LTC 011-2023 Major Appellate Victory in Chakra 5, Inc. et al. v. City of Miami Beach, et al.MIAMI BEACH
OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
011-2023
LTC No.
Fdq. *_ N;
DATE:
LETTER TO COMMISSION
Mayor Dan Gelber and Members of the City Commission
Rafael A. Paz, City Attorney
January 12, 2023
SUBJECT: Major Appellate Victory in Chakra 5, Inc. et al. v. City of Miami Beach, et al.
On April 1, 2021, via LTC No. 2021-136, 1 was pleased to advise the Mayor and City
Commission of the City's victory in Chakra 5, Inc. et al v. City of Miami Beach, and the
final summary judgment issued by the trial court in favor of the City, after eight (8) years
of hard-fought litigation. The lawsuit alleged — without any evidence -- that the City
violated the Plaintiffs' constitutional rights by failing to identify and prevent bribery
committed by rogue code enforcement officers and fire inspectors, all of whom were
terminated from employment with the City following their arrests and subsequently
convicted for their criminal offenses. Following the trial court's ruling that the Plaintiffs
failed to identify any evidence in support of their claims, the Plaintiffs appealed the ruling
to the Third District Court of Appeals (Third DCA), where vigorous litigation continued.
The purpose of this LTC is to bring you the great news of the City's appellate victory in
this case. On January 11, 2023, the Third DCA issued an opinion affirming the trial court's
final summary judgment order, and dismissing the case with prejudice in favor of the City.
The appeal was handled by Chief Deputy City Attorney Rosenwald and the law firm of
Carlton Fields. Over the years, the legal team was assisted by many members of the
Administration, including staff in the City's Code Compliance Department, including
Director Hernan Cardeno, Fire Department staff, Finance Department staff, and the City's
internal auditors. As we close out this chapter in the City's history, I would like to again
thank our colleagues in the Administration for their support, as this was truly a team effort.
With the assistance of the Administration, the City was able to present undisputed
evidence that the City provided multiple levels of review that Plaintiffs could have invoked
to stop the alleged harassment and eventual bribes, including appealing any citation to
the City's special master, filing an action in Circuit Court if they were not happy with the
result, and/or reporting the misconduct to the City. Plaintiffs failed to invoke any of these
procedures, or, when they did appeal a citation to the special master, they were granted
a full hearing and sometimes granted relief. Plaintiffs never appealed anything at all to
Circuit Court.
Letter to Commission - Chakra 5, Inc. et al. v. City of Miami Beach, et al.
January 12, 2023
Page 2
The City also presented deposition testimony of multiple City staff who all testified as to
the detailed and frequent prior efforts of the City to prevent misconduct by rogue
employees, including multiple prior regularly scheduled audits of Code Compliance
operations, and prior investigations, termination, prosecution, and imprisonment of those
few prior employees who had engaged in wrongful conduct.
After the 2012 FBI operation that led to this lawsuit, the City enacted even more
comprehensive reforms that have successfully prevented any further allegation of
bribery or other misconduct by Code Compliance or Fire Department inspectors.
These reforms include the requirement that all inspectors wear body -worn cameras in
any interaction with the public, that inspectors accurately log their inspections for better
supervisory review, and GPS location tracking of their vehicles.
In the appellate proceedings, the Third DCA decided that oral argument was unnecessary
and, on September 2, 2022, denied Plaintiffs' request for same. This means that the Third
DCA was able to decide the case based on the strength of the City's written briefs.
On January 11, 2023, the Third DCA issued its Opinion affirming the summary judgment
Order, rejecting each of Plaintiffs' appellate claims. First, the Third DCA held that
Plaintiffs' self-serving affidavit—swearing that the club was inspected each night it was
open—was refuted by the record and, in any event, was irrelevant to Plaintiffs' procedural
due process claim. Next, the Third DCA determined that the City Code's appeal process
(to the special master and then to the circuit court) provides constitutionally sufficient
recourse as to afford due process. For each of the challenged violations, the Third DCA
held all violations had either become moot or were appealed to a special master, such
that Plaintiffs received all process they were due. Finally, the Third DCA ruled that there
was no evidence that the City acted with "deliberate indifference" to Plaintiffs' procedural
due process rights.
I attach a copy of the Third DCA's well -reasoned opinion. Please feel free to contact me
or Rob Rosenwald if you have any questions.
Ebtrb Di5tn'tt court of 2ppeat
state of f[odba
Opinion filed January 11, 2023.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
No. 3D21-1084
Lower Tribunal No. 13-17885
Chakra 5, Inc., et al.,
Appellants,
vs.
The City of Miami Beach,
Appellee.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami -Dade County, Mark
Blumstein, Judge.
Kozyak Tropin & Throckmorton, Javier A. Lopez, Tal J. Lifshitz and
Michael R. Lorigas, for appellants.
Robert F. Rosenwald, Jr.; Carlton Fields, P.A., Alan Rosenthal,
Enrique Arana, Natalie J. Carlos and David A. Karp, for appellee.
Before FERNANDEZ, C.J., and EMAS, and MILLER, JJ.
FERNANDEZ, C.J.
Plaintiffs Chakra 5, Inc., 1501 Ocean Drive LLC, and Haim Turgman
(collectively, plaintiffs) appeal the trial court's Final Judgment entered in
favor of defendant City of Miami Beach (the City) after the trial court granted
the City's summary judgment motion on Counts I and II of plaintiffs' amended
complaint. Concluding that that there were no genuine issues of material
fact and that the City was entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law,
we affirm.
In an effort to establish an entertainment venue in the City of Miami
Beach, Haim Turgman (Turgman) organized a limited liability company, 1501
Ocean Drive LLA (1501), to hold title to a 25,000 square foot entertainment
complex comprised of four condominium units at 1501 Ocean Drive, Miami
Beach, Florida 33139 (the club property). Turgman also incorporated
Chakra 5, Inc. (Chakra 5) to be the operational entity for the club. The
Chakra nightclub opened in December 2006.
Plaintiffs alleged below that after the club's opening, the City's code
inspectors began a campaign of harassment to close the club and extort
bribes from plaintiffs. Appellants claim that from the club's opening in
December 2006 to May 20, 2009, City inspectors conducted successive
unjustified inspections, harassed Turgman and the club, and issued citations
for alleged violations. After May 20, 2009, plaintiffs allege that the City cited
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them five times for violations, inspectors continued to harass them, and on
June 3, 2011, one of the city's code inspectors solicited a bribe from
Turgman. Turgman reported this to the FBI, who paid the bribes on
Turgman's behalf in an undercover sting operation.
Previously, in June 2007, to purchase the property for the club,
plaintiffs had entered into a balloon promissory note for the sum of
$4,000,000. When they failed to pay the note on maturity, foreclosure
proceedings began and a foreclosure judgment was entered in May 2012.
On May 20, 2013, plaintiffs filed a complaint against the City and the
inspectors for violations of substantive and procedural due process rights
under42 U.S.C. § 1983 for alleged actions occurring from June 2006 through
May 2012. In October 2015, plaintiffs filed their amended complaint which
alleged two counts against the City for violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
They alleged the City had a custom or practice of harassing business owners
by conducting excessive code inspections, issuing unwarranted citations,
and soliciting bribes. Plaintiffs sought lost profits but eventually only sought
to recover the value of the property that was foreclosed, almost $7 million.
The City moved to dismiss the amended complaint and the trial court
dismissed it in its entirety on October 17, 2016.
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On appeal, this Court partially reversed the dismissal with prejudice of
appellants' procedural due process claims. In Chakra 5, Inc. v. City of Miami
Beach, 254 So. 3d 1056, 1070 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018), this Court affirmed the
dismissal of all substantive due process claims and all claims based on
alleged injuries occurring before May 20, 2009. Regarding the procedural
due process claims allegedly occurring after May 20, 2009, this Court held
that:
[T]his matter came before the trial court via a motion
to dismiss, and the City's argument relies too much
on inferences drawn from silences in the Appellants'
amended complaint and discovery responses
outside the four corners of that pleading, which are
more appropriately considered via summary
judgment. We therefore conclude that the trial court
erred in dismissing with prejudice Appellants' claims
for violations of procedural due process arising from
those injuries that are not time barred. We express
no opinion regarding the merits of those claims, nor
do we express any opinion regarding Appellants'
ability, on remand to amend their pleading with
respect to those particular claims.
Id. On remand, plaintiffs never amended their complaint.
After discovery and procedural history not relevant to this opinion, the
City moved for summary judgment. The City argued that plaintiffs could not
prove a procedural due process violation under Monell v. Department of
Social Services of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). The City also argued
that summary judgment should be granted because plaintiffs' damages were
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not recoverable as a matter of law and because Turgman and Chakra lacked
standing to claim damages resulting from the foreclosure of the club
property.
On March 30, 2021, the trial court entered its Order Granting
Defendant City of Miami Beach's Motion for Summary Final Judgment. In its
order, the trial court ruled that 1) the City had "constitutionally -adequate
procedures to address the alleged wrongs"; 2) plaintiffs' right to procedural
due process did not require the City "to prevent the alleged harassment and
bribes"; 3) plaintiffs' could not "establish liability under Monell for rogue
employees' actions"; 4) plaintiffs' damages are not recoverable; 5) Turgman
and Chakra lacked standing "to claim damages resulting from the foreclosure
of the club property"; and 6) Turgman and 1501 lacked standing to assert
procedural due process violations against the City because only Chakra was
allegedly denied due process as a result of the citations and alleged
harassment. On April 7, 2021, the trial court entered its Final Judgment for
the City. This appeal followed.
On appeal from an order granting final summary judgment, the
standard of review is de novo. Volusia Ctv v. Aberdeen at Ormond Beach
L.P., 760 So. 2d 126, 130 (Fla. 2000). Because the trial court entered
summary judgment on April 7, 2021, the amended summary judgment rule
effective May 1, 2021 does not apply here. United Auto. Ins. Co. v.
Progressive Rehab., 324 So. 3d 1006, 1008 n. 4 (Fla. 3d DCA 2021). Thus,
under the summary judgment standard in effect at the time the trial court
entered its order:
A movant is entitled to summary judgment if the
pleadings and the summary judgment evidence
show "that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
a judgment as a matter of law." Fla. R. Civ. P.
1.510(c). In reviewing the summary judgment ruling,
we must consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, and if the record
raises the slightest doubt that an issue might exist,
we must reverse the summary judgment.
Rodriguez v. Avatar Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 290 So. 3d 560, 562 (Fla. 2d DCA
2020) (quoting Buck -Leiter Palm Av. Dev., LLC v. City of Sarasota, 212 So.
3d 1078, 1081 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017)).
Plaintiffs first contend that the trial court erred in misapplying the
summary judgment standard by applying "the more stringent federal
summary judgment standard." The trial court, in fact, followed the correct
standard and applied the one applicable in Florida before the new standard
became effective on May 1, 2021. United Auto. Ins. Co. v. Progressive
Rehab. & Orthopedic Servs., LLC, 324 So. 3d 1006, 1008 n. 4 (Fla. 3d DCA
2021). This standard requires the non-moving party to present sufficient
evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact. Landers v. Milton, 370
0
So. 2d 368, 370 (Fla. 1979). The trial court stated in its order granting the
City's motion for summary judgment:
"[T]he only proper question when deciding summary
judgment is whether `there is sufficient evidence favoring the
nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party."
Mobley v. Homestead Hospital, Inc., 291 So. 3d 987, 993-994
(Fla. 3d DCA 2019) (Logue, J., concurring) (emphasis added)
(noting a summary judgment motion is similar to a "pre-trial"
directed verdict motion); see also The Fla. Bar v. Greene, 926
So. 2d 1195, 1200 (Fla. 2006) (noting summary judgment "is
designed to test the sufficiency of the evidence to determine if
there is sufficient evidence at issue to justify a trial or formal
hearing on the issues raised in the pleadings.") ....
Assuming that the non-moving party presents "sufficient
evidence" to justify a trial on the claims or defenses, summary
judgment should be granted where there are no genuine issues
of material fact, and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law." See Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.510; Volusia Cty. v.
Aberdeen at Ormond Beach, L.P., 760 So. 2d 126, 130 (Fla.
2000). "A summary judgment motion triggers evidentiary
burdens on both the moving and opposing party." Delgado v.
Laundromax, Inc., 65 So. 3d 1087, 1088 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011).
"[O]nce [the movant] tenders competent evidence to support his
motion, the opposing party must come forward with
counterevidence sufficient to reveal a genuine issue. It is not
enough for the opposing party merely to assert that an issue
does exist." Landers v. Milton, 370 So. 368, 370 (Fla. 1979).
(emphasis in original). Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in drawing
every possible inference against them and that the trial court was required
to accept as true Turgman's statement in his affidavit that there "was never
a night where the Club was open and was not harassed with inspections."
Regarding statements in affidavits, "The focus is on whether the affidavits
7
show evidence of a nature that would be admissible at trial ...." Gonzalez
v. Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp., 273 So. 3d 1031, 1036 (Fla. 3d DCA 2019).
The record on appeal does not support the statement Turgman made
in his affidavit that the club was inspected each night it was open. Plaintiffs
could not provide the dates on which the club was open. They could not
provide the dates when the alleged inspections occurred, nor could they
provide the names of the inspectors or the City officials who allegedly came
by each day or night to inspect the club property. They also could not provide
any records reflecting contemporaneous daily/weekly operations for the club
during the period from June 2009 through the time it closed in April 2012. In
addition, Turgman testified in his deposition that by June 2011, the alleged
harassment had stopped, and the club was operating without any
harassment, inspections, citations, or fines.
Furthermore, we agree with the City that the statement in Turgman's
affidavit is irrelevant to plaintiffs' procedural due process claim. In our
analysis of plaintiffs' procedural due process claim in the next portion of this
opinion, it is clear that if harassing inspections were occurring, plaintiffs do
not dispute that they had remedies. They could have filed an internal
complaint at various different offices within the City, such as with a
department supervisor or an assistant City manager; or they could have filed
a complaint with the state attorney's corruption unit or the City police's
internal affairs department. Thus, summary judgment in favor of the City was
warranted on this issue because adequate process was provided to plaintiffs,
and plaintiffs did not present evidence to dispute this fact.
Turning to plaintiffs' procedural due process issue, they contend that
the trial court erred in finding they had not established its procedural due
process claim. To establish a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for a procedural due
process violation against a municipality, plaintiffs must establish: "'(1) a
deprivation of a constitutionally -protected liberty or property interest; (2) state
action; and (3) constitutionally -inadequate process."' Chakra 5, Inc., 254 So.
3d at 1070. In addition, a plaintiff has to show that the property deprivation
was a result of: (1) an express policy of the local government body; (2) a
"widespread practice that, although not authorized by written law or express
municipal policy, is so permanent and well settled as to constitute a custom
and usage with the force of law"; or (3) the actions of an official with final
policymaking authority. Cuesta v. Sch. Bd. of Miami -Dade Cnty., 285 F.3d
962, 966 (11th Cir. 2002); Brown v. City of Ft. Lauderdale, 923 F. 2d 1474,
1480-81 (11th Cir. 1991). Also, "a local government may not be sued under
section 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents." Monell,
436 U.S. at 694. Thus, "essential to recovery in a Section 1983 action against
9
a municipality is a showing that the alleged constitutional deprivation flowed
from an official policy or custom of the municipality, and that the policy or
custom was 'the moving force of the constitutional violation."' City of Miami
v. Harris, 490 So. 2d 69, 71 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at
694-95 (1978)). Consequently, the remaining issues for the trial court to
decide on summary judgment were whether the City provided plaintiffs
constitutionally -adequate procedures to address any property deprivations
caused by City employees during the period from May 20, 2009 to June
2011, and whether the City was deliberately indifferent toward the process
for addressing any alleged wrongful conduct by the City's employees.
Plaintiffs allege three reasons for their procedural due process claim
that occurred after May 20, 2009. They claim: 1) the City issued five
unjustified citations; 2) the City conducted harassing inspections that did not
result in a ticket, fine, or citation; and 3) the City's employees solicited illegal
bribes. First, regarding property deprivation without constitutionally adequate
pre -deprivation process, plaintiffs allege code inspectors issued Chakra five
"unjustified" citations after May 20, 2009, including the following: November
1, 2009: 11 fire code violations; April 19, 2010: unlawful flyers; May 30, 2010:
displaying a prohibited advertisement; March 8, 2011: littering; and March
26, 2011: failure to maintain fire alarm. The evidence showed, and the trial
court held in its order, that none of these citations resulted in property
deprivation. Through the City's appeal process, plaintiffs had the right to
appeal first to a special master and then to the circuit court. See Miami Beach
Code Sec. 30-71(b); 30-77. In addition, City of Miami Beach Code Section
58-233 provides for a hearing before a special master on an issued citation
if a person refused to allow inspectors onto private property for an inspection.
Any person not agreeing with the decision of the special master could appeal
to the circuit court for review by petition for writ of certiorari. Thus, plaintiffs
had the ability to refuse the inspectors' entry to the club and request a
hearing before a special master to challenge the inspection. Accordingly, the
City had "constitutionally sufficient pre -deprivation remedies" available to
plaintiffs.
Furthermore, in the case of these five aforementioned violations,
plaintiffs corrected the violations, the violations became moot, or plaintiffs
appealed them to a special master:
-The November 1, 2009 fire code violations: Turgman did not
appeal these because he testified he "maintain[ed] everything on
the list and that's it. There was no more violation."
-The April 19, 2010 citation for unlawfully distributing flyers was
a written warning, and no fine was assessed.
-The May 30, 2010 citation for displaying a prohibited
advertisement requested that an unlawful banner be removed
from the sidewalk. No fine was assessed.
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-The March 8, 2011 citation for littering: Plaintiffs contested this
citation, and the special master reduced the fine. Plaintiffs had
the right to appeal the special master's decision to the circuit
court, but they did not.
-The March 26, 2011 citation for failure to maintain the fire alarm
became moot because Turgman fixed and "maintained the
system" right after he was given the citation.
Next, plaintiffs allege they were deprived of their property due to the
alleged harassment by the inspectors that did not result in a written ticket,
fine, or inspection when inspectors allegedly harassed the club by showing
up and speaking to patrons before they went into the club, shutting down the
club, or creating non-existent code violations. However, in his affidavit,
Turgman does not discuss any allegedly harassing inspections that took
place after May 20, 2009. In addition, as previously discussed, Turgman
could not give the dates or times of when the inspections or visits occurred,
nor the names of the inspectors or City officials. Turgman was not present
when City officials spoke to club patrons about the club and could not identify
the patrons, City officials, or dates when these events allegedly occurred.
And as the City correctly contends, plaintiffs had the ability to report any
harassment and to file a complaint with a department supervisor, an
assistant City manager, the internal affairs office of the City's police
department, or the state attorney's office. Plaintiffs did not do this.
ii
In reference to the bribes, the United States Supreme Court held in
Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984) that "that an unauthorized
intentional deprivation of property by a state employee does not constitute a
violation of the procedural requirements of the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment if a meaningful postdeprivation remedy for the loss
is available." See also Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981). Thus, the trial
court, citing to Hudson and Parratt, was correct in ruling in its order that:
[T]he due process clause requires only that procedures be
available to persons to seek redress for harms; it does not
require internal government policies to prevent crime or
corruption. It is well-settled that intentional or negligent
deprivations of property by a state employee do not give rise to
a due process claim if a meaningful post -deprivation remedy is
available.
Further, plaintiffs never paid any of the bribes that were solicited by the City
inspectors from June 2011 to December 2011. Plaintiffs went to the FBI to
report what had happened. The FBI then set up a sting operation and paid
the bribes to the City's inspectors. During this time, plaintiffs admitted that
any alleged harassment by City code inspectors ceased. Specifically, the
harassment ended by June 30, 2011. When the City learned of the bribes,
they fired the inspectors. As a result of the FBI's sting operation, the
inspectors were arrested, convicted, and went to prison.
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Plaintiffs also contend that the City was required to implement policies
to prevent the inspectors' unjustified interference with plaintiffs' club
operations. However, this is not what the due process clause requires. As
previously noted, the trial court correctly cited to Hudson and Parratt in its
order and stated that the "due process clause requires only that procedures
be available to persons to seek redress for harms; it does not require internal
government policies to prevent crime or corruption." Accordingly, to show
that a pre -deprivation hearing was required under Parratt/Hudson to prevent
the solicitation of bribes, plaintiffs had to show it was possible to have a pre -
deprivation hearing before the unlawful bribes were solicited. Parratt, 451
U.S. at 541; Hudson, 468 U.S. at 535. As the United States Supreme Court
stated in Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 129 (1990), "[i]t is difficult to
conceive of how the State could provide a meaningful hearing" before the
City's officers harassed or bribed the club. As the City correctly contends in
citing to Parratt, even if the City knew that some of its employees might
harass or bribe or act in a corrupt manner, "it certainly `cannot predict
precisely when the loss will occur."' Zinermon, 494 U.S. at 136 (quoting
Parratt, 451 U.S. at 541). Because criminal acts such as these are "random
and unauthorized"..., "the State cannot be required constitutionally to do the
impossible[.]" Id. at 29. Furthermore, federal case law indicates the doctrine
14
in Paratt/Hudson has been applied to conclude that pre -deprivation hearings
are not feasible when a state actor solicits bribes. Hall v. Fed. Bureau of
Prisons, 2016 WL 4500881, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 29, 2016). "As long as an
adequate postdeprivation proceeding exists to satisfy the requirements of
the due process clause, there is no valid procedural due process claim." Id.
Plaintiffs claim that there were no post -deprivation remedies available
to them for the City's alleged harassment. However, even if plaintiffs had
shown they were deprived of their property without adequate pre -deprivation
process, the City had post -deprivation remedies available to plaintiffs that
were sufficient as a matter of law. As previously discussed, plaintiffs had the
opportunity to report any alleged harassment by inspectors to a department
supervisor, an assistant City Manager, or the internal affairs department of
the City's police department, which they did not do.
In response to the City's suggestion that plaintiffs could also have filed
for injunctive relief to remedy any alleged harassment, plaintiffs argue that
injunctive relief would not be adequate and that administrative officials
cannot award damages. However, "[p]rocedural due process requires only
an opportunity to be heard `at a meaningful time and in a meaningful
manner."' Bush v. Sec'y, Fla. Dep't of Corr., 888 F.3d 1188, 1196 (11th Cir.
1991) (citations omitted). See also Parratt, 451 U.S. at 544 ("Although the
15
state remedies may not provide the respondent with all the relief which may
have been available if he could have proceeded under § 1983, that does not
mean that the state remedies are not adequate to satisfy the requirements
of due process.")
Finally, plaintiffs contend that the City is liable for its deliberate
indifference to corruption. However, plaintiffs did not offer any evidence, as
required under Monell, that the City acted with "deliberate indifference" to
procedural due process violations or that the City caused the constitutiona
violation. The only constitutional claim that plaintiffs are permitted to bring
after this Court's 2018 decision in Chakra 5 is their alleged procedural due
process violation claim. As the trial court correctly held in its order, "Plaintiffs'
constitutional claim is an alleged procedural due process violation, not
bribery. Accordingly, the remaining inquiry is, at best, as to any deliberate
indifference by the City towards the process for addressing alleged wrongful
code violations and harassment by City employees." (emphasis in original).
Thus, plaintiffs' claims and the evidence to support their claims must focus
solely on the process that was available to plaintiffs to remedy the alleged
property deprivation plaintiffs claim was caused between May 20, 2009 and
June 2011 by City inspectors. And in the record before us, plaintiffs did not
offer any evidence that the City acted with deliberate indifference to plaintiffs'
i[:
procedural due process rights. Moreover, "[T]he law is clear that a
municipality cannot be held liable for the actions of its employees under §
1983 based on a theory of respondeat superior." Griffin v. City of Opa-Locka,
261 F. 3d 1295, 1307 (11th Cir. 2001); Monell, 436 U.S. at 663.
In sum, because there were no genuine issues of material fact
remaining as to plaintiffs' inability to demonstrate that their procedural due
process rights were violated, we affirm the trial court's Final Judgment based
on its order granting the City's motion for summary judgment.'
Affirmed.
Because plaintiffs failed to present evidence of a procedural due process
violation, we do not address their damages argument.
17