'1ly for a small percentage of Miami. Beach's pc:p1latiat whien is of Erl;Jlish ancestzy. ~lJse of the significant J"111I'I'lNax of Jewish voters at Miami. Beach, they are separated Olt frc:m the Nlltis in this paper. So, the other "ethnic" category in this analyis cx:.nsists of ncn-H:i.spanic, ncn-black, non- Jewish voters. 'Ihi..s grc:up is very :diverse, am cx:W.d in:::1ude g:t"alpS as different, for eJlaIlple, as eleventh generatiat Scatd1- Irish Soot:hem Baptist whites, fc:mth generatiat Italian-American Catholics, or reoell't i.nmi.grant Japanese aD3hists (see fuuL...Jt:e 2). CbviCAJSl.y, this grc:up is a potp:lurri category with tremenXlus diversity, withcut a di.stinct grc:up identity, am ideally shculd be subdivided into a nuttb!r of subgroups. a.xt, because of data am space limitations, this paper is limited to the two major ethnic graIpS on Miami. Beach (Jews am Hispanics), the other di.stinct ethnic grc:up l'U.1IIlerically :iJIIportant in Dade politics (blacks), am others whan I refer to s:i:aply as "Others." others is not a desirable t.em, bIt it is better than bei.n:J defined _as a "ncn-" or inao:::urately defined as an An:Jlo. It is noted that Jewish, Hispanic, am black "t'YTI'IIIInUties" also have 1IIJd1 intemal diversity. 6 '!be other category is the DIJSt diffia1lt to estimate J'DJmeJ:ically, am 100St subject to error, ~use it is dependent at the official oamt:s or estimates for the other graIpS. With this caveat in min:i, this resM't'dl project suggests that others l1IlIIi:lered aba1t 22,700 in 1940, ~isirq aba1t 81.0% of Miami. Beach's pc:p1latiat. In 1950, the other pc:p1latiat had decreased 28 . .. slightly to aba.1t 21,500, l:ut because the Jewish popllatial in::reased greatly and the Hispanic and black popllatialS remained very small, the other percentage .h.~ to 46.4%. By 1960, as the Jewish popllatial almst doobled, the other popllatian decreased to aba.1t 16,000 (25.2%). D.Irin; the 1960s, as ., the Beach Ceo ~".... 1tI.lCh more elderly and Jewish and 1at Hispanic, sizeable numbers of families and sin;le persons unjer the age of 45 "were leavin; the Beach and resettlin; elsewhere in Dade cnmtyt' (Ladner et al., 1976: 29). In the 1960s, Miami Beach gained 23,532 ncn-Iatin whites 65 years of age and over, l:ut it lost 8,389 ncn-Iatin whites unjer the age of 65. Most of the 65+ increase was Jewish, and probablY~most of the uOOer-65 wre J'lCIlMJ'ewish others. By 1970, the number of others had .h.~ drastically to aba.1t 8,000 residents. 'lhi.s decrease, canbined with the large Jewish migratial to the city and the begi.rmin;r of Hispanic grcwth in the 1960s, caused a decrease in the others to 9.2%. since 1970, while the number of Jewish residents was st.ron;ly decreasin; and the number of Hispanic residents was strorqly in::reasin;, the percentage of others has remained at aba.1t the same percentage of the popllatian. In 1980, there wre an estimated 10,200 other residents (10.6%), and in 1990 an estimated 9,300 (10. at) . Not only was there a large decrease in elderly Jewish voters in the 1980s, l:ut many of the new Hispanic residents wre oot registered voters because of a high percentage of D:lI'1Citizens and a high percentage of children. By maint:ainin;J aba.1t the same pei-centage of the popllatial while these other ~ two g:t'OJpS c::han;Jed, and while there was a result.in;J large decrease in the number of voters, the others irx:reased their percentage of the registered voters fran 11. 8% in 1980 to 18.1% in 1990. '!he others Ux:lude sane people who identify as ~'I"'S of the "majority" 29 .. . d :i i .~ .; ;;1 or "dcminant" United states society am object to minority groups expressin; ethnic interests, am in that sense they have a <> ""'11'1 t:hem-versus-us identity. '!he restricted soci..., clubs still express this t:hem-versus-us perspective on Miami Beac:h. '!be sin;l~family ~ddle-class residential area north of 41st street has the largest percentage of other votes, but no . rc:.Ldcted residential area exists as in saDe cities. To an increasin; extent, the others in Dade <h1nty are those who have decided not to be a part of "white flight" or "An;;lo flight. II Many of these others feel cxmfortable in or even prefer a coswpolitan JIllltiethnic t'n'l'l!llnUty, am have d10sen "to defy the trerxi am stay" (Perez, 1991: 1JA); Sociologically, it is likely that the others l\XJVin; to Miami Beac:h in the last ffiN years prefer this JIllltiethnic ambierx::e. And, at least on Miami Beam, most others are also ethnics, e.g. Italian-Americans, Irish-Americans, Polish-Americans, decreasin; even JOOre the likelihood of a dcminant-society them-versus-us perspective. '!he others are too diverse to have an ethnic political identity. A ffiN others have nm for political office. Most have been Ul'lS'lOoe9C!fu1 as cantidates, althaJgh as noted earlier, D. Lee Powell, Elliott Roosevelt, Oluck Hall, am Alex Daoud have been the best known exceptions. azt, while others have seldan held political office in the last ffiN ~, they have been .=>.L.l..u~ly .L"'I:ILsented. in city hall. O....L1...nt.ly, nearly all of the t.c:p administrators in the city are others. Ethnic Political Identity am eeneraticna.l 01an;es ~'JSe of different age eu..~itions am different percentages of citizenship am voter registration am:n; the ethnic groups, the ethnic profile 30 :.. ., of voters is different fran the ethnic profile of the total pcp.1lation. Slightly aver half, 53.2\, of the registered voters are Jewish; 27.9\ are Hispanic, 2.6\ are Black, and 18.1\ are others. Because of <b.1ble CCAJI'Iti.Iq, the adjusted total is 101.8\ (I.aven::ler, 1991b). Table 1 shows the political affiliations for these different ethnic groups by three age categories. OUr fi.rdin:;p; on the relationship of ethnicity and age to political identity generally agree with national fi.rdin:;p;, bIt there are salle exceptions of major i:qlortance. For a mmber of years, Jews and Hispanics (especially of 0Jban backgraIrd) will be the two largest distinct ethnic groops in Miami. Beach, and hence this paper ~izes these two groups. However, Blacks and others also are analyzed. Jewish voters: still SLn,IIq l):!m ~ats a.zt Dec:reasin:] In Numbers Jewish voters in the United states have a lon:J history of lil:lera1ism. since 1928, when Jewish voters st.ron;Jly ~ a I):!m "LCl.tic fellow ethnic, Irish~tholic Alfred E. Smith, for president, their lil:lera1ism has nearly always meant identity as [).". 'l.:LCl.ts and suwort of Denu..a.C1.tic carxlidates. Catmit:ment to lil:lera1ism, and to the I)..... il.C1.tic Party, other thi.n:Js bein;J equal, are more iltpn't:ant than cxmnitment to fellow Jews (Levy and Kramer, 1972: 95-121). In the 19805 the conservative Li.kud government in Israel made 1 . .. j . ~ "i '1 "Israel a more natural ally of American conservatives" and Jewish political dCI'lations to the Rep.1blican party substanti.ally increased, bIt little dent was made in the lil:lera1 vot.ilg of United states Jews (mIttner, 1987: 46). In a sbIdy of Jewish elites (i.e., leaders in varioos OCCllpational areas of the United states society), researdlers fc::on:i them to be even more [Pm.. il.C1.tic than 31 ........ the Jewish p.lblic, an::l ~irq even 1b:)re [):Im.>CLatic in the last twenty }>ears) (Ierner et al, 1989: 335, 338). Jewish voters have ~:' ..- JD::lre CXI'1SerVative at ' crime ;~....., brt: because both major parties have also boo .,.... JD::lre CXl'lSeJ:Vative, this has not decreased Jewish I)..'~atic allegiance (Fisher, 1985: 292). alxut 70%, cnTf'ared to alxut 50% for Catholics, an::l alxut 40% for (Public Coinien, 1989: 30). Jews specifically have been criticized for,_. liberalism. Richard Nbmn, for exauple, "~0CI'lClem that ate .of:~ius daughters was sperxlin; a lot of time with the New York art crowd, ~ ." iJ ,"" many of them wre (liberal] Jews" (M;;m,; Jewish T:rihme, 1991: 2A) ~ J~l~, . ;r.. Jewish liberalism "seems likely to CXlI'l't.i.me, despite the fact that ~~ - Despite sane cilan;es, Jewish voters in the United states still identify _.' sL......u::fly as ~ >CLats or as in::leperx3ents lIrt10 t.en:l to vote ~ ~atic (PIlbl~" .- Coinien, 1988: 34; 1989: 30; ~rlcan F.ntJ:>l""l'YI""I_, 1991: 92). For ---Ple,< " the 1982 electiC2l for United states Senator fl:an norida, Jewish voters ~ ....... . ...~ for the [):1m. Qat (Orlles) by 87% as t'gx:sed to atly 13% for the RepJblicari ,~j.' (Poole), while the overall vote was 62% to 38% (Fisher, 1985: 286). In ~ has :''''-91m<>d the foz:m ofderogatozy epithet in recent p.lblic n; "'COOrSe". (Spinrad, 1990: 108). As shewn in Table 1, Jewish voters at Miami Beach are heavily 'if;' Elderly Jews are JD::lre I>>m -2iLatic than are nc:n-elderly Jews in ~ _,~ in the United states. !Ut, because the elderly ~lse two-thirds,;oftbe <If Jewish voters at Miami Beach (as cart:rasted to about a fifth in the,.!Jni 'J" ..:! states), the Jewish [)-.......atic peroent:age is even higher (82.M) in,. Beach than in general. Of the mi.dd1e-aged an::l yaIn;J Jewish voters in ~/~L ' 32 ~ Table 1. Miami. Beach Voters by Ethnic Grc:ups an::l Age Grc:ups aJBAN-BJRN HISPANIC W.L'~ Age % of Number % % % ~ Olban-bolll Vot".Pl"!:: DeIi~atiC Tnri~o::m+- ReDJblican ., Yourq (16.2) 946 23.2 U.4 65.4 Middle (41.0) 2,393 25.2 9.1 65.7 Elderly (42.8) 2,503 17.5 7.7 74.8 Total (100.0%) 5,842 21.6 8.9 69.6 NON-aJBAN FUREIGN-BJRN HISPANIC \t\}.L'U-<::; Age % of Number % % % Simm ~ voters ~. . LatiC IJYI~..nt-, ReDJblican Yourq (33.4) 873 39.1 13.5 47.4 Middle (46.5) 1,215 47.5 9.2 43.3 Elderly (20.1) 525 48.2 8.4 43.4 Total (100.0%) 2,613 44.8 10.5 44.7 UNITED STATES-BJRN HISPANIC Vv.L'U-<::; Age % of Number % % % Simm US-EH voters DenlOCldtiC Irx3.ecement ReDJblican Yourq (77.2) 1,450 40.5 U.4 48.1 Middle (16.3) 307 39.7 6.2 54.1 Elderly (6.5) 122 70.5 4.9 24.6 Total (100.0%) 1,879 42.3 10.1 47.6 AIL HISPANIC W.L'U-<::; i, % of Number % % % Age ~ Hi.scanics Vnt-pl"!:: 1'\..... JI \L.a.tic Tnri~..nt- ReDJblican ., . Yourq (31. 6) 3,269 35.1 12.0 53.0 Middle (37.9) 3,914 33.3 8.9 57.8 1 Elderly (30.5) 3,150 24.7 7.7 67.6 j Total (100.0%) 10,333 31.2 9.5 59.3 33 Table 1. c:ontinued...Miami. Beach voters by Ethnic Grc:ups an::lAge GraJps JE.WISH VO.L'~ Age % of Number % % % ~ Jewish vot"Pl"!:: ~.. '1.Cltic T~nt-, ReDJblican Yourq (15.1) 2,967 67.6 10.9 21.5 Middle (17.2) 3,388 74.0 8.4 17.6 Elderly (67.7) 13 , 332 87.2 4.3 8.5 Total (100.0%) 19,687 82.0 6.0 12.0 mACK Vu.L'U-<::; Age % of Number : % % % ~ ~ Vnt-..l"!:: J)..... ~CltiC T~o::m+-. ReDJblican Yourq (54.9) 520 75.0 9.6 15.4 Middle (37.1) 261 74.4 8.2 17.4 Elderly (8.0) 76 68.4 2.6 29.0 Total (100.0%) 947 74.2 8.6 17.2 "aIHER" W.L'~ Age % of Number % % % Simm others Vot""'l"!:: 0.:... . '1.atic Tnri~. ReDJblican Yourq (38.8) 2,659 51.4 16.9 31.7 Middle (40.4) 2,768 56.9 18.4 24.7 Elderly (20.8) 1,423 28.3 27.1 44.6 Total (100.0%) 6,850 48.8 19.7 31.5 'rorAL MIAMI BEACi \t\}.L'U-<::; Age % of Number % % % Simm All Vot""'l"!:: Vnt-","" ~I. )I :..t..C1tiC T~. ReDJblican .. Yourq (24.6) 9,101 52.0 12.9 35.1 Middle (27.3) 10,092 53.9 11.1 35.0 Elderly (48.1) 17,821 71.9 6.5 21.6 Total (100.0%) 37,014 62.1 9.3 28.6 34 .. Beach, a little less than a fifth identify as Republicans, in general &::fLee...ent with national pattems. R)lls in 1988 ~ that nationally al:x:ut 18% of Jewish voters identified as Republicans, about 52% as [).ol.. ~Qts, arxl al:x:ut 30% as i.n;3epements. In Miami. Beach in 1991, of the rx:n-elderly voters, about 19% 'Nere Republicans, al:x:ut 9% iroepements, arxl al:x:ut 71% [>>". . LClts. Recxlgni.zirq that sane voters identify as :indepenients bIt register as ~.rs of a party in order to be able to vote in primaries, these figures suggest that Miami. Beach's non-elderly Jewish voters are generally s:i1ni.1ar to the national picture of Jewish voters, with the possibility that the I)<>... . ;LCltiC percentage is even higher in Miami. Beach than nationally even anr=n;J ncn-elderly Jews. While the non-elderly Jewish voters in Miami. Beach seem to be remainin;J t:iL...UI~ [):1m. ";Lats, they prd:lably will differ fl:an the elderly Jewish voters in the e>cpression of their ethnic identity. Writirq about the Jewish attraction to Miami. Beach in 1960, even before the major migratiC2l of the 19608 began, Mehlirq said "'!he Jewish peq;lle who respaded to the attraction belcn;JEd to a generatiC2l that had either been l:mn in &.D:qle or, if born in the united states, had spent its childhood in a Jewish milieu that has largely broken down" (1977: 121). In the early 19808, Winsberg still accurately referred to the "high OJb..~i1L...,,-tiC2l of culturally distinct Jews, many of them elderly, liviD:J C2l Miami. Beach" (1983: 307). Many of the elderly 'Nere foreign--bom, am followed cultural ways of Eastern D.1rqlean Jewish t"'nIWnnti.ties or cultural ways fl:an the Il:lwer East Side of New York City arxl other northern cities. In 1991, 31.5% of the elderly Jewish voters at Miami. Beach are foreign-Lou., 1D:lSt !ran Russia, R)larxl, or Central &.D:qle. Another 44.2% wre born in New York, 1D:lSt of parents who 'Nere :inmi.grants fl:an Russia, R)lam, or Central &.D:qle. 35 ., ,... ':;:... 4 ~;!~; .,.t'oi.i";j:.t . .:''!:',. :::.:. ;:.....~ "... Yourqer Miami. Beach Jews have had different experierx:es fl:an the Jewish elderly. For exaJIIlle, of the ya.InJer Jewish voters, 12.3% are Refuseniks (i.e., Russian Jews llIho refused to live umer Cc:IIm.mism.), arxl another 10.8% are foreign-bom, bIt 29.7% wre bom in norida. In:licatialS are that ~ Jewish voters will ocnti.ruJe to SJJWOrt Israel's existence even while urqirq it to c::barxJe sane major p:llicies (Lewis, 1988: 65; It:lore, 1988: 49) arxl c:c:ntinue to rally against anti-Jewish actions. art:, at ether iss""'" there are major .,a-, generatiCl1al differerx::es. '1he ya.InJer Jews have a JIIJCh higher rate of ;P.: int:.ennarri.ag, 1b:)re non-Jewish friends, arxl more experience interactirq in a.e. 1IIJltiethnic setti.n;. '1he Miami Beach Jewish t"r'n1'1'11P1i:t:y also continues to. ""::i receive new irp.xt thrt:ugh migratiat, arxl it is :iDpJrt.ant "to recognize that .;,,:. Hispanic voters: 'Ihe Decline Of '1he Castro Factor For OJban-Americans Jewish ethnicity continues to evolve arxl c::barxJe in the CXI'1t'.....'loJ1:ary American set:tint' (Shcwstack, 1990: 86). Hispanic voters in I:ade cnmty are different fl:an Hispanic voters in the 36 "right-win:Jism" have }:)eo=" .,~ al:x:ut as euwLll as references to Jewish-American . lil:lera1ism or "radicalism." 'l'No decadl1>s ago, Salter arxl ~ ccn::lu::led that "It is c:x:II'Daivable that the 0Jban voter will turn Miami. fl:an a traditional lil:lera1 strtn;hold to a SQ1r'Ce of oonserva.tive stren:Jth" (1971: 2). In 1987, Webster, referrirq to earlier predictiCl1S, ccn::lu::led that "there is J'X) ~ basis en Wich to expect arrf significant short tenn c:::han1e in Dade camty's pr-.yL....sively JD::lre oonserva.tive behavioral trend in presidential votinJ" (1987: 14). Also in 1987, Rieff wrote ate of the l:itL....-"..st statements C2l Olban-Ame.rican voti.rq behavior: "'Ihe Miami. Beach line that the cumty was a nice lil:lera1 place that got hijacked by a bmch of fanatical right-win] 0Jbans , . may be too simple, bIt it is easy to urXJerstarxi why people who 1.~'~'~ -er the Klan in Dade camty, the OJrfew for blacks at Miami. Beach, am the cracker evan;elists prattlirq C2l about 'Fide Castro, I<hn1shd1ev's little ~ dog,' shoold be horrified at havirq to refight every social battle of the last three ~""'" all CNer again in Miami., this tiJIIe with the clear ~~t of losin;t' (1987: 148).7 Joi:lh1 criticized "the oonserva.tive, right-win] a.1bans, who benefited so extensively fl:an government welfare in their early years in the united states" for opposirq similar ki.n3s of help for blacks in Dade Camty (1990: 56). Webster am Webster analyzed ethnicity, incane, educatiC2l, E!IIployment, arxl other variables, arxl ccn::l00ed that ethnic cleavages ''woold ~,.. to be the sirqle JIDSt significant predictor of voti.rq behavior in Dade camty anr:::n:; these ~;'1ed in this st:Ixiy" (1987: 26). As shr:7.m in Table 1, Hispanic voters in Miami. Beach are twice as likely to be RepJblicans as l):w.'n.:LClts, bIt there are sane .i.Dportant ~tiCl1S to this overall fi.n:linq. First, despite the OCIlClusien of Webster arxl Webster that non-Olban Hispanics ten:! to vote Republican, it is seen in Table 1 that 37 -..--' ~ , .. ".,; \ /' \. C2l Miami Beach lXlI'H:llban foreign-bom Hispanic voters are not nearly as Republican as OJban-bom voters. In fact, for alllrll-O.lban foreign-bom Hispanic voters, DenlOCldts arxl Republicans are equal, whereas aDalq 0Jban..b0m voters the Republicans enjoy a ::;U.Ul~ 69.6% affiliati.cn to the 0-.,.. LCStiC affiliatiC2l of 21.6%. Second, there is a noticeable age difference aDalq Hispanics regardin:J political affiliatiat, with ncn-elderly Hispanics beirq JD::lre I)"l.. Qatic than are elderly Hispanics. CD! faJrth of elderly Hispanics are ~... Qats, brt: a third of all Hispanics urx1er the age of 65 are 00-.. <'lats.. .' '!he prcpxtiat of all Hispanics lIrt10 are Republican decreases fl:an two thirds for the elderly to slightly ever a half for the yaIn;J. ~ the lrIl-O.lban foreign--OOnl Hispanics, the ya.IrJ;Jer voters are about foor percentage points JD::lre Republican than the older voters in this groop (an exceptiat to the pattern just noted), whereas aDalq the 0Jban-b0m the ya.IrJ;Jer voters are about six percent:age points JD::lre I>>m ......atic than the older OJban-bom. 'lhird, there is a very small groop of United states-bom elderly Hispanics llIho are 70.5% I)>mo ~atiC. Fran the data, lile can not ascertain whether these voters are of oman origin or another Hispanic origin. '!he fact that they 'Nere bom in the United states before 1926 ~ that they woold not have been exiles fl:an a 0:IIm.lni.st goveJ:TJIIlent, arxl a.cc:ord:i.n;Jly they prti:ably loitUld have identified primarily as I).... -..a.ats hecause of their mioority status as ethnic Catholic Hispanics. It is cautiated that the m.miJer is small, with the possibility of sane randcm variatiat.8 Falrth, the United ! states-bnn Hispanics are 48.1% Republican arxl 40.5% [PI,.... '1.atic, for a 't~ 38 ~. RepJblican advantage of atly 7.6%. unfortunately, the data does not allow ' ,,( -.;0,. r. United states-bnn Hispanics to be ~ as oman, Puerto Rican, etc. art:, r - ~ . t''''911n;rq that the United states-bnn Hispanics are similar to the foreign-boI11 :( ~~~ t .. i : Hispanics in their natia1al origins, arxl nctirq the age patterns for I'lCllH)Jban foreign-bom Hispanics, this fi.n:1irg suggests that the United states-born Olban voters in Miami. Beach are close to the 48.1% Rep.1blican-40.5% I):om.....atic divisiat estimated for all United states-born Hispanics. 9 '!he OJban-American identity with the Republican Party stems primarily fl:an their perceptiat that the ~... LatiC Party is soft C2l CcI1lIII.mi.sm (Webster arxl Webster, 1987: 27). '!he I):>!l.. >Clatic Party arxl sane researchers disagree with this perceptiat. GaIIez, for exanple, suggests an alt:en1ative i.nterpretatiat "that {)>... ......ats CXlI'lSider Ou.L""it (Republican] policy inst:ruments to have utterly failel:i in their goal of lillli.tirq Olban influence, or, to pIt it 1b:)re drcmatically, the rigidity of the Republican vielo7 has acbJally paved the way for JD::lre effective 'Olban expansiC2lism'" (1987: 139). !Ut, the perceptiC2l remains st.ron:J. OJban-American attitudes are d1arqirq, however. For exanple, liIhen OJban-Americans in Dade Coonty 'Nere asked in early 1991 whether negotiatialS shalld be started with the Olban goven-ment to allow nonnal direct dialirq by Plene between OJban-Americans am their relatives in O.lba, ally 21% of those over 65 favored this, bIt 59% of those aged 25-44 am 73% of those aged 18-24 favored it. On the emotional issue of dialogue, 57% of those over 65 titL..u~ly q:p::sed startin;J negotiations :to establish a national dialogue between Olban exiles, Olban dissidents, arxl representatives of the Olban gcM::Luu_it, bIt atly 8% of those 18-24 strcln1ly q:p::sed it (Grenier ani Gladwin, 1991: 14, 44). OJban-~cans also are givilg relatively JD::lre attentiat than previously to the dcmestic situatiat in the United states, arxl sane political CXK'lSUl.tants recognize this. Hrl.1 Hanmersmi.th, a Dade Coonty political c:cnsultant, argues against ~ to el:hni.city, sayirq that ''Hispanics are interested in the 39 . ~r~~ ~5f -.: .>.. .. w:.~ 1~~~~ :':-i ii'oi: ~~~L ..::: nitty-gritty issl1..... like evexyale else. Take polls to fin:! cut ..mat ~ls to them like anya1e else" (West:a1, 1991a: 34). In March 1992, a newly-released Masa1-0ixcn poll irxlicated that United states policy toward 0Jba was fifth in iJIp:lrtanc:e for OJban-American voters, followi.ng' (1) the eo::o:..~, (2) health care, (3) EdJcation, arxl (4) i1rmi.gratiat policy. Followi.ng'very closely J::lehi.nj 0.1ban policy wre (6) crime arxl (7) d%ugs (Bartlett, 1992: 17A). On sane major social ;""........., pre-Castro 0Jba was liberal. For exaDple, the labor JDC:Ne.ment was sb....A::f in pre-Cast:ro 0Jba: "0.1ban laws vi.goramly prot:ec:ted workers' rights, spellirq cut such benefits as paid maternity leave, 01ristmas l:xn.1ses arxl P~11"'ElS to protect workers Wen ~es tried to fire them" (Reed, 1991: 22). OJban-American labor activists already have beg\m to eq:hasize that the future of labor in Dade CoJnty is largely deperoent at eq:hasizirq danestic ;""......... instead of foreign policy (Grenier, 1990: 43). Azicri, nctirq,. that"Reagan's c:onservative ecxalfOwic policies, with a reductiC2l of social pl:UO::fLCWE:>, oculd hurt OJban-Americans as lIIJCh as ather Americans, suggested that Reagan's "danestic policies may prove as divisive for the OJban-American t'Y'W\'lITII1T1i.ty as for the American p,lblic, if not JD::lre so" (1982: 71). Alt:hc:u:Jh OJban-American 'NaIlell (similar to many ethnic 'NaIlell) in general do not identify with the te.m feminism (ravemer-, 1986: 118), they prcilably will in=reasirqly .~ gerXIer equality because of their relatively high educatiat arxl .participatial in the work force (Prieto, 1987: 73).. On JD::lSt SOC';:.1 i............, 0.1ban 1IlCMl!IDel1t prcilably will be ENa.Y fl:an the Rep.1blican Party arxl toward the [):ll....:;x.atic Party, alt:hc:u:Jh it is ;'"P"""'wle IlClii to predict the degree of d1an;Je.'lbe JD::lre the above i~'""'9 are eq:hasized, ..the JD::lre 1i.ke1y affUiatialS will c:han;le. Perez ooteS that up tIu:aJgh the 19808, eO::)o......i.c arxl political leadership of the OJban-American CYWmW1T1i.ty in 40 ai . " rede CWnty has been daninated by the exile generatiat, with a priority given to art!i-<::ammmi.sm arxl foreign policy 1$-9-=. a.xt, in the 19908 the exile generation will be replacej by OJban-Americans lIrt10 'Nere l:xn:n in the United states or who arrived as children arxl 'Nere largely edlx=ated in the United states. 'nUs ycurger generatioo will think as inmi.grant:s rather than exiles, will have a new agenda, arxl will wrk with other ethnic groops, especially ather Hispanics. As Perez states, "In the 19908, 0Jban Miami. will reach a crcssroads. 'nUs will be the ~ of a basic resb:uc:t:1Jrin of that l"Y'IITITInUty. . ..SUch a situatiC2l will have far-read1in;J i:q)lications for 0Jban Miami, i:aplicaticns that are diffiC?Ilt to fathcm at this time, especially with . a new generation of 0Jban Americans" (1990: 6-7). In 1985, R)rtes arxl Joi)zo su;)gested that there 'Nere "faint signs" of a convergerce between OJban-American political behavior arxl the political behavior of ather Spanish-origin groups. '!hey also noted that "the process of political adaptatiC2l is highly dynamic arxl can register significant c::han;Jes even in the course of a sirqle generatiC2l" (1985: 58-61). '!be data in Table 1 suggest that political affiliatiC2l will be part of the restructurin;J, arxl that, at least for Miami Beach, the signs of faintness have increased. If 'lie ~re the :iJIlmi.grant generatiC2l to the first United states-bom generatial, the c::han;Jes are "dynamically significant." Sane OJban-American politicians in rede CWnty, ideolCXJically I)>l,.. Lats bIt unable to win primaries in the [\.-.... '1.atic Party in earlier years, be. ~...A Republicans instead. '!bat situatiC2l . also has begun to c:han;e in recent years as the leadership of the rede CWnty 0-... .....atic Party has actively recruited OJban-Americans. Two OJban-Americans fl:an rede CWnty, Alfredo I)Jran and si.mcn Ferro, have been chair of the . Florida {'lPm. >( ldtiC Party (Ferro is the CUl.1...nt c::bair). 41 .. Black Voters: Mixed Identitites For Natives, Hispanics, And Car;hho:oans As shewn in Table 1, black voters still CCIlprise atly a small l1L1Iltler of voters (2.6%) in Miami. Beach, despite a major percentage in::rease in the 19808. In general in the United states, black voters are about two thirds I)...... Latic, ale fourth independent, arxl ate tenth Republican (Public OciniC2l, 1988: 34; American ~, 1991: 92). In Miami Beach, black voters are sanewhat JD::lre Republican (17.2%) than natia'lally, brt: still ~L......~ly [):Im."'-Ot:atic (74.2%). '!his pattern holds for all age graJpS; the slightly lower percentage of ~ats arxl i.ndeperoents for the elderly CXlUld be raI'd::m error because of the small l'IIlIItlers involved. Abc:ut 12.1% of the black voters are Hispanic, mostly fl:an 0Jba, followed by Puerto Rico arxl the Daninican RepJblic. 'Ihe black Hispanics reflect their dual identities, beirq about half [lPrr\ .....atic arxl half RepJblican. If the non-Hispanic blacks are analyzed separately, the percentage of RepJblicans c:'lrqJs to about 12%. Non-Hispanic Caribbean blacks (mostly fl:an Haiti, Jamaica, arxl the Virgin Islan::1s) ao::nmt for another 16.9% of the black voters, arxl are 70.0% ~ "VLatic arxl 18.1% RepJblican. 'Ihe J"II~rs are too small to make definite conclusions about generational pattems, bIt ~'"ti.ons are that there is not a major age ctiffererx:e in affiliatiC2l. others: More Diversity And More Inr::1epenjence Aux:n:J "An;los" As shcwn in Table 1, others, oarprisirq about 18.5% of Miami Beach's voters, are JD::lre 1i.ke1y to be I):>I.. ~atic than Republican, bIt ~ are lIDJ:'e ~ . evenly divided than blacks, Hispanics, or Jews. 'Dley also have twice as many .J- 42 .~~ . Imepen:3ents as the other ethnic grc:qs. In the United states, loIhite Prct:estants ten:! to identify as al:x:ut 43% Republican arxl about 34% I):>I... Latic. White Catholics ten:! to identify as aJ:xut 44% 0-.... LCStiC ard about 31% RepJblican (Public Coinien, 1989: 30). '!he others in Miami Beach are, as noted, of very diverse backgrl::A.1rxi, mostly Protestants ard Catholics, ard c::cnsequently it is i.1tp:JSsi1:lle to deITe1q> a natiooal political profile for them. 'lhei.r ethnic diversity also accx:mrt:s for their UDre-diverse political identity. We also 1II.lSt ~ that the other category is a residual category after the three ethnic grc:qs are subtracted, ard so ~ shoold inte1:pret these fin:lin;Js with caution. aIt, in general ~ can cx:n=llXle that the Miami Beach percentages on the political affiliatioo of others are net sw:prisirq. Ccnclusion Most cities in Dade Coonty have been slow to deITe1q> cross-et:hni.c votirq. Generally, the ethnic groJp with a majority (or plurality) has elected people !ran its groJp to mst or nearly all positialS. Many tq> administrative positialS have then been filled with .............-rs of the daninant ethnic groJp. lthm the politically daninant groJp has c::har9=d, the positialS generally have c.::han;Je:i to the same ethnicity as the newly dani.nant groJp. '1hi.s pattern has been followed in mst :instances regardless of the ethnic grtqlS involved. In Miami Beach, feM OOIl""\Jewish canlidates have been elected in the past feM ~. aIt, as other exanples, in Hialeah arxl sweetwater ncn-Hi.spani.c carmdates rv:M have little c:hance of beirq elected. In ~-Iocka, loIhite cantidates have litle c:hance of beirq elected. In Cmll Gables, "non-Arglo" can:tidates have little c:hance of beirq elected. In Miami., the black minority 43 - .---_._----- . . I I , j ... .~~-ikr ll!;,"l' . ~fj :~:: :~ !=""~~ .sr:~.. ::..;.... .~~. has been able to maintain ale -.n"..r of the city t'Ymn; "'Siat, arxl ate "Arqlo" incumbent has remained in office. !Ut, nnst political observers waud predict that onc:e this remaini.n:J "Arqlo" .inamtlent leaves office, other ncn-Hi.spanj.c or non-black can:lidates will have little c::i1an::e of wi.nnirg electiat. unt'ortunately, all major ethnic groups in DJde County generally shol.i favoritism to 1IIIOII'Jhers of their ethnic group arxl vote against --.l-ers of other groups. With few ~LialS, if an ethnic grcp is a minority it has little c::i1an::e of havin;r ale of its -.n".rs elected to office or CSRlOinted to tq) administrative positions. None of the ethnic groups have the moral high gt'a.Ird en this issue. Hi.stozy in:licates that if ate ethnic group eXluLLuls the political pr~, arxl closes cut pecple fl:an other ethnic groups, then potential allies can be tuzned into ~srt:s. 10 In Bostat in the 19408, for exaDple, Jewish voters, although ideologically [):1m. "-'Lats, voted Replblican because the .'~ [):!m. -c:tatic party was cla;ed to them by aoother ethnic group (Irish-catholics) .~" . ~~'f. which cx;a,LLQlled the politicalllBC:hinety (stack, 1979: 140). As noted earlier,'" a s;mil Clr situatien occurred in DJde County it the 19708 arxl early 19808 .} :;: regardin] OJban-Ameri.cans beirq cla;ed cut of the ~ >Clatic party. 'Ihese '. f 'i~ " divisialS decrease the charx:es of b1i1c:li.rx] aliances based at gccxl government. .~j- c. unt'ortunately, ethnic divisiveness also is still a potential ~.inil c,~:-fl 1989, a bitter eo..............ialal electiat which included Miami Beach arxl other ,~.,;~ areas increased ethnic tensiat. Both the [)..... "'-iLatic candidate (Of Jewish .~ identity) arxl the RepJblican candidate (of O1banidentity) wre critici.zeci, ~ c:an:1i.dates. Many Hispanic l1Pm. ~ats voted for the Hispanic RepJblican, 44 ~ many non-Hispanic RepJblicans voted for the non-Hi.spani.c [)-.,.. Lat. One analysis concluded that "Only Oti.cago in recent years has witr-:''''ed an electiC2l in which voters 'Nere so clearly divided alcn;J ethnic lines as in this election" (}t:lreno arxl Rae, 1991). As the two lazgest ethnic grcAJpS in Miami. Beach for years to oc:me, the political behavior of Jewish arxl Hispanic (especb1ly 0Jban) voters will largely detemine which di.rectiat the city will go politically. If these two groups can provide a sense of qlet'IIlE!SS, then Blades arxl others also sha.1ld be m::lre accepted as in:lividuals. will Jewish voters in Miami. Beach vote lOOStly for Jewish cami.dates because of ethnic identity or fear of beirq excluded? . i I f l 45 Jewish ethnicity has been an iJIportant factor in the past. art:, as noted, even these Jewish voters who have a ::>L........J sense of Jewish identity frequently eq:hasize eoo.Uui.c arxl political issl1...., voti.n:J for non-Jewish cami.dates who are "right" C2l those i""""~ as lag as the can::lidates also are ~dzed as frieros of the Jewish 1'Y'1'1111111I1i.ty. As a generally liberal. graJp, a few . in:lividual Jewish leaders have been quick to criticize fellow-Jews wilen discriminatial was perceived against 0Jbans or blac1cs. '!he ~ profile of Jewish voters at Miami. Beach, with JD::lre Jewish voters lIrt10 are used to interact.i.rg in a nultiethnic envira1ment, also sugge...'1:s that Jewish ethnicity prc:iJably will be less inp:lrtant for in:li.vidual Jewish voters in the future. Will Hispanic voters at Miami. Beach vote lOOStly for Hispanic can:tidates, either because of beirq excluded or ~nse of Hispanic identity? Jose Femandez, a OJban-bom civic leader arxl real estate developer at Miami Beach, concludes that "it is too SCQ'1 to tell, t:hcu;Jh, just what will emerge fl:an the mix of different pecple now ~lacin;J the city's old power base: latins, historic ~tiC2lists, the new breed of Beach e1b.~e,-=ms, yaIn;J professicnals." Feznan:3ez predicts that Miami Beach's "Iatin politics will differ fl:an Miami.'s, with its :ilLuu::f flavor of 0Jban natiatalism. 'Ihe first Hispanic l"!nmI; ~ioner al the Beach may be a hate1ier or have lliiL.....A::f Co..1l.......tions am:l1'XJ presezvatiatists...'He lIlCI'l't be a Iatin leader just for Iatins.. .It will be lIIJd1 JD::lre ADericanized'" (Tanfani, 1991: 16). 'Ihe ethnic arxl age pattems shewn in this article ~-t that Feman:3ez is correct. Many of the l'&ler Hispanic voters at Miami Beach, like many of the newer Jewish voters, are used to int.eract.ing in a lIL1l.tiethnic envira1ment arxl are less likely than their elders to vote al ethnic gran3s. Blacks al Miami Beach are a small group, arxl there has not been enoogh political activism yet to irxticate hew their racial, natiatal origins, lan;uage, arxl ecxu:mi.c interests will interact. a.xt, their growth prt:'bably will c:harge this in the 19908. '!heir diversity cculd ;~ their cohesiveness as blacks, bIt that same diversity cculd help integrate them into Miami Beach politics. Many of the others who are remainin; in Miami. Beach deliberately have n---;n"n not to be a part of "An;lo flight," arxl many other J'leL:> ..-rs specifically are attracted ~11~ of the artistic, cultural, arxl life-style ~ politanism. . While no Hispanic or black yet serves at the City lhm!; ""9iat, the new ~ .':J!BYOr arxl t"Y'mlm; ""c::i.a1ers elected in Noveatler 1991 have begun to make c::han;Jes in the ~int:JDents to city advisory oc:mni.ttees arxl boards. U When the fODDer mayor arxl l"!nmIi ""c::ial went cut of office., in late 1991, atly a1:x:ut 7.5% of the mPIIIhers of city oc:mni.ttees arxl boards (those ~inted or ~ by the mayor or l"!nmI; !l:!3iat) 'Nere Hi ~~c. Of the ~LIL.u.:.a.ts made by the new mayor .. arxll"!nml;....iat, ~ 12.3% are~. 'Ihe mayor of Miami Beach is the JOOSt visible city elected official, 46 however, ani his or her actioos can serxi an inp:lrtant -"''''T to the rnmll1'ruty. '!he mayor also makes a IIIJd1 larger J'J.lIIbar of appoi..L....::.It:s ~ other 1IlI'lIIlhe>rs of the crmm; !':$ion. Of all appoiut.-:...ts made by the fOJ:mer mayor, al:x:ut 8.5% 'Nere made to Hispanics. Of the appoiuL....::.1ts made by the a.trrent mayor, al:x:ut 17.0% are Hispanic, about a dcA.1blirq of the previoos mayor ani mre than a dcublirq over the previoos administration. Even more noticeable than the dcA.1blirq of J'1UIIi:lers, however, is the extensiat of appoi..t..u.:nts to a larger part of the Hispanic l"ll"mftD'lity. A high percentage of the earlier Hispanic participation in Miami Beach civic activities came fl:an the Hispanic (mostly oman) Jewish cnm'Inti.ty. Not . . only is this rrwnrraD'lity highly educated, with large J'IUIIi:)ers of professional ani bJsiness people arxl a high level of civic activity, bIt they liL.....u::lly identify as 1N>Illhe>..rs of lxrt:h of the boo largest ethnic groops in the city. As such, the Hispani~ewish l"Y'-.rIII'IID'lity served as a bridge between the boo t"'nmIInti.ties, am as a major part of the van;ruard of Hispanic participation in city activities. uroer the previoos administratiC2l, nearly half (about 45%) of all Hispanics ~inted to ccmnittess or boards 'Nere lxrt:h Hispanic (mostly oman) arxl Jewish. '!he Hispani~ewish l"ll"mftD'lity continues to be involved in city activities, bIt, not l.1I'leXpectecly, the larger Hispanic I"ll"mft nti.ty is ~; Tg involved as the total Hispanic invol'^=weltt in::reases.Recent appointments irdicate that the l1UIIlber of ~i.ntJDent:s to the larger Hispanic I"ll"mftnti.ty has increased significantly. Of all Hispanics ~inted. by the C'w.Lt:l1t t'YTlm; """'iat, abatt 78% are non-Jewish, ~red t;o abatt 55% for the previc:us cxmnissiat. 'Ihis d1arge is particularly noticeable in ~Lll:'lIC1tbs made by the C'w.Lt:llt mayor. '!he appoi..L.u.::.tts of Hispanics by the previoos mayor 'Nere about equally divided between the Hispani~ewish 1"ll"mft1l'1i.ty arxl the Hispanic non-Jewish 47 '. " " .; ~nrlty. '!he current mayor has ccnt.i.nued to ~int ~rs of the Hi.spanic- . Jewish ~nrlty, bIt the larger J"J\1ITIho:>.r of Hispanics he has ~inted also includes a significantly larger 1'1UIItler of ~ of the larger Hispanic (:nTIftnrlty. Of all ~intments made by the previoos mayor, abcut 4% wre ncn- Jewish Hispanics. '!he current mayor has alm:lst quadnlpled this I""nnher to alxut 15%. Another i.1Iportant d1an]e regarding the Hispanic t'Y'ImII nrlty made by this (:nIIIIlkc:ion was the restruct:urin:. of the previoos ratin American Advisory Board into a new Hispanic Affairs O:mnittee. '!he previ.oos l:xlard, with fourteen 1Tl<>IIlh<>1"S, seldan met, arxl uSI1..11y did not have a quol:Ulll when it did meet. '!he new ccmnittee, with nine 1Tl<>IIlh<>.rs, is co "''1 osed of civic act! vista c::x:lII'eri.rg a wide ran;-e of professional arxl blsiness OOCIlpaticrJS, arxl has in:ticated that is will be involved in improvirq c:x:n:titions for Hispanics in Miami. Beach. '!he 1'1UIItler of blacks ~inted to city ccmnittees am boards remains small (abcut 2%), alt:hcu3h the 1'1UIItler has increased slightly with the new 1TmIm; ~iC2l. '!he mayor ala'le has ~inted three blacks to regular city ccmnittees, inc1ud:i.rg the co-c:ha..ir of the C"nmanrlty RelatialS Board, ~ Blizzard. In January 1992, the mayor ~inted a TransitiC2l Team with a major goal I-'" of openi.n; the gcvenunent JD::lre to excluded or 1JJ'U!r-.L"'i-'Hscr1tedgroops, includ:i.rg Hispanics, blacks, waoen, arxl ~..rs of the gay =-nInrlty.12 '!he two c:o-chairs of the Transitial Team are a female, SUe Miller, arxl a local ~ attorney, Jose Garcia-Pbh......a. A1IK::lrq the major ~tialS made by the .Transition Team have been the ~intment of JD::lre ethnically arxl allturally diverse ocmni.ttees arxl boards, the enacbIIent of a Il.1mm Rights Ordi.nan::e, arxl the n;..,.."c:.c:iat of different electoral systems that ca1ld c:pan 48 1.....~ " I ; the city llOre to all irxlividuals. '!he chair of the subcamrl.ttee dealirq with electoral c::han;es is Conc:hy Bretos, chair of the Dade Camty Carmission on the status of Wcmen ani a ~r of the Governor's l"nmI;<u;ia'l C2l Hispanic Affairs. Hispanics arxl blacks oonti.Jule to be virtually absent fl:an tcp administrative positions in the city. '1he ally Hispanic anag the tcp administrators, the actirq personel director, was informed by the city manager in May 1992 that he ~d not be ~.......ted to permanent director bIt 'NCUld have to be part of a national search for persormel director. A J"Il'lll'Q:>r of Hispanic ani non-Hispanic supporters strongly objected to this actia'l at a city (hnm;!':Sion meet:in:]. AlthaJgh the actiC2l was ~ by the city manager (who has . the authority to make ~:int:ments) instead of by the City Carmissia'l, arxl althcogh several members of the city l"nmI;<u;iC2l spoke stronqly in support of the actirq personnel director, the dec:isia'l will cause negative cx:l1'1SE!qUeJ' for sane members of the city (hnm;"'$ion because it was perceived as a I < i> ", : I ~ political action by many people in the OJban-American cx:mm.mity. Will Miami. Beach be characterized by ethnic politics in which ethnic identity, preju::lices, arxl fears overNhelm substantive issn.... such as zon.in:J, haJsirq, parkin:], taxes, etc.? Or, will Miami. Beach be a part of the "perfect SUnbelt coalition" of diverse ethnic graJpS sharin:J power to provide good govenment for all people? Recognizirq that political affiliations do correlate with political identities arxl values, this paper has shewn the inc:reasirq overlappirq of ethnic identities arxl politicial identities in Miami. Beach. To the extent that political identities are ~ in influencirq votin; behavior, this analysis suggests that Miami. Beach also has the POtential to rise above ethnic divisiveness ani beo I,,,,. ~1itan politically as well as O1lturally. Miami Beach has the potential to """""'P'" the 49 ethnic divisiveness arxl general exclusiC2l of whichever ethnic group is in the mi.IxJrity that has dlaracterized Cede Camty arxl mst of the nmicipalities in the camty. Miami. Beach is at the crossroads politically, decic:lin:] TNhether to reach its potential. No Hispanic or black has yet been elected to the City Chrmk..iC2l, altheu3h this is expected to d1an:Je in the next few years, at least for Hispanics. To the credit of the current mayor arxl t"YTIlI'll;~ion, the t1UJJiler of Hispanics awointed to city ccmnittees arxl boards is significantly higher than the t1UJJiler made by previCAJS mayors arxl carmissions. '!he lUIlllber of Hispanic awointees has dalbled in a few months. '!he beginni.n;J is good, but c:::han]e needs to cc:nti.nJe. '!he number of Hispanic awointees is still well below the percentage in the pcpl1ation arxl even below the perc:entage of registered voters. Blacks are still basically left cut of appointments. Both blacks arxl Hispanics are virtually absent fl:an top administrative positions, arxl both t"nTITInrlties perceive this absence as deliberate. Whether or not Miami. Beach realizes its potential deperos on many people, bIt it especially depen3s C2l whether those who have power will share it voluntarily-or involuntarily. Change will cane to Miami Beach in the near future. '!he c:::han;Je can be smooth arxl haJ:m::lni.CAJS, or it can be divisive arxl . .l?itter. For the sake of Olr nnmrranrlty, let's hc.pe that it is the former. 50 , I Notes lpor a more detailed ni """''''''''ic:n of the Distinctive Jewish Names Tec:.hnique (DJN), incl\Xiirq a n;"'GIl~ian of recent refinemeJ!ts in the tedmi.que, as well as a 'n;~'c:sion of the deve1qnent arxi use of a tedmi.que for Hispanic surnames, see Abraham D. lavender, "'Ihe Distinctive Hispanic Names (IEN) Tec:.hnique: A Method for Selectin:;J a Semple or Estimatirq Pcp.11atial Size," Names: A ()l:'Th>Tlv Journal, fort:hcx:mi.rq (available fl:an the author) . Basically, the DJN ted1ni.que, which has been used for over fifty years by Jewish fe:lerations, agencies, arxl researchers, CXI'ISists of (1) ca.mt.in] the . ,. .' . ~.. "' i .... ,~ '';;' !l- ~ lUJIlIber of people with certain surnames which are a11IIost always Jewish, (2) usirq previous research which shows that these surnames CXI'ISistently acc::omt for a certain percentage of all JfMS, arxl (3) JIIll.tiplyirq the l1I1111h<>.r of people 51 with DJNs by a factor ootained usirq the previous resMTCh. AdjustJnents can be made for J'1OI'l-\JfMS with DJNs, for ha.1seholds withaIt listed telepn,es, arxi for l'1aJsehold size. Recent research by Rosenwai.ke (1990, 1991) ~ that several of the DJNs used in lICISt previous research should be eliminated fran the DJN list because they are held by large 1'1IlIIi:lers of rx::I'hTfMS. '!his study used the corrected list. Because all of the DJNs are Ashkenazi names, arxi ~"""" Miami. Beach has a significant Seplardi. CYmWIIInrl.ty, an experimental list of distinctive Seplardi.c Names (ISNs) also was develcp:d. 'lhe Jewish pcpllatiC2l estimates for Miami Beach are tabllated fl:an data for 03de 0:Amty arxl "'Ihe Beaches" by Sheskin (1990) arxl ad:litional original resMTCh by I.aven:ler usirq iDpravement:s suggested by Rosenwai.ke's f:in:lin;Js. EstiJDates for Miami Beach are especially prOOlematic beGause of the rn1ll1h<>1"S of part-tiJIIe residents who might or might rot be c:o.mted by the census as official ...... residents. Research is c:ant.in.ri.n:J C2l Miami. Beach's Jewish pcp.1latiat, arxl '- these figures shoold be viewed as estimates a'1ly. '!he Dist:irx::tive Hispanic Names (Il-IN) Technique develcp:d by this author used the same methodological Cl.4U:f1t for Hispanic surnames as used for Jewish surnames, usirq ten surnames that ac::cc:mlted for abc:ut 20% of all Hispanics. 2cne letter to the editor in the Mi;m,; Herald reflected the OOjectiC2l of sane "others" to beirq called An;Jlos or other tenDs negatively used: "We do not like beirq called names that we ca1Sider demear1in], such as balky, white trash, hymie, chink, grirq>, mick, frog, \iq), or bohunk. Arglo is especially offensive when awlied to these who came here fl:an Irelan:i" (IaFaltisee, 1991: 2C). '1he writer s.ggested that the tenn American be used instead of ron- Hispanic white, bIt that m; ..,::,~ the point b<><-a11~ all of the Jewish, 'Black, arxl Hispanic voters also are by definitiC2l Americans (Jewish-Americans, lfiack- Americans, OJban-Americans, etc.); otherwise, they wc:uld not be registered voters. Many of the others are Irish-Americans, French-Americans, Italian- Americans, Asian-Americans, Arab-Americans, etc. '!he prd:>lem of f.in:lin:;J the correct terminology remains. .;.:. ~:::.. ~ refererx::es to the crime wave accurately refer to Martel (Olban) refugees as the major pel:~L.LCltors of the crime, bIt fail to note that nearly "-.:'.all Mariel refugees l:.e. ~,,"" law-abid.irg, hard~ residents, even despite prejudice. Castro deliberatelyin::lmed mental patients arxl hardened criminals anag the refugees, arxl "Althc:u;Jh their J"111I'I'Iho:>.r did not ~ 5 percent of the ner.T axrivals, their presence stigmatized the entire evrrln",," (Partes, Clark, arxl ManrIi.IJ;, 1985: 37). 52 .- ~ IaGorce a:unty Club fiasco's insensitivity to Jewish residents is irarl.c considerirq the J'IUIIiJer of Jewish voters. In mid-1991, after charges of anti-semitism against the Beach Patrol Crief, he "agreed to step aside" with his lawyer sayirq "We will stipJlate that there is very obviously a serious perceptiC2l of anti-semitism in the beach patrol. Rightly or wrorqly, the perceptiat exists, arxl it has to be dealt with" (Kidwell, 1991: 23). In May 1992, to settle a lawsuit brc:u3ht against the city by the fanner Beach Patrol OUef, the city retracted all statements acx::usirq him of anti-semitism. 5.xhe Spanish-A1Ierican League h;lainst Discrilnination (Hispanic) ani the 53 . Anti-Defamation league (Jewish) are cocp:>..ratirq in fightirq disc::rimination against all grc:ups (see, for exaIli>le, street, 1991: 3). When the city was cited for job discrimination against Hispanics ani blacks in the police ani fire departments, it was noted that there were 4 blacks ani 65 Hispanics in the 321-person police force, no blacks ani 15 Hispanics in the 202-person fire department, ani 1 black, 3 Hispanics, ani 8 Jews a:ar::n:] the 59 life guards (Beach Patrol) (Weston, 1991: 2B; Kidwell, 1991: 23). ~ta on subgra.1ps within the fwr grc:ups n;c::rolSsed here are presented in "Diversity Within Ethnic GraJps: Hispanic Jews, ColaIbians, Car;hhe>;,nBlacks, arxl other Ethnic SUbgrc:AJps A1Ia'q Miami Beach voters, 1991," Abraham D. Iavemer, unpublished paper, 1991a. Abc:ut b.Ienty nationality, regional, etc. suI:Jgroops are analyzed, irduclirg subgrcups within each of the fwr (Jewish, Hispanic, Black, "Ot:her") grc:ups. "SeJ:hardic R)1itical Identity in Miami Beach: An In3atl'lerirq of Exiles in Historical a:ntext," Abraham D. I.a.verrler, ur:p1blished paper, 1992b, rrIT{"'\reS SeJ:hardic ani Ashkenazic Jews. ~ ~: /1 ,. ... ~.. 7Ethnic S1!coe<'c;ion, 'oIhere one ethnic grc:up replaces aJX1ther, is fairly (. "."Ill azx1 similar in many settin;Js in the United states. Act:ually, in Miami Beach the threat to "Jewish liberalism" in the 1980s fl:an "0Jban c::alSE!1:Vatism" is mild ~ to the threat the Jewish liberal migratiat to Miami Beach gave to ''Wasp'' (White Arqlo-Saxcn Protestantism) ca'lSerVatism in Miami Beach start:in;J in the 1940s arxl ccnti.rurin;J for several ~. 'n1e d1ange fl:an "Wasp" to Jewish was lII.ld1 1b:)re rapid arxl sizeable than the d1ange fl:an Jewish to Hispanic has been. 8As early as 1870, there were an estinated 5,300 0Jban-b0m pecple livirq in the united states. In 1920, there 'Nere an estinated 14,900 pecple in the united states who had been bom in alba. In 1930, the foreign-born Olban- American popllatioo was estinated to be 18,500, arxl the United states-bom of Olban parents was estinated to be 17,000. By the 1930s, when Miami ~ to "'f{"""r as a center of Olban influence, Key West arxl Tanpl had old Olban- American Iymmllnities (Boswell arxl Olrtis, 1984: 39-40). As noted elsewhere, Miami rather than Miami Beach had the local Olban CYEmllT'Iity in the early years. ~ "1:-~ ~'Ihe Distinctive Hispanic Names Technique (IEN) was used to 00tain the semple of United states-bom Hispanic voters. AsSI1I11;Tl;J that foreign-bom azx1 United states-bom Hispanics do not differ significantly at the likelihood of ha.vizq di.stiJx:ti.ve names, an adju..~It was made for political affiliatim because foreign-bom Hispanics with JXn-distincti.ve names wre slightly 1IDre D tic than ...........~~ U~.........~, ':th ...~-~--~. 'Ihis -~ . La &.............."..'.......... .~_cs WJ. .......,.~.........ve names. adju..~It, arxl the Republican-Indeperx3ent-[)-.,.. LatiC clivisat suggested, was 54 further supported by a name-by-name dleck of the p:llitic:al affiliatiat of aver foor l1urdred United states-bom voters with both distinctive arxl ncn- dist..irx::ti ve Hispanic names. 1~ people in the daninant culture kn::1.i little al:x:ut the custans and beliefs of etlmic minorities, bIt JD::lSt etlmic minorities also kn::1.i little al:x:ut other etlmic minorities. '!his lack of urxlerst:andi.r makes it easier for etlmic conflict to occur. 1.l.xbe etlmic analysis of these ClJ;:PO~ is based en consultations, . personal kn::1.iledge, and analysis of names. It is realglUzed that the etlmic identity of all :irxlivinl1",l~ is rot known or even agreed en by all. Herx::e, these numbers shoold be viewed as apprOximations. It is also noted that al:x:ut 33.1% of the ClJ;:POintees urrler the previous administratien 'Nere females, and 55 that this has i.nc:reased to abc:ut 46.9% un:1er the current administration. with females, as with other groops, it can be argued that SCIDe cxmnittees and boards are lOOre ~rtant than others, and that minorities are 1b:)re likely to be ClJ;:POinted to less ilrpJrtant cxmnittees arxl boards. It cxuld also be argued, however, that the :i:ap:lrtaooe of a cxmnittee or board deperxis rot so DIJCh en its concern (e.g., zc:xrln1 versus drildren's i~--=:), bIt rather en the extent to which its reo ........njations are taken seriously by the City ChmI; ",,~ien. With this caveat in min:i, it is SUl};Je&ted that females have fared DIJCh better than Hispanics or blacks in ClJ;:POintments. 12F1orida International university, with the cocperatien of President ~ "Mitch" Maidique, and urrler the direc:tien of the Institute for Citizenship arxl R)licy Sbxlies, is ~rkin:J with the Mayor's Transitiat Team. University in:tividuals ~rkin:J with the team i1x:11.x3e Arxb:"e.i R. Banks of the Center for labor F!el:Mrc:h, Abraham D. I.averx:ler of the DeparbDent of Sociology arxl Ar1thrqx)logy, RalPl G. Lewis of the College of Public Affairs arxl Services, steve Sauls of the Office of the President, Jc:im F. stack, Jr., of the Institute for Public R)licy arxl Citizenship Sbxlies, 'lb:mas D. wilsat, Jr., of the FIU-FllU Center at Ul:ban arxl Envira1menta1 Affairs, arxl Kevin Yelvin;t.a1 of the Institute for Public R)lic:y arxl Citizenship stuties. AI:Preciaticn is EDCpreSSed to Mehran Basiratmand arxl Jose Prendes (0:IIpIter Services) am Lisan:irc Perez arxl Guilleooo Grenier (DeparbDent of Sociology arxl Ar1thrqx)logy) at norida International University, Ben Wesley, Executive Director of the o3de Co.mty [):o... <.latic Party, arxl Richard Brown, City Clerk of Miami. Beach, for makin;J possible the data collectiat am analysis for this project. However, all analyzes, interpretaticns, cxmnerrt:al:y, arxl editorial l"n'I"ITv:>'lts are t:hcse of the author. ,', 56 r I' i I , ! L1TERA'IURE CITED Albin, Glenn, 1991 (July), "Mi.ami. Beach: SUn an:! Neal." Salth norida, 32-35, 65. Allman, T. D., 1987, Mi::nni: city of the Future. New York: '!he Atlantic M::lnthly Press. American Enterorise, 1991 (May/JUne), "01an;Jes in Party Identificatiat," 92- 93. Arsenault, Raynaxl an:! H::lnnino, Gary R., 1988 , "FraIl Dixie to Dreamlan:!: DEm:lgraIirlc arxl O1ltural Olan]e in norida, 1880-1980." In Ran:iall M. Miller an:! George E. Pozzetta, editors, ~ of the 51mbelt: Essavs on Ethnicitv. Race. arxl the Urtlan Scut:h. tL~t, Conn.: Greenwccxi Press. Azicri, Max, 1981-1982, "'Ihe R)1itics of Exile: Trends arxl Dynamics of R)1itical 0lan3e Anr.n1 Olban-Americans." n1Mn stlxlies, Vol. 11-12, 55-73. - . Barger, Fred, 1971a (September 23), "D. Lee PcM!ll to Leave Beach Council." }(;;m,; Herald, 10, 4D. Barger, Fred, 1971b (Nc::I\IeDtler 3), "Hall wins Beach I.an:3slide." Mi::nn; Herald, 1C, 2C. Barger, Fred, 1972(FebJ:uary 27), "Mi.ami. Beach in 1990: Will It Be a Little New York City, !as Vegas With an Ocean-or What?" Mi:.m; Herald, IN, SN. Bartlett, Ame, 1992 (March 5), "G:>P Candidates Work Hard for 0Jban Americans' Voters." Miami Herald, 17A. Bayer, Ronald H., 1988, "Race, Ethniclty, an:! R)1itical 0lan3e in the Urtian 51mbelt Salth. n In Ran:ia1l M. Miller arxl GeoJ:ge E. Pozzetta, editors, Shades of the 51mbelt: Essavs C2l Ethnicltv. Race. arxl theUrtlan Salth. tL~ t, Com.: Greenwccd Press. 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